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/wiki/Silviu_Bălace#P54#3
|
Which team did Silviu Bălace play for between Aug 2011 and Dec 2011?
|
Silviu Bălace Silviu Constantin Bălace ( born 13 November 1978 ) is a Romanian retired professional footballer and currently the manager of Poli Timișoara . Although primarily a left back , Bălace has played as a left winger as well and is known for his overlapping runs on the left side , his pace and his technical ability . Club career . Early years . Born in Caracal , Bălace started out as a trainee at Universitatea Craiova . On 24 May 1997 , he made his first team debut , coming as a substitute in a 2–0 loss against Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț . Shortly after , when he was 18 years old , Bălace suffered an ankle fracture which kept him out from the field for almost a year and a half . After he recovered he was sent out on loan to Chindia Târgoviște in 1999 in order to gain experience . In January 2001 , Bălace was loaned out to Rocar București for twelve months . Following his third failed attempt to establish himself in the first team , Bălace signed a contract with Divizia B team CSM Reșița . Poli AEK Timișoara . Following his successful short spell in Reșița , Bălace signed in January 2003 with newly promoted Divizia A side Poli AEK Timișoara . His league debut for his new team , was on 16 April , in the local derby against UTA Arad , coming as a substitute for Romeo Stancu . He ended his first season goalless , in which Timișoara eventually remained in the top flight , after winning the play-off against Gloria Buzău . Usually used as a left back , under the management of Basarab Panduru , Bălace established himself as Timișoaras first choice left winger . On 1 November 2003 , he scored his first league goal for Timișoara , in a 3–0 win against Brașov . On 9 April 2004 , he assisted at probably Timișoaras most humiliating loss from their history , a 1–8 loss on their own field against Steaua București . Following his successful spell in Timișoara , despite his teams up and down season , the Viola fans nicknamed Bălace Nedved from Banat due to his Pavel Nedved lookalike . His nickname was taken over by Dinamo fans who called him Nedved from Stefan cel Mare , but also by Vaslui fans with Nedved from Vaslui . On 11 August 2004 , he captained Timișoara for the first time , in a 1–2 loss against FCM Bacău . On 4 August 2005 , Bălace played against Pavel Nedved , in a 2–2 friendly match against Juventus Torino . The unexpected departure of Moldovan in mid-2006 led to Bălace being awarded club captaincy . Despite he was one of the most beloved players from Timișoaras history , Bălace was put on the transfer list in mid-2007 , due to a conflict with Marian Iancu . Dinamo . Following a conflict with Timișoaras boss Marian Iancu , on 19 December 2006 , Bălace signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Dinamo București with a reported transfer fee of €200,000 . On 14 February , he made his first team debut for Dinamo , playing in the startup team against Benfica in UEFA Cup . His league debut for Dinamo was twelve days later , coming as a substitute for Vojislav Vranjković and providing his first assist for Cătălin Munteanus only goal against Jiul Petroșani . Although he helped his team winning the championship after a three-year break , Bălace was put on the transfer list , following unsatisfying performances . FC Vaslui . Following an unsuccessful spell at Dinamo , Bălace moved to Vaslui for $350,000 in June 2007 . He established himself immediately as Vasluis first choice left-back . Bălace made his competitive debut for Vaslui against UTA Arad in a 2–2 draw on 27 July 2007 . Bălace scored his first goal for Vaslui on 5 August 2007 in a league match win against his former club Dinamo București . The final score was 2–0 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Dorinel Munteanus corner . On 30 March 2008 , he alongside teammates Sorin Frunză and Daniel Sabou were accused by Adrian Porumboiu of fixing a match against Steaua București . As a consequence , all three players were relegated to Vasluis satellite . Despite they were all back in the first team five days later , due to lack of evidence , all three were dropped from the startup team , until the rest of the season . On 19 July 2008 , Bălace received a red card , in Vasluis opening match against Neftchi Baku , failing afterwards to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back . He played his second match of the season on 2 October , in a match against Slavia Prague , as a late substitute for Hugo Luz . On 6 October , he was in the startup team against FC Brașov , playing as a left midfielder , following NDoyes suspension from yellow card accumulation . He was until the rest of the season the second choice left back , managing to play only when Hugo Luz was either suspended or injured . On 30 July 2009 , Bălace was in the startup team against Omonia Nicosia , following Hugo Luzs injury . Although it seemed he managed to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back , on 13 September he received a red card against Rapid Bucuresti , making him Vasluis third choice left back . On 1 February 2010 , he was loaned out to Universitatea Craiova , for the rest of the season . When asked about Vaslui and Timișoaras quest to claim their first national title , Bălace said that I would rather Timișoara won the national title , although Im still under contract with Vaslui . He missed a single match for Universitatea , due to the yellow card accumulation , and helped his team to avoid the relegation . At the end of the season , despite his expressed wish to remain in Craiova , he eventually returned to Vaslui . Once with Juan López Caros appointment , Bălace didnt get a single chance to play in the first team . On 4 September 2010 , Bălace led his teams training program , following Caros conflict with the teams owner . Bălace has been reinstated as Vasluis first choice left back , after the arrival of new manager Viorel Hizo , in his third sting as Vaslui boss . On 15 May 2011 , Bălace scored his first league goal since September 2007 , in a match against Sportul Studențesc at Municipal . The final score was 4–2 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Nemanja Milisavljevićs cross . In his fourth season in Vaslui , he finished third with his team , for the second year in a row . On 3 August 2011 , Bălace was considered Vasluis best player by Twentes manager , who stated I enjoyed how Vasluis Bălace played , thus being our number one danger . He won many one-on-one duels with our Ruiz . On 19 August , following Cânu and Wesleys injuries , Bălace captained Vaslui for the first time , leading his team to a 2–0 win in Europa League against Sparta Prague . Following Vasluis qualification into the Group Stages , Porumboiu raised each players wage up to 50% , meaning that Bălaces contract is now up to €180,000 per year . Career honours . Dinamo București - Liga I : 2006–07 FC Vaslui - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 ACS Poli Timișoara - Liga II : 2014–15
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Silviu Constantin Bălace ( born 13 November 1978 ) is a Romanian retired professional footballer and currently the manager of Poli Timișoara . Although primarily a left back , Bălace has played as a left winger as well and is known for his overlapping runs on the left side , his pace and his technical ability .",
"title": "Silviu Bălace"
},
{
"text": "Born in Caracal , Bălace started out as a trainee at Universitatea Craiova . On 24 May 1997 , he made his first team debut , coming as a substitute in a 2–0 loss against Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț . Shortly after , when he was 18 years old , Bălace suffered an ankle fracture which kept him out from the field for almost a year and a half . After he recovered he was sent out on loan to Chindia Târgoviște in 1999 in order to gain experience . In January 2001 , Bălace was loaned out to Rocar București",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "for twelve months . Following his third failed attempt to establish himself in the first team , Bălace signed a contract with Divizia B team CSM Reșița .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Following his successful short spell in Reșița , Bălace signed in January 2003 with newly promoted Divizia A side Poli AEK Timișoara . His league debut for his new team , was on 16 April , in the local derby against UTA Arad , coming as a substitute for Romeo Stancu . He ended his first season goalless , in which Timișoara eventually remained in the top flight , after winning the play-off against Gloria Buzău .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Usually used as a left back , under the management of Basarab Panduru , Bălace established himself as Timișoaras first choice left winger . On 1 November 2003 , he scored his first league goal for Timișoara , in a 3–0 win against Brașov . On 9 April 2004 , he assisted at probably Timișoaras most humiliating loss from their history , a 1–8 loss on their own field against Steaua București . Following his successful spell in Timișoara , despite his teams up and down season , the Viola fans nicknamed Bălace Nedved from Banat due to his Pavel",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Nedved lookalike . His nickname was taken over by Dinamo fans who called him Nedved from Stefan cel Mare , but also by Vaslui fans with Nedved from Vaslui .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2004 , he captained Timișoara for the first time , in a 1–2 loss against FCM Bacău . On 4 August 2005 , Bălace played against Pavel Nedved , in a 2–2 friendly match against Juventus Torino . The unexpected departure of Moldovan in mid-2006 led to Bălace being awarded club captaincy . Despite he was one of the most beloved players from Timișoaras history , Bălace was put on the transfer list in mid-2007 , due to a conflict with Marian Iancu .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Following a conflict with Timișoaras boss Marian Iancu , on 19 December 2006 , Bălace signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Dinamo București with a reported transfer fee of €200,000 . On 14 February , he made his first team debut for Dinamo , playing in the startup team against Benfica in UEFA Cup . His league debut for Dinamo was twelve days later , coming as a substitute for Vojislav Vranjković and providing his first assist for Cătălin Munteanus only goal against Jiul Petroșani . Although he helped his team winning the championship after a three-year break , Bălace was",
"title": "Dinamo"
},
{
"text": "put on the transfer list , following unsatisfying performances .",
"title": "Dinamo"
},
{
"text": "Following an unsuccessful spell at Dinamo , Bălace moved to Vaslui for $350,000 in June 2007 . He established himself immediately as Vasluis first choice left-back . Bălace made his competitive debut for Vaslui against UTA Arad in a 2–2 draw on 27 July 2007 . Bălace scored his first goal for Vaslui on 5 August 2007 in a league match win against his former club Dinamo București . The final score was 2–0 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Dorinel Munteanus corner . On 30 March 2008 , he alongside teammates Sorin Frunză and Daniel",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "Sabou were accused by Adrian Porumboiu of fixing a match against Steaua București . As a consequence , all three players were relegated to Vasluis satellite . Despite they were all back in the first team five days later , due to lack of evidence , all three were dropped from the startup team , until the rest of the season .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2008 , Bălace received a red card , in Vasluis opening match against Neftchi Baku , failing afterwards to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back . He played his second match of the season on 2 October , in a match against Slavia Prague , as a late substitute for Hugo Luz . On 6 October , he was in the startup team against FC Brașov , playing as a left midfielder , following NDoyes suspension from yellow card accumulation . He was until the rest of the season the second choice left back ,",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "managing to play only when Hugo Luz was either suspended or injured .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 30 July 2009 , Bălace was in the startup team against Omonia Nicosia , following Hugo Luzs injury . Although it seemed he managed to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back , on 13 September he received a red card against Rapid Bucuresti , making him Vasluis third choice left back . On 1 February 2010 , he was loaned out to Universitatea Craiova , for the rest of the season . When asked about Vaslui and Timișoaras quest to claim their first national title , Bălace said that I would rather Timișoara won the national title",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": ", although Im still under contract with Vaslui . He missed a single match for Universitatea , due to the yellow card accumulation , and helped his team to avoid the relegation . At the end of the season , despite his expressed wish to remain in Craiova , he eventually returned to Vaslui .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "Once with Juan López Caros appointment , Bălace didnt get a single chance to play in the first team . On 4 September 2010 , Bălace led his teams training program , following Caros conflict with the teams owner . Bălace has been reinstated as Vasluis first choice left back , after the arrival of new manager Viorel Hizo , in his third sting as Vaslui boss . On 15 May 2011 , Bălace scored his first league goal since September 2007 , in a match against Sportul Studențesc at Municipal . The final score was 4–2 , with Bălace",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "scoring Vasluis first with a header from Nemanja Milisavljevićs cross . In his fourth season in Vaslui , he finished third with his team , for the second year in a row .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 3 August 2011 , Bălace was considered Vasluis best player by Twentes manager , who stated I enjoyed how Vasluis Bălace played , thus being our number one danger . He won many one-on-one duels with our Ruiz . On 19 August , following Cânu and Wesleys injuries , Bălace captained Vaslui for the first time , leading his team to a 2–0 win in Europa League against Sparta Prague . Following Vasluis qualification into the Group Stages , Porumboiu raised each players wage up to 50% , meaning that Bălaces contract is now up to €180,000 per year",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": " - Liga II : 2014–15",
"title": "ACS Poli Timișoara"
}
] |
/wiki/Silviu_Bălace#P54#4
|
Which team did Silviu Bălace play for after Jun 2013?
|
Silviu Bălace Silviu Constantin Bălace ( born 13 November 1978 ) is a Romanian retired professional footballer and currently the manager of Poli Timișoara . Although primarily a left back , Bălace has played as a left winger as well and is known for his overlapping runs on the left side , his pace and his technical ability . Club career . Early years . Born in Caracal , Bălace started out as a trainee at Universitatea Craiova . On 24 May 1997 , he made his first team debut , coming as a substitute in a 2–0 loss against Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț . Shortly after , when he was 18 years old , Bălace suffered an ankle fracture which kept him out from the field for almost a year and a half . After he recovered he was sent out on loan to Chindia Târgoviște in 1999 in order to gain experience . In January 2001 , Bălace was loaned out to Rocar București for twelve months . Following his third failed attempt to establish himself in the first team , Bălace signed a contract with Divizia B team CSM Reșița . Poli AEK Timișoara . Following his successful short spell in Reșița , Bălace signed in January 2003 with newly promoted Divizia A side Poli AEK Timișoara . His league debut for his new team , was on 16 April , in the local derby against UTA Arad , coming as a substitute for Romeo Stancu . He ended his first season goalless , in which Timișoara eventually remained in the top flight , after winning the play-off against Gloria Buzău . Usually used as a left back , under the management of Basarab Panduru , Bălace established himself as Timișoaras first choice left winger . On 1 November 2003 , he scored his first league goal for Timișoara , in a 3–0 win against Brașov . On 9 April 2004 , he assisted at probably Timișoaras most humiliating loss from their history , a 1–8 loss on their own field against Steaua București . Following his successful spell in Timișoara , despite his teams up and down season , the Viola fans nicknamed Bălace Nedved from Banat due to his Pavel Nedved lookalike . His nickname was taken over by Dinamo fans who called him Nedved from Stefan cel Mare , but also by Vaslui fans with Nedved from Vaslui . On 11 August 2004 , he captained Timișoara for the first time , in a 1–2 loss against FCM Bacău . On 4 August 2005 , Bălace played against Pavel Nedved , in a 2–2 friendly match against Juventus Torino . The unexpected departure of Moldovan in mid-2006 led to Bălace being awarded club captaincy . Despite he was one of the most beloved players from Timișoaras history , Bălace was put on the transfer list in mid-2007 , due to a conflict with Marian Iancu . Dinamo . Following a conflict with Timișoaras boss Marian Iancu , on 19 December 2006 , Bălace signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Dinamo București with a reported transfer fee of €200,000 . On 14 February , he made his first team debut for Dinamo , playing in the startup team against Benfica in UEFA Cup . His league debut for Dinamo was twelve days later , coming as a substitute for Vojislav Vranjković and providing his first assist for Cătălin Munteanus only goal against Jiul Petroșani . Although he helped his team winning the championship after a three-year break , Bălace was put on the transfer list , following unsatisfying performances . FC Vaslui . Following an unsuccessful spell at Dinamo , Bălace moved to Vaslui for $350,000 in June 2007 . He established himself immediately as Vasluis first choice left-back . Bălace made his competitive debut for Vaslui against UTA Arad in a 2–2 draw on 27 July 2007 . Bălace scored his first goal for Vaslui on 5 August 2007 in a league match win against his former club Dinamo București . The final score was 2–0 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Dorinel Munteanus corner . On 30 March 2008 , he alongside teammates Sorin Frunză and Daniel Sabou were accused by Adrian Porumboiu of fixing a match against Steaua București . As a consequence , all three players were relegated to Vasluis satellite . Despite they were all back in the first team five days later , due to lack of evidence , all three were dropped from the startup team , until the rest of the season . On 19 July 2008 , Bălace received a red card , in Vasluis opening match against Neftchi Baku , failing afterwards to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back . He played his second match of the season on 2 October , in a match against Slavia Prague , as a late substitute for Hugo Luz . On 6 October , he was in the startup team against FC Brașov , playing as a left midfielder , following NDoyes suspension from yellow card accumulation . He was until the rest of the season the second choice left back , managing to play only when Hugo Luz was either suspended or injured . On 30 July 2009 , Bălace was in the startup team against Omonia Nicosia , following Hugo Luzs injury . Although it seemed he managed to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back , on 13 September he received a red card against Rapid Bucuresti , making him Vasluis third choice left back . On 1 February 2010 , he was loaned out to Universitatea Craiova , for the rest of the season . When asked about Vaslui and Timișoaras quest to claim their first national title , Bălace said that I would rather Timișoara won the national title , although Im still under contract with Vaslui . He missed a single match for Universitatea , due to the yellow card accumulation , and helped his team to avoid the relegation . At the end of the season , despite his expressed wish to remain in Craiova , he eventually returned to Vaslui . Once with Juan López Caros appointment , Bălace didnt get a single chance to play in the first team . On 4 September 2010 , Bălace led his teams training program , following Caros conflict with the teams owner . Bălace has been reinstated as Vasluis first choice left back , after the arrival of new manager Viorel Hizo , in his third sting as Vaslui boss . On 15 May 2011 , Bălace scored his first league goal since September 2007 , in a match against Sportul Studențesc at Municipal . The final score was 4–2 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Nemanja Milisavljevićs cross . In his fourth season in Vaslui , he finished third with his team , for the second year in a row . On 3 August 2011 , Bălace was considered Vasluis best player by Twentes manager , who stated I enjoyed how Vasluis Bălace played , thus being our number one danger . He won many one-on-one duels with our Ruiz . On 19 August , following Cânu and Wesleys injuries , Bălace captained Vaslui for the first time , leading his team to a 2–0 win in Europa League against Sparta Prague . Following Vasluis qualification into the Group Stages , Porumboiu raised each players wage up to 50% , meaning that Bălaces contract is now up to €180,000 per year . Career honours . Dinamo București - Liga I : 2006–07 FC Vaslui - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2008 ACS Poli Timișoara - Liga II : 2014–15
|
[
"ACS Poli Timișoara"
] |
[
{
"text": " Silviu Constantin Bălace ( born 13 November 1978 ) is a Romanian retired professional footballer and currently the manager of Poli Timișoara . Although primarily a left back , Bălace has played as a left winger as well and is known for his overlapping runs on the left side , his pace and his technical ability .",
"title": "Silviu Bălace"
},
{
"text": "Born in Caracal , Bălace started out as a trainee at Universitatea Craiova . On 24 May 1997 , he made his first team debut , coming as a substitute in a 2–0 loss against Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț . Shortly after , when he was 18 years old , Bălace suffered an ankle fracture which kept him out from the field for almost a year and a half . After he recovered he was sent out on loan to Chindia Târgoviște in 1999 in order to gain experience . In January 2001 , Bălace was loaned out to Rocar București",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "for twelve months . Following his third failed attempt to establish himself in the first team , Bălace signed a contract with Divizia B team CSM Reșița .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Following his successful short spell in Reșița , Bălace signed in January 2003 with newly promoted Divizia A side Poli AEK Timișoara . His league debut for his new team , was on 16 April , in the local derby against UTA Arad , coming as a substitute for Romeo Stancu . He ended his first season goalless , in which Timișoara eventually remained in the top flight , after winning the play-off against Gloria Buzău .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Usually used as a left back , under the management of Basarab Panduru , Bălace established himself as Timișoaras first choice left winger . On 1 November 2003 , he scored his first league goal for Timișoara , in a 3–0 win against Brașov . On 9 April 2004 , he assisted at probably Timișoaras most humiliating loss from their history , a 1–8 loss on their own field against Steaua București . Following his successful spell in Timișoara , despite his teams up and down season , the Viola fans nicknamed Bălace Nedved from Banat due to his Pavel",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Nedved lookalike . His nickname was taken over by Dinamo fans who called him Nedved from Stefan cel Mare , but also by Vaslui fans with Nedved from Vaslui .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2004 , he captained Timișoara for the first time , in a 1–2 loss against FCM Bacău . On 4 August 2005 , Bălace played against Pavel Nedved , in a 2–2 friendly match against Juventus Torino . The unexpected departure of Moldovan in mid-2006 led to Bălace being awarded club captaincy . Despite he was one of the most beloved players from Timișoaras history , Bălace was put on the transfer list in mid-2007 , due to a conflict with Marian Iancu .",
"title": "Poli AEK Timișoara"
},
{
"text": "Following a conflict with Timișoaras boss Marian Iancu , on 19 December 2006 , Bălace signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Dinamo București with a reported transfer fee of €200,000 . On 14 February , he made his first team debut for Dinamo , playing in the startup team against Benfica in UEFA Cup . His league debut for Dinamo was twelve days later , coming as a substitute for Vojislav Vranjković and providing his first assist for Cătălin Munteanus only goal against Jiul Petroșani . Although he helped his team winning the championship after a three-year break , Bălace was",
"title": "Dinamo"
},
{
"text": "put on the transfer list , following unsatisfying performances .",
"title": "Dinamo"
},
{
"text": "Following an unsuccessful spell at Dinamo , Bălace moved to Vaslui for $350,000 in June 2007 . He established himself immediately as Vasluis first choice left-back . Bălace made his competitive debut for Vaslui against UTA Arad in a 2–2 draw on 27 July 2007 . Bălace scored his first goal for Vaslui on 5 August 2007 in a league match win against his former club Dinamo București . The final score was 2–0 , with Bălace scoring Vasluis first with a header from Dorinel Munteanus corner . On 30 March 2008 , he alongside teammates Sorin Frunză and Daniel",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "Sabou were accused by Adrian Porumboiu of fixing a match against Steaua București . As a consequence , all three players were relegated to Vasluis satellite . Despite they were all back in the first team five days later , due to lack of evidence , all three were dropped from the startup team , until the rest of the season .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 19 July 2008 , Bălace received a red card , in Vasluis opening match against Neftchi Baku , failing afterwards to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back . He played his second match of the season on 2 October , in a match against Slavia Prague , as a late substitute for Hugo Luz . On 6 October , he was in the startup team against FC Brașov , playing as a left midfielder , following NDoyes suspension from yellow card accumulation . He was until the rest of the season the second choice left back ,",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "managing to play only when Hugo Luz was either suspended or injured .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 30 July 2009 , Bălace was in the startup team against Omonia Nicosia , following Hugo Luzs injury . Although it seemed he managed to reestablish himself as Vasluis first choice left back , on 13 September he received a red card against Rapid Bucuresti , making him Vasluis third choice left back . On 1 February 2010 , he was loaned out to Universitatea Craiova , for the rest of the season . When asked about Vaslui and Timișoaras quest to claim their first national title , Bălace said that I would rather Timișoara won the national title",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": ", although Im still under contract with Vaslui . He missed a single match for Universitatea , due to the yellow card accumulation , and helped his team to avoid the relegation . At the end of the season , despite his expressed wish to remain in Craiova , he eventually returned to Vaslui .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "Once with Juan López Caros appointment , Bălace didnt get a single chance to play in the first team . On 4 September 2010 , Bălace led his teams training program , following Caros conflict with the teams owner . Bălace has been reinstated as Vasluis first choice left back , after the arrival of new manager Viorel Hizo , in his third sting as Vaslui boss . On 15 May 2011 , Bălace scored his first league goal since September 2007 , in a match against Sportul Studențesc at Municipal . The final score was 4–2 , with Bălace",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "scoring Vasluis first with a header from Nemanja Milisavljevićs cross . In his fourth season in Vaslui , he finished third with his team , for the second year in a row .",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": "On 3 August 2011 , Bălace was considered Vasluis best player by Twentes manager , who stated I enjoyed how Vasluis Bălace played , thus being our number one danger . He won many one-on-one duels with our Ruiz . On 19 August , following Cânu and Wesleys injuries , Bălace captained Vaslui for the first time , leading his team to a 2–0 win in Europa League against Sparta Prague . Following Vasluis qualification into the Group Stages , Porumboiu raised each players wage up to 50% , meaning that Bălaces contract is now up to €180,000 per year",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "FC Vaslui"
},
{
"text": " - Liga II : 2014–15",
"title": "ACS Poli Timișoara"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Zimeray#P39#0
|
Which position did François Zimeray hold in early 1990s?
|
François Zimeray François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 . He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists . Career . Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers . In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country . In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely in Europe . In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt . Ambassador to Denmark . On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights . As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far . Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference . Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others . In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded . Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights . As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 . Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended . He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders . In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon . François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) . He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan . Lawyer . Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights . During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm . Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights . In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders . Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian . Local official . Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires . He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) . Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style . Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs . In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall . Distinctions . - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016 Anecdotes . - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008 - The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray Public office . - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee - From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark External links . - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/
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[
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] |
[
{
"text": " François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": " Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Europe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016",
"title": "Distinctions"
},
{
"text": " - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": "- The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": " - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": "- From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Zimeray#P39#1
|
Which position did François Zimeray hold in early 2000s?
|
François Zimeray François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 . He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists . Career . Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers . In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country . In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely in Europe . In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt . Ambassador to Denmark . On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights . As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far . Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference . Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others . In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded . Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights . As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 . Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended . He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders . In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon . François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) . He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan . Lawyer . Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights . During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm . Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights . In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders . Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian . Local official . Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires . He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) . Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style . Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs . In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall . Distinctions . - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016 Anecdotes . - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008 - The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray Public office . - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee - From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark External links . - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": " Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Europe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016",
"title": "Distinctions"
},
{
"text": " - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": "- The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": " - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": "- From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/François_Zimeray#P39#2
|
Which position did François Zimeray hold between Jun 2013 and Jun 2016?
|
François Zimeray François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 . He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists . Career . Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers . In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country . In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely in Europe . In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt . Ambassador to Denmark . On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights . As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far . Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference . Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others . In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded . Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights . As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 . Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended . He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders . In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon . François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) . He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan . Lawyer . Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights . During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm . Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights . In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders . Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian . Local official . Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires . He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) . Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style . Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs . In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall . Distinctions . - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016 Anecdotes . - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008 - The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray Public office . - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee - From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark External links . - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " François Zimeray is a lawyer , former politician , Human Rights activist and diplomat . Born on 4 July 1961 , he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists from 1999 to 2004 . Former mayor of Petit-Quevilly , he served as President of the Greater Rouen - Normandy area from 2001 to 2008 .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": "He was appointed on 13 February 2008 as French Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights by Nicolas Sarkozy and Bernard Kouchner . In 2013 , he was appointed as Frances Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark by President Francois Hollande and Minister Laurent Fabius . He survived the 2015 Copenhagen shootings , Islamist terror attack on February 14 , 2015 where he was targeted together with other activists .",
"title": "François Zimeray"
},
{
"text": " Law firm Zimeray & Finelle . In September 2018 , on his return from Denmark , he established together with Jessica Finelle the law firm Zimeray & Finelle . At the same time , he joins with Prince Zeid and Shirin Ebadi , Nobel Peace Prize , a team of lawyers very committed to the defense of fundamental rights in the London firm Doughty Street Chambers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In November 2018 , the Internal Political Committee of the National Assembly of Venezuela chaired by Juan Guaido , designates François Zimeray to advise and assist him in the international courts and institutions regard to the serious violations of human rights committed in the country .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In December 2018 , he defended the interests of Saif ul Malook , Asia Bibis lawyer , a Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for blasphemy and acquitted at the end of October after having spent nine years in prison . In February 2019 he launched an appeal to the European heads of state to ask them to give Saif ul Malook the protection and the status that his heroism calls . With the support of Lawyers Without Borders , SOS Eastern Christians and Bars , he calls on European leaders to allow Saif Al Malook to reside and work freely",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in Europe .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In 2019 , he became one of the two French lawyers of Carlos Ghosn during his incarceration in Japan . At the request of the family , François Zimeray seized the UN to denounce a detention that he considers as medieval . In April 2019 , together with Matthias Fekl , they seized the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Expression of the United Nations to denounce the fate of the Egyptian writer Alaa al-Aswany prosecuted in a military court and banned from published for 5 years in Egypt .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On October 8 , 2013 , François Zimeray presented his credentials to the Queen of Denmark . On February 14 , 2015 , following the Paris terrorist attacks , Zimeray was invited to give the keynote speech at Krudttønden in Copenhagen , a debate on freedom of expression and blasphemy , featuring Lars Vilks and Femen leader Inna Chevtchenko , when it was attacked by a masked gunman . Ambassador for Human Rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Frances Ambassador-at-large for Human Rights since February 2008 , Zimeray has held a fundamental yet discreet role aiming at spreading the culture of human rights into the French diplomacy . He has been the first non-career diplomat to hold this position since its creation in 2000 and has also had the longest assignment so far .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray has worked with four different Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State : Bernard Kouchner , Michèle Alliot-Marie , Alain Juppé and Rama Yade . He was chosen to present France’s Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) at the Human Rights Council in 2008 and 2012 , as well as to represent France to the Alliance of Civilizations and Durban II Conference .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "Since then , near to 100 diplomatic missions have led him to the Syrian border , Chechnya , Colombia , Gaza , Israel , Sri Lanka camps , Turkmenistan , Burma , Moscow , Thailand , Baghdad , Jordan , Lebanon , Kirghizstan , Uganda , Chad , Burundi , Congo , Rwanda , Libya , Algeria , Egypt , Nepal , among others .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "In October 2011 , he went to Tripoli just a few days after the death of former leader Muammar Gaddafi . In November 2011 , he was one of the first diplomats to be received in Rangoon by the Lady Aung San Suu Kyi , one month before the official visit of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . In January and April 2012 , François Zimeray went twice to Kharkov prison , attempting to visit former Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko . Although he was not allowed to enter the prison and see her , he attended the",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "opening session of her second trial and denounced accusations obviously politically grounded .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray represented the French diplomacy by attending several trials . He went to Moscow for Mikhail Khodorkovskys trial , to Kazakhstan to support the human rights defender Yevgeny Zhovtis . In January 2011 , he went to Yuriy Lutsenkos trial , in Kiev . In accordance with EU Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders , François Zimeray set the following goal : Each French embassy has to become a House of Human rights .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "As Ambassador in charge of the Holocaust issues , Zimeray launched different initiatives to raise awareness about contemporary antisemitism : he went to Auschwitz several times and supports important projects enhancing dialogue between cultures , such as the Aladdin Project , which had been presented in Baghad in February 2010 .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Human rights and peace activism . Zimerays commitment to human rights dates back to 1979 , when , then aged 17 , he founded an association to support and cater for Cambodian refugees in Paris . Thereafter , he made visit to refugee camps on the Thai border , where he forged his political beliefs . Since then , his commitment for human rights has never ended .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "He played a decisive role in the organisation of the European campaign in support for Darfur . In 2007 , he visited the Darfur refugee camps in Chad with the French philosopher , Bernard-Henri Lévy . He raised awareness and managed to mobilize French public opinion as well as political leaders .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " In May 2009 , Zimeray founded the Alliance of Lawyers for Human rights , based in Paris offering free legal expertise to associations , NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights . Zimeray is also a prominent figure well known for his committed support for the Palestinian moderates and the Israeli peace camp in 2002 . He actively supports The Peoples Voice , the initiative by Palestinian Sari Nusseibeh and Israeli Ami Ayalon .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": "François Zimeray went to Gaza twice and described the attitude of people defining themselves as exclusively in favour of one side against the other ( pro-palestinian or pro-Israel ) as intellectual hooliganism ( speech at the French National Assembly for Kids creating Peace ) .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " He founded the Cercle Léon Blum and worked to promote dialogue between European leaders and Middle Eastern political and civil society representatives as Chairman of the Medbridge Strategy Center founded in Brussels with prominent European politicians such as Willy De Clercq , François Léotard , Emma Bonino and Ana Palacio . He then had several meetings with Shimon Peres , Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II of Jordan .",
"title": "Ambassador to Denmark"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the Paris Bar and the International Criminal Bar of The Hague . He has represented victims in trials of Khmer Rouge leaders , successfully campaigned to free imprisoned political opponents in Laos , and defended a child soldier in Congo/Kinshasa before the International Criminal Court . He has also defended cases before the European Court of Human Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "During twenty years , Zimeray has worked as a lawyer in the firm Jeantet&Associés . Back then , he advised individuals as well as French and international companies . With his partners , Hubert Védrine and Jean-Pierre Jouyet , he took part in the international development of the Jeantet firm .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray is a member of the French Institute of International Legal Experts ( IFEJI ) . He created with Jessica Finelle ( September 2018 ) the lawyer firm Zimeray&Finelle Member of the European Parliament . At 37 , Zimeray became the youngest member of the French socialist delegation at the European Parliament , elected on Francois Hollandes list . He worked in the Legal Affairs Committee and the Foreign Affairs and Defence Policy Committee . He is the author of eight reports adopted unanimously and took part in the framing of the Charter of Fundamental Rights .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , at the request of Emma Bonino , former Humanitarian Aid Commissioner , François Zimeray went to Laos in order to defend and free a member of the European Parliament , as well as four other human rights defenders .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Although member of the socialist group , he did not hesitate to defend the parliamentarian immunities of Charles Pasqua ( PPE ) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit ( PVE ) , respectively in 2002 and 2003 . But for the 2004 election , the socialist party choose another candidate to represent them , judging Zimeray too anti-Palestinian .",
"title": "Lawyer"
},
{
"text": " Zimeray , identified by former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius , first made his mark in 1989 when at just 27 years old he was elected Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ( 23,000 inhabitants ) . He became the youngest mayor of a town with over 20,000 inhabitants in France and founded the first association of mayors for environment , Eco-Maires .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "He transformed the city by creating parks , accommodation , new areas and facilities such as the multimedia library François Truffaut . He was re-elected two times in the first round . In 2001 , he was elected President of the Greater Rouen-Normandy area ( 37 cities , 450,000 inhabitants ) and launched several urban and cultural projects : the Palais des Sports ( designed by Dominique Perrault ) , the renovation of the docks and public transportations ( metro , cycle ) .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " Views on human rights . Zimeray has stated We face a frequent misunderstanding . Many people place human rights in some kind of moral area and wait for us to answer with symbols , declarations and gestures.One must have the courage to say that Human Rights are not morality , they are rights that exist or does not exist , that are applied or violated : the right to not be tortured , access to fair trial , equality between men and women . Our action does not only take place in some declaratory and narcissistic style .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "Zimeray has commented that he does not like the expression that France is the country of human rights and stated I know the state of French prisons.. . I would rather say that France and Human Rights are like an old couple , and as with every couple there are ups and downs .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "In his book published after the Copenhagen terror attack he survived ( February 14 , 2015 ) he advocates against patriarchy : But if , at the end of this journey , I had to choose just one cause that stands above all others , I now know that our determination to empower women to achieve their full potential – particularly by educating girls – will speak volumes about the future of humanity . It is a cause we can all subscribe to , and I know no higher one . ( .. ) Around the world I have seen",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": "women challenge the patriarchal order that subjects them to violence and forces men to serve the empire of domination and performance . The book , Jai vu partout le même visage ( I have seen the same face everywhere I went ) - An Ambassador comes face to face",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " with man’s inhumanity to man was granted the Pierre Simon Ethics and geopolitics prize in Paris City hall .",
"title": "Local official"
},
{
"text": " - Knight of the Legion of Honor ( Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur ) - Officer of the Royal Order of Cambodia ( Officier de lOrdre Royal du Cambodge ) - Medal of the Paris Bar ( 2015 ) - Prix Pierre Simon award 2016 category Ethics and Geopolitics Therese Delpech , November 2016",
"title": "Distinctions"
},
{
"text": " - He might have inspired one of the characters of the Yasmina Reza theater play , The God of Carnage ( the lawyer ) - All the French Embassies in the world have a facade plaque with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights fixed onto . On these plaques , the preamble of the Declaration is reproduced with Zimerays handwriting engraved . A plastic replica of these plaques with handwriting was sent to the International Space Station Columbus on November 14 , 2008",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": "- The theater play Bella Figura , written by Yasmina Reza , is dedicated to Francois Zimeray",
"title": "Anecdotes"
},
{
"text": " - From 1989 to 2001 : Mayor of Petit-Quevilly ; Vice-President of Greater Rouen-Normandy Area - From 1995 to 2001 : Chairman of the District and Community Environment Committee - From 1994 to 1999 : Departmental Councillor , Normandy - From 1995 to 2000 : Chairman of the Greater Rouen Sanitation Syndicate - From 1999 to 2004 : Member of the European Parliament ; Member of the Legal Affairs Committee ; and Member of the Industry , Trade , Research and Energy Committee",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": "- From 2001 to 2008 : President of the Rouen Urban District Community ; First Deputy to the Mayor of Petit-Quevilly",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - From 2008 to 2013 : Frances Ambassador-at-large for human rights , and Ambassador for Holocaust issues - Since 2013 : French Ambassador to Denmark",
"title": "Public office"
},
{
"text": " - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/actions-france_830/droits-homme_1048/biographie-m.-francois-zimeray-ambassadeur-pour-les-droits-homme_60854.html Archive link - The Ambassador for Human Rights - http://www.medbridge.org/ - Le Eco Maires - Jeantet - http://www.sosdarfur.eu/",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle#P69#0
|
Guido Westerwelle went to which school in late 1970s?
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Guido Westerwelle Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 . Early life and education . Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in law from University of Hagen . Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors . He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party . In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents . In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 . In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In 2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group . Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany . In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU . On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France . On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office . WikiLeaks controversy and election defeats . In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time , his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January , comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod . International crisis . During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis . Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators . When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 . In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents . In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action . On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs . Arab Spring . When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans . Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision . Crisis in Sudan . In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur . In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations . During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 . In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott . Nonproliferation . During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons . In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing . Relations with Belarus . In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections . In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments . Relations with Russia . While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath . Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg . Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships . Political positions . On economic policy . Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party . On sexual equality . Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s . On data protection . In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users . Controversy . Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) . In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic . On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks . Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV . In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 ) - KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 ) - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain Personal life . On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn . Death . On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 . Bibliography . - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005 External links . - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )
|
[
"Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium"
] |
[
{
"text": " Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Early life and education .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "law from University of Hagen .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": " In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": "held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party .",
"title": "On economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s .",
"title": "On sexual equality"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users .",
"title": "On data protection"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "- KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle#P69#1
|
Guido Westerwelle went to which school after May 1982?
|
Guido Westerwelle Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 . Early life and education . Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in law from University of Hagen . Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors . He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party . In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents . In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 . In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In 2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group . Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany . In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU . On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France . On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office . WikiLeaks controversy and election defeats . In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time , his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January , comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod . International crisis . During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis . Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators . When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 . In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents . In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action . On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs . Arab Spring . When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans . Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision . Crisis in Sudan . In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur . In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations . During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 . In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott . Nonproliferation . During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons . In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing . Relations with Belarus . In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections . In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments . Relations with Russia . While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath . Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg . Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships . Political positions . On economic policy . Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party . On sexual equality . Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s . On data protection . In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users . Controversy . Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) . In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic . On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks . Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV . In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 ) - KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 ) - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain Personal life . On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn . Death . On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 . Bibliography . - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005 External links . - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )
|
[
"University of Hagen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Early life and education .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "law from University of Hagen .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": " In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": "held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party .",
"title": "On economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s .",
"title": "On sexual equality"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users .",
"title": "On data protection"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "- KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle#P69#2
|
Guido Westerwelle went to which school after Apr 2000?
|
Guido Westerwelle Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 . Early life and education . Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in law from University of Hagen . Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors . He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party . In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents . In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 . In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In 2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group . Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany . In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU . On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France . On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office . WikiLeaks controversy and election defeats . In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time , his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January , comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod . International crisis . During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis . Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators . When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 . In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents . In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action . On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs . Arab Spring . When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans . Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision . Crisis in Sudan . In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur . In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations . During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 . In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott . Nonproliferation . During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons . In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing . Relations with Belarus . In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections . In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments . Relations with Russia . While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath . Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg . Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships . Political positions . On economic policy . Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party . On sexual equality . Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s . On data protection . In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users . Controversy . Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) . In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic . On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks . Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV . In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 ) - KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 ) - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain Personal life . On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn . Death . On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 . Bibliography . - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005 External links . - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Guido Westerwelle ( ; 27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016 ) was a German politician who served as Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and as Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011 , being the first openly gay person to hold any of these positions . He was also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from May 2001 until he stepped down in 2011 . A lawyer by profession , he was a member of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Early life and education .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . His parents were lawyers . He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best , but substandard otherwise . He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987 . Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively , he began practising as an attorney in Bonn in 1991 . In 1994 , he earned a doctoral degree in",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "law from University of Hagen .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Career in the FDP . Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980 . He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale ( Young Liberals ) , which became the partys official youth organisation in 1983 , and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988 . In a 1988 newspaper interview , he singled out the FDPs rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wings labors .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "He was a member of the executive board of the FDP from 1988 , and in 1994 , he was appointed secretary general of the party .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " In 1996 , Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag , filling in for Heinz Lanfermann , who had resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice . In the 1998 national elections , he was re-elected to parliament . As his parliamentary groups home affairs spokesman , he was instrumental in swinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born in Germany of non-German parents .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman . Gerhardt , however , remained chairman of the FDPs parliamentary group . Westerwelle , the youngest party chairman at the time , emphasized economics and education , and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy Jürgen Möllemann , who , as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP , had led his party back into the state parliament , gaining 9.8% of the vote . This strategy , transferred to the federal level , was dubbed Project 18 , referring both to the envisioned percentage and the",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "German age of majority . Leading up to the 2002 elections , he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused to commit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats . He was also named the FDPs candidate for the office of chancellor . Since the FDP had never claimed such a candidacy ( and hasnt done since ) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties , this move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys , such as driving around in a campaign",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "van dubbed the Guidomobile , wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in the Big Brother TV show . Eventually , the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDPs vote from 6.2% to 7.4% . Despite this setback , he was reelected as party chairman in 2003 .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2005 , Westerwelle was his partys front-runner . When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröders Social Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and Free Democrats , favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle , managed to gain a majority of seats , Westerwelle rejected overtures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship by entering his coalition , preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed Grand Coalition of Christian and Social Democrats , with Merkel as chancellor . Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the new government . In",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "2006 , according to an internal agreement , Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the parliamentary group .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " Over the following years , in an effort to broaden the partys appeal , Westerwelle embraced its left wing under former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages on tax cuts , education and civil rights . Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In the federal elections of 2009 , Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkels CDU/CSU , ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens , and led his party to unprecedented 14.6% share of the vote . In accordance with earlier announcements , he formed a coalition government with CDU/CSU .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " On 28 October , Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor , becoming the head of the Foreign Office . His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally Cornelia Pieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State . Hoyer had previously held the same office in the Cabinet Kohl V . In a much-discussed move , Westerwelle travelled to Poland , the Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "On 19 November 2009 , Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – including US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British Foreign Secretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term in office .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": "In late November 2010 , leaked U.S . diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats considered Westerwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities , with one cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher . On 3 December 2010 , Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a WikiLeaks diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the U.S . By May 2011 , opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign ministers since the late 1940s . At the time",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", his party had collapsed in several states , including Rhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in parliament . Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that he had been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters , the majority of whom were middle-class professionals or entrepreneurs . Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader . By July the party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls , a record low , reflecting what political insiders had called his last stand in January",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": ", comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the Pequod .",
"title": "Guido Westerwelle"
},
{
"text": " During his tenure as foreign minister , Westerwelle prevailed over lawmakers in his party who opposed bailing out Greece during the European debt crisis .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Irans then-president , Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for the weekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010 . After weeks of negotiations , the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair , the reporter Marcus Hellwig and the photographer Jens Koch . The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani , a woman sentenced to death for adultery . A condition of their",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad , causing Iranian exile groups in Europe to condemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to cross its air space in May 2013 , Westerwelle summoned Irans ambassador to Germany , Alireza Sheikhattar , complaining about a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept . He later temporarily recalled Germanys ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in November 2013 . In November 2010 , Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007 .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "In April 2011 , Westerwelle summoned Chinas ambassador to Germany , Wu Hongbo , for a meeting about detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei , calling for his release and denouncing Chinas growing use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011 . After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013 , Westerwelle summoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his concern over the concerted action .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "On 4 December 2013 , Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kievs Maidan Nezalezhnosti , the focus of protests over the Yanukovych governments U-turn away from the European Union and toward Russia ; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine interference in internal affairs .",
"title": "International crisis"
},
{
"text": "When the insurgency against Libyas dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011 , Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition . Earlier , he had initially been cautious before making any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt , but in the case of Libya , he quickly called out Gaddafi as a dictator , and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli . Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force , he shared with Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "by France and the United Kingdom . At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011 , Westerwelle abstained in the vote on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone , along with veto powers Russia and China as well as Brazil and India . Shortly after , he expelled five Libyan diplomats for intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany . During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011 , Westerwelle announced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libyans .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , Westerwelle visited the country six times between February 2011 and November 2012 . In December 2011 , he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy , the Egyptian ambassador in Berlin , to protest over what he called an unacceptable raid on the Cairo office of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and human rights organizations . In February 2012 , he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people , including German citizens , over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups . When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "to close in Abu Dhabi later that year , Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision .",
"title": "Arab Spring"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur , where he visited the United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributed military , police and civilian personnel . He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before its independence , where he met the countrys founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit ; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time , Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent country into the United Nations . During his trip , however , he made no appointment to",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "meet Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes , crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks on Germanys embassy in Khartoum , and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy ; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain , outraged by Innocence of Muslims , a film which has been described as denigrating to the Islamic prophet , Muhammad . Role in the United Nations .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During July 2011 , Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed the German delegation to the United Nations . In an attempt to continue to play an important role within the United Nations , he led the German governments successful campaign for a three-year seat on the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012 .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": " In October 2013 , Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding human rights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel , and that its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it . Shortly after , Israel renewed its cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott .",
"title": "Crisis in Sudan"
},
{
"text": "During his time in office , Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe , arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed . Against resistance from France , Westerwelle and German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment to nuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organizations foreign and defence ministers in October 2010 . After the U.S . midterm elections in 2010 , Westerwelle called on newly empowered Republicans in the U.S . Congress to",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of non- proliferation and the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": " In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project , Westerwelle continued to advocate for the elimination of nuclear weapons testing .",
"title": "Nonproliferation"
},
{
"text": "In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia , Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November 2010 , the first such visit in 15 years . Shortly after , Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgements against President Alexander Lukashenkos main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other opposition supporters . As a consequence , Poland , France and Germany pressed their EU partners in to impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": "held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential elections .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " In March 2012 , Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him Europes last dictator , said : Better to be a dictator than gay . Westerwelle subsequently responded : This statement condemns itself . I wont budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in Belarus after these comments .",
"title": "Relations with Belarus"
},
{
"text": " While being foreign minister , Westerwelle maintained a fairly low profile when it came to Germanys Russia policy . He supported the policy of change through trade with Russia , but was widely criticized for not having a clear foreign policy doctrine . He called for more inclusion of Russia in the international community , but criticized Moscow , for example , for supporting President Assads government in Syria . Views on WWII and its aftermath .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": "Upon taking office , Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach , a German politician and member of Chancellor Merkels party , to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against Expulsions , a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II . In November 2010 , together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov , he opened the Nuremberg Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Under Westerwelles leadership , the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called The Ministry and the Past , which alleged the ministrys collusion with the Nazis . Westerwelle said the report shamed the institution . In February 2012 , he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros ( 13 million dollars ) to Israels Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years . Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery , he called for greater transparency in dealing with the find , which he warned could have lasting damage to Germanys international friendships .",
"title": "Relations with Russia"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the German welfare state and deregulate German labour law . In an interview in February 2003 , Westerwelle described labor unions as a plague on our country and said union officials were the pall bearers of the welfare state and of the prosperity in our country . He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government , in line with the general direction of his party .",
"title": "On economic policy"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality . He long criticized German laws not giving complete adoption rights to gay couples . In 2012 , he and finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal tax treatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members . In the German daily Bild , Westerwelle said that if registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then they should have the same rights . It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination . We do not live in the 1950s .",
"title": "On sexual equality"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport . He opposed Google Street Views automated photography of streetscapes , and stated I will do all I can to prevent it . In 2013 , he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly to agree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give greater data protection to internet users .",
"title": "On data protection"
},
{
"text": " Westerwelles party chairmanship saw considerable controversy . Critics inside and outside the FDP accused him of focusing on public relations , as opposed to developing and promoting sound public policy , especially in the election campaign of 2002 . Westerwelle himself , who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff , labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik ( fun politics ) .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom , the Russian state-owned gas company , soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel . Despite losing , Westerwelle said he would stick to his original assessment that Schröders appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline Company was problematic .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 27 September 2009 , at a press conference after the election , Westerwelle refused to answer a question in English from a BBC reporter , stating that it is normal to speak German in Germany . Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelles poor command of English . He earned the epithet Westerwave ( a literal translation of his surname into English ) as a consequence of these remarks .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the welfare state , saying that promising the people effortless prosperity may lead to late Roman decadence , in reference to a verdict in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV .",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay countries . Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz , an event manager , and Ralf Marohn , a partner in his brothers company , also causing controversy . Westerwelle retorted that it was normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips , calling himself a victim of a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable . Other activities ( selection ) . - Bertelsmann Stiftung , member of the Board of Trustees ( 2015–2016 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": "- KfW , ex-officio member of the Board of Supervisory Directors ( 2009–2013 )",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " - ARAG Group , member of the Supervisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - Deutsche Vermögensberatung , member of the Advisory Board ( 2005–2009 ) - ZDF , ex-officio member of the Television Board ( 1998–2006 ) Recognition ( selection ) . - 2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University , Seoul - 2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( Komtur mit Stern ) - 2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain",
"title": "Controversy"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2004 , Westerwelle attended Angela Merkels 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner , Michael Mronz . It was the first time he had attended an official event with his partner and this was considered his public coming-out . The couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 20 June 2014 , it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering from acute myeloid leukemia . He underwent chemotherapy and a bone-marrow transplant . He last appeared in public in November 2015 , presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called Between Two Lives . Westerwelle died of the disease in Cologne on 18 March 2016 , at the age of 54 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Guido Westerwelle , the Liberals Top Gun Profile in Deutsche Welle , 20 July 2005",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - Westerwelles personal website ( in German )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#0
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. before Sep 1988?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Luigi Simoni"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#1
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. in Apr 1994?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Luciano Spalletti"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#2
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. between Oct 1997 and Dec 1997?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Luciano Spalletti"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#3
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. in May 2013?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Maurizio Sarri"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#4
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. between Jan 2016 and Jun 2016?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Marco Giampaolo"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#5
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. in Feb 2019?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Giuseppe Iachini"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#6
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. in Jun 2019?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Aurelio Andreazzoli"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Empoli_F.C.#P286#7
|
Who coached the team Empoli F.C. after Sep 2019?
|
Empoli F.C . Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . History . From the 1920s to the 1970s . In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team achieved second place in the group A . In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final . The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione . Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 . Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera . After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons : in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football , but for only one season , again suffering relegation . The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s . In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 . This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent . Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup . The years 2000 and participation in the UEFA Cup . With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the promotion playoffs by Brescia . Between Serie B and Serie A . Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history . Notable former players . - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano - Luca Toni - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also : Former managers . - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 ) - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 ) - Cristian Bucchi ( 2019 ) - Roberto Muzzi ( 2019–2020 ) Honours . - Serie B - Coppa Italia Serie C - Serie C1 External links . - Empolis official website
|
[
"Cristian Bucchi"
] |
[
{
"text": " Empoli Football Club , commonly referred to as Empoli , is an Italian football club based in Empoli , Tuscany . Founded in 1920 , the side is part of a select group of Italian football clubs that do not belong to a provincial capital city that have participated in the top-flight . Including the current season , Empoli has participated in 83 national championships , including 50 championships in the third tier , 20 in Serie B and 13 in Serie A . In Europe , the best results obtained was participation in the 2007–08 UEFA Cup .",
"title": "Empoli F.C ."
},
{
"text": "In August 1920 , Foot Ball Club Empoli and the football section Unione Sportiva Empoli were born . After the participation of a tournament in San Miniato , the two merged into a single local football club . The next season , the new club , after having obtained in September affiliation in the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) ratified by the Tuscan Regional Committee , was included in Group A of the Tuscan Promozione 1921–22 , but did take part due to economic problems , choosing instead to join the league of Terza Categoria , where the team",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "achieved second place in the group A .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1922–23 season , Empoli finished in second place in Group A of the Terza Categoria , gaining admission to the final round after winning the play-off in Florence , held on 15 April 1923 against Pontedera , 1–0 . The season concluded with a third place in the group final .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The following three seasons , from 1923 to 1926 , Empoli continued to play in the Tuscan third division . Then , in the 1926–27 season , Empoli won the Group A division of Tuscany , and was admitted to the interregional finals ; thanks to a fourth place in Group G , the Tuscans were promoted in the North Division of the Second Division 1927–28 , the third Italian football tier of the era . In the following season the team was then inserted in Group C of the North Division , which concluded in fourth place , but",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "for economic reasons refused the invitation to take part in the next championship of Prima Divisione , and therefore followed the downgrading of the Seconda Divisione from third to fourth tier . However , already the following season , in the 1928–29 Seconda Divisione , the club won promotion , winning the Tuscan championship , and returned to the North Division of Prima Divisione .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Empoli was in the Prima Divisione , then Serie C , until the 1935–36 season , when the team withdrawn halfway through the season because of the call to arms for many of its players . Empoli resumed competitive activity from Prima Divisione the next season , under the name of OND Empoli , with the colours gray and blue ; the team won the Tuscan Group A again gaining admission in Serie C . Until the shutdown from the causes of war , Empoli played in Serie C , obtaining a best result of sixth place in 1938–39 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , the club was renamed OND Interaziendale Italo Gambaccioni Section Soccer from 1938 to 1941 , until the name was changed again to Associazione Calcio Empol . On 15 September 1935 , Empoli debuted in the Coppa Italia with a 1–0 home success against Pontedera .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "After World War II , Empoli took up the club name of Empoli Foot Ball Club after being called Sports Group Azelio Landi for a brief period between October and November 1944 , and was admitted into Serie B thanks to a third-place finish in the 1945–46 season . In Serie B , Empoli played for four consecutive seasons , finishing in third place in the 1946–47 season . Relegation of the club – which by then had adopted the colour blue – occurred at the end of 1949–50 championship . The permanence in Serie C lasted for six seasons",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": in the summer of 1955 , the club sold most of its players and at the end of the 1955–56 season , the Tuscan side were relegated to Serie D . After three seasons in the fourth division , in 1959–60 the Azzurri risked relegation to the regional level after finishing in 15th place , on equal points with Carrarese and Rieti . The club managed to escape relegation before drawing with Carrarese and then surpassing Lazio , in Pesaro , with a goal from Vezzosi . In 1960–61 , Empoli returned to the third tier of Italian football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", but for only one season , again suffering relegation .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club returned to Serie C on 9 June 1963 after beating Tempio 2–0 in the play-off in Genoa . The clubs permanence in the third tier of Italian football , then called Serie C1 , lasted for 20 years until the 1982–83 season . The 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1986 , the small-town club was promoted to Serie A . Playing their first few home games in Florence , Empolis Serie A debut resulted in a 1–0 win over Internazionale . Helped by a nine-point deduction from Udinese , they avoided relegation with 23 points and 13 goals in 30 games . Empoli themselves received a five-point penalty the following season , and were relegated despite an improved showing . They were relegated again to Serie C1 in 1989 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " This club then spent several seasons in Serie C1 before returning to Serie B in 1996 and achieving a second successive promotion in 1997 . With Luciano Spalletti at the helm , Empoli defied the odds to finish in 12th place and avoid relegation . Relegation the following year began a three-year stay in Serie B , in which time the club became renowned for nurturing its own outstanding young talent .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Promotions to Serie A in 2002 and 2005 have seen the club emerge as battlers against relegation . They ended the 2005–06 season in tenth place in the top-flight . As a result of the Serie A match-fixing scandal at the end of that season , they gained qualification for the UEFA Cup for the following season , however they did not play in it because the club management failed to apply for a UEFA license . In the 2006–07 season , the club once again qualified for the UEFA Cup .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the prospect of European football approaching , the management strengthened the squad , most notably signing a number of young players from large Serie A clubs , such as Rincón of Inter , Ignazio Abate and Lino Marzoratti of Milan and Sebastian Giovinco , Claudio Marchisio and Rej Volpato of Juventus on loan or co-ownership deals . Empoli marked their debut in the UEFA Cup with a two-legged match against Zürich , losing 4–2 on aggregate . A poor showing in the initial part of the season then led chairman Fabrizio Corsi to sack Luigi Cagni , who led",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the Tuscans to UEFA Cup qualification , and replace him with Alberto Malesani . However , the clubs fortunes did not change and Malesani was sacked after a 2–0 defeat to Sampdoria which left them at the bottom of the table . Cagni was re-appointed on 31 March 2008 but the team suffered a last-minute relegation . Cagni resigned and was replaced by Silvio Baldini ahead of the 2008–09 season . Baldinis tenure , however , did not prove to be successful , as the Tuscans ended the season only in fifth place , and were later defeated in the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "promotion playoffs by Brescia .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite modest results , Baldini was sacked . By December 2011 , the club had gone through four coaches since the 2009–10 season . The club maintained their Serie B status dramatically in 2011–12 . After a poor season , Empoli finished 18th , one point from safety , which meant a relegation play-off against Vicenza over two legs . The first game finished goalless before Vicenza led 2–0 in the second leg with 30 minutes to go . However , two goals in two minutes saw the Azzuri level the tie before Massimo Maccarone secured a 3–2 victory in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the fourth minute of injury time . 2012–13 saw the club finish fourth , a dramatic improvement on the previous season , but lost the promotion play-off final to Livorno over two legs . The club secured promotion back to Serie A the following season , finishing as runners-up to Palermo and stayed in the top flight for two seasons , finishing 15th in 2014–15 and 10th in 2015–16 . Going into the final matchday of the 2016–17 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Crotone , however were eventually relegated to Serie",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "B after they failed to beat Palermo , while Crotone beat Lazio . After a triumph of the 2017–18 Serie B , Empoli promptly regained promotion to Serie A , after winning Serie B on 28 April 2018 , four matches in advance . In the final matchday of the 2018–19 Serie A season , Empoli were one point above the relegation zone ahead of Genoa , however were eventually relegated to Serie B after they were defeated by Internazionale , while Genoa drew with Fiorentina , both sides finished on the same number of points but Genoa had a",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "greater goal difference by one . However , Empoli finished first in the 2020–21 Serie B season , to be their third title in the competition in their history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Players with international caps , appearances in Olympic Games or 100 league appearances with Empoli - Elseid Hysaj - Juan Martín Alza - Mark Bresciano - Vince Grella - Emílson Cribari - Jorge Vargas - Igor Budan - Ignazio Abate - Daniele Adani - Marco Borriello - Raoul Bortoletto - Luca Bucci - Antonio Buscè - Andrea Coda - Dario Dainelli ( youth ) - Antonio Di Natale - Éder - Sebastian Giovinco - Massimo Maccarone - Claudio Marchisio - Vincenzo Montella - Andrea Raggi - Tommaso Rocchi - Luca Saudati - Luciano Spalletti - Francesco Tavano",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": "- Luca Toni",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Ighli Vannucchi - Piotr Zieliński - Zlatko Dedić - Johnny Ekström - Marcelo Zalayeta - See also :",
"title": "Notable former players"
},
{
"text": " - Antonio Vojak ( 1937–39 ) - Enrico Colombari ( 1939–40 ) - Sergio Cervato ( 1968–70 ) - Sergio Castelletti ( 1971–72 ) - Renzo Ulivieri ( 1972–76 ) - Bruno Giorgi ( 1976–77 ) - Vincenzo Guerini ( 1983–85 ) - Luigi Simoni ( 1988–89 ) - Vincenzo Montefusco ( 1989–91 ) - Francesco Guidolin ( 1991–92 ) - Adriano Lombardi ( 1993–94 ) - Luciano Spalletti ( 1995–98 ) - Luigi Delneri ( 1998 ) - Mauro Sandreani ( 1998–99 ) - Corrado Orrico ( 1998–99 ) - Elio Gustinetti ( 1999–00 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Silvio Baldini ( 1999–03 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Mario Somma ( 2004–06 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2006–07 ) - Alberto Malesani ( 2007–08 ) - Luigi Cagni ( 2008 ) - Silvio Baldini ( 2008–09 ) - Salvatore Campilongo ( 2009–10 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2010–11 ) - Giuseppe Pillon ( 2011 ) - Guido Carboni ( 2011–12 ) - Alfredo Aglietti ( 2012 ) - Maurizio Sarri ( 2012–15 ) - Marco Giampaolo ( 2015–16 ) - Giovanni Martusciello ( 2016–2017 ) - Vincenzo Vivarini ( 2017 ) - Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2017–2018 ) - Giuseppe Iachini ( 2018–2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": "- Aurelio Andreazzoli ( 2019 )",
"title": "Former managers"
},
{
"text": " - Empolis official website",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#0
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 before Nov 1939?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Albert Kesselring"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#1
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 between Feb 1940 and Mar 1940?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Hans-Jürgen Stumpff"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#2
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 between Jun 1940 and Jul 1940?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Wilhelm Wimmer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#3
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 between Feb 1943 and Mar 1943?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Alfred Keller"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#4
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 in Jun 1943?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Günther Korten"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Luftflotte_1#P4791#5
|
Who commanded Luftflotte 1 after Dec 1944?
|
Luftflotte 1 Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front . Units under Command . Strategic Reconnaissance . - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve ) Maritime Reconnaissance . - 1./SAGr 127 ( Reval–Ülemiste ) Transports . - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga ) Bombers . - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri . Tactical Reconnaissance . - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg ) Land Air Strike . - I/SG 3 ( Jakobstadt ) Night land strike . - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve . Fighters . - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) Tactical Reconnaissance . - 1./NAGr 5 ( Immola ) Fighters . - II./JG 54 ( Immola ) Land Air Strike . - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola ) Commanding officers . - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945 Chief of staff . - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943 - Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943 - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945 Subordinated units . - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 ) - IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery ) - 2 . Flak-Division - 6 . Flak-Division Abbreviations . - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft - SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack . - TG = Transportgeschwader= Transport aircraft . References . - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45
|
[
"Kurt Pflugbeil"
] |
[
{
"text": " Luftflotte 1 ( Air Fleet 1 ) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II . It was formed 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 1 in Berlin . This Luftwaffe detachment served in Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and Immola , Finland for air support of Axis forces in area ; with command offices in Malpils , Latvia , ( 26 June 1944 ) , Eastern front .",
"title": "Luftflotte 1"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/FAGr 1 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 3. ( F ) /22 ( Riga–Spilve ) - 5. ( F ) /122 ( Mitau ) - NASt 3 ( Riga–Spilve )",
"title": "Strategic Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - 1./TGr 10 ( Ital. ) ( Riga–Spilve ) Transports ( special works ) . This unit was branch of KG 200 with bases in East Prussia , Kurland and Baltic areas , stay equipped with : - Junkers Ju 252A-1 - Junkers Ju 352A-0/A-1 Herkules - Arado Ar 232B-0 Tausendfüßler for transport special commandos , weapons , vehicles or dropping by parachute secret agents in clandestine missions behind enemy lines . - I. ( TGr. ) /KG 200 ( Riga )",
"title": "Transports"
},
{
"text": " - 14. ( Eis ) /KG 55 ( Jakobstadt ) 3.Fliegerdivision ( 3°Air Division ) Petseri .",
"title": "Bombers"
},
{
"text": " - Stab//NAGr 5 ( Petseri ) - 1./NAGr 5 ( Idriza ) - 1./NAGr 31 ( Wesemberg )",
"title": "Tactical Reconnaissance"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 3./NSGr 1 ( Idriza ) - 1./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - 2./NSGr 1 ( Kaunas ) - Stab/NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 2./NSGr 3 ( Vecuci ) - 1./NSGr 12 ( Vecuci ) - 1./ ( Detach ) NSGr 12 ( Riga–Spilve ) - Stab/NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 1./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSGr 11 ( Rahkla ) - 2./NSG 12 ( Libau ) Jagdabschnittfuhrer Ostland ( Fighter direction in Ostland ) Riga-Spilve .",
"title": "Night land strike"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/JG 54 ( Dorpat ) - I./JG 54 ( Turku ) ( Finland ) - 2./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg ) - 3./JG 54 ( Reval–Laksberg )",
"title": "Fighters"
},
{
"text": " - Stab/SG 3 ( Immola ) - 1./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 2./SG 3 ( Immola ) - 3./SG 3 ( Immola )",
"title": "Land Air Strike"
},
{
"text": " - Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring , 1 February 1939 – 11 January 1940 - Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff , 12 January 1940 – 10 May 1940 - General Wilhelm Wimmer , 11 May 1940 – 19 August 1940 - Generaloberst Alfred Keller , 20 August 1940 – 12 June 1943 - Generaloberst Günther Korten , 12 June 1943 – 23 August 1943 - General Kurt Pflugbeil , 24 August 1943 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Commanding officers"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , 1 February 1939 – 19 December 1939 - Generalleutnant Ulrich Kessler , 19 December 1939 – 25 April 1940 - Oberst Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 1 May 1940 – 9 May 1940 - Generalmajor Dr . Robert Knauss , 9 May 1940 – 4 October 1940 - Generalmajor Otto Schöbel , 5 October 1940 – 16 January 1941 - Generalmajor Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch , 16 January 1941 – 13 October 1941 - Generalmajor Herbert Rieckhoff , 13 October 1941 – 23 February 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": "- Generalmajor Hans Detlef Herhudt von Rohden , 23 February 1943 – 24 August 1943",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - Generalmajor Klaus Uebe , 25 August 1943 – 24 December 1944 - Oberstleutnant Paul-Werner Hozzel , 25 December 1944 – 16 April 1945",
"title": "Chief of staff"
},
{
"text": " - II , III/Kampfgeschwader 1 Hindenburg ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 76 ( Ju 88A ) - Kampfgeschwader 77 ( Ju 88A ) - K.Fl.Gr . 806 ( Ju 88A ) - Jagdgeschwader 54 ( Bf 109F ) - 2 ( F ) Ob.d.L . ( Do 215B ) - 5 ( F ) 122 ( Ju 88D ) - eleven squadrons of ( Hs 126 ) - SAGr 125 ( Ar 95 , Ar 196 , He 114 ) - one transport squadron ( Ju 52 ) - five liaison squadrons ( Fi 156 )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": "- IV . Flakkorps ( anti-aircraft artillery )",
"title": "Subordinated units"
},
{
"text": " - FAGr = Fernaufklärungsgruppe = Reconnaissance aircraft . - Gruppe = equivalent to a RAF Wing . - JG = Jagdgeschwader = Fighters . - Geschwader = equivalent to a Royal Air Force Group . - KG = Kampfgeschwader = Bombers . - KG zbV = Kampfgeschwader zur besonderen Verwendung = Transport aircraft , later TG . - NAGr = Nahaufklärungsgruppe = Observation aircraft . - NASt = Nahaufklärungsstaffel = Observation aircraft . - Staffel = equivalent to a RAF Squadron . - NSGr = Nachtschlachtgruppe = Night ground attack . - SAGr = Seeaufklärungsgruppe = Maritime patrol aircraft",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": "- SG = Schlachtgeschwader = Ground attack .",
"title": "Abbreviations"
},
{
"text": " - Notes - References - Luftflotte 1 @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht - Luftflotte 1 @ The Luftwaffe , 1933-45",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Goulburn#P39#0
|
What was the position of Henry Goulburn between Nov 1829 and Apr 1830?
|
Henry Goulburn Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 . Background and education . Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life . Sugar plantation owner . Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves . By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved . In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 , “Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. . You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.” Political career . In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 . In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Goulburn was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848 . Family . Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .
|
[
"Chancellor of the Exchequer"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 .",
"title": "Henry Goulburn"
},
{
"text": " Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 ,",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "“Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.”",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time (",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Goulburn#P39#1
|
What was the position of Henry Goulburn in Feb 1834?
|
Henry Goulburn Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 . Background and education . Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life . Sugar plantation owner . Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves . By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved . In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 , “Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. . You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.” Political career . In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 . In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Goulburn was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848 . Family . Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 .",
"title": "Henry Goulburn"
},
{
"text": " Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 ,",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "“Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.”",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time (",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Henry_Goulburn#P39#2
|
What was the position of Henry Goulburn between Jun 1849 and May 1851?
|
Henry Goulburn Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 . Background and education . Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life . Sugar plantation owner . Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves . By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved . In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 , “Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. . You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.” Political career . In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 . In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Goulburn was a member of the Canterbury Association from 27 March 1848 . Family . Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henry Goulburn PC FRS ( 19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856 ) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846 .",
"title": "Henry Goulburn"
},
{
"text": " Born in London , Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter , Munbee Goulburn , of Amity Hall , Vere Parish , Jamaica , and his wife Susannah , eldest daughter of William Chetwynd , 4th Viscount Chetwynd . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge . Goulburn lived in Betchworth , Dorking in Betchworth House for much of his life .",
"title": "Background and education"
},
{
"text": " Goulburns inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica , Amity Hall in the parish of Vere , now Clarendon Parish being the most important . Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates . Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and political work ; he relied on attorneys to manage his estates on his behalf . One attorney , in particular , Thomas Samson , held the top job at the estate from 1802–1818 and earned a reputation for cruelty towards Goulburns slaves .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "By 1818 , the income from his Jamaican estates halved to less than £3,000 , although he did console himself that the condition of his slaves had probably improved .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " In 1818 , Henry Goulburn’s brother was sent to inspect the Jamaican Sugar Plantation . Thomas Samson had already been dismissed over his treatment of slaves . Henry Goulburn wrote to Samson in June of 1818 ,",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "“Since my brother’s return to England , I have had a great deal of conversation with him respecting the management of my Estate in Jamaica , the state of the Negroes and other particulars connected with it which from want of personal inspection of the property I have hitherto but imperfectly understood . The result had been a conviction upon my mind that as far as regards the negroes of the Estate , the system hitherto used by you had been founded altogether upon erroneous principles which ( though I believe to be too commonly followed on the generality of",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "estates in Jamaica ) are such as I can never approve because I cannot consider them consistent with the duty which I owe to the negroes which belong to me.. .",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": " You have recently been possessed of a considerable property which makes the management of my Estate less if at all an object to you .. . therefore your removal from Amity Hall cannot inconvenience you in a pecuniary point of view.”",
"title": "Sugar plantation owner"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 , Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham . In 1810 , he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs , and two and a half years later , he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn , New South Wales after him , a naming that was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . Still retaining office in the Tory government , he became a Privy Counsellor in 1821 , and shortly afterwards was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland , a position which",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "he held until April 1827 . Here , although he was frequently denounced as he was considered an Orangeman , he had a successful period of office on the whole , and in 1823 he managed to pass the Composition for Tithes ( Ireland ) Act 1823 . In January 1828 , he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Wellington ; like his leader , he disliked Roman Catholic emancipation , which he voted against in 1828 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In the finance domain , Goulburns chief achievements were to reduce the interest rate on the part of the national debt and allow anyone to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee , a complete change of policy about the drink traffic . Leaving office with Wellington in November 1830 , Goulburn was Home Secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835 . When this statesman returned to office in September 1841 , he became Chancellor of the Exchequer for the second time . Although Peel himself did some of the chancellors work , Goulburn was",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the national debt , and he aided his chief in the struggle , which ended in the repeal of the Corn Laws . With his colleagues , he left office in June 1846 . After representing Horsham in the House of Commons for over four years , Goulburn was successively member for St Germans , for West Looe , and for the city of Armagh . In May 1831 , he was elected for Cambridge University , and he retained this seat until his death .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Goulburn was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Goulburn was associated with two different claims , he owned 277 slaves in Jamaica and received a £5,601 payment at the time (",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Frederick Goulburn ( 1788–1837 ) , the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , was his younger brother . Henry Goulburn married the Hon . Jane , third daughter of Matthew Montagu , 4th Baron Rokeby , in 1811 . They had four children . He died on 12 January 1856 , aged 71 . His wife died the following year .",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Gloria_Conyers_Hewitt#P69#0
|
Where was Gloria Conyers Hewitt educated before Jul 1955?
|
Gloria Conyers Hewitt Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education . Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras ) in 1962 . Career . In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus . While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service . Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures . One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities . I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time Awards and recognition . She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree . Selected publications . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971
|
[
"Fisk University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": "Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": ") in 1962 .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": " In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana .",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Gloria_Conyers_Hewitt#P69#1
|
Where was Gloria Conyers Hewitt educated between Jul 1959 and Sep 1959?
|
Gloria Conyers Hewitt Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education . Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras ) in 1962 . Career . In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus . While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service . Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures . One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities . I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time Awards and recognition . She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree . Selected publications . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971
|
[
"University of Washington"
] |
[
{
"text": " Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": "Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": ") in 1962 .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": " In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana .",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Gloria_Conyers_Hewitt#P69#2
|
Where was Gloria Conyers Hewitt educated in late 1940s?
|
Gloria Conyers Hewitt Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education . Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras ) in 1962 . Career . In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus . While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service . Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures . One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities . I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time Awards and recognition . She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree . Selected publications . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( born 1935 ) is an American mathematician . She was the fourth African-American woman to receive a PhD in Mathematics . Her main research interests were in group theory and abstract algebra . She is the first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States . Early life and education .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": "Hewitt was born on October 26 , 1935 in Sumter , South Carolina . She entered Fisk University in 1952 and graduated in 1956 with a degree in secondary mathematics education . Without her knowledge , department chairman Lee Lorch recommended Hewitt to two graduate schools . As a result , she was offered a fellowship at the University of Washington in her senior year , though she had not applied for it . Hewitt received her masters from there in 1960 , and then her Ph.D . ( with a thesis on Direct and Inverse Limits of Abstract Algebras",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": ") in 1962 .",
"title": "Gloria Conyers Hewitt"
},
{
"text": " In 1961 , Hewitt joined the faculty at the University of Montana . In 1966 she became tenured and promoted to associate professor , then in 1972 , to full professor . In 1995 , she was elected chair of the Department of Mathematical Science . She served in that position until she retired in June 1999 , with the title of Professor Emeritus .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While a professor at the University of Montana she participated in multiple other organizations . She served on the executive council of the mathematical honor society , Pi Mu Epsilon . She served on the chair of the committee that writes questions for the mathematics section of the GREs . Hewitt was also a faculty consultant for the Advanced Placement examination in calculus . In 1995 , she was awarded an ETS Certificate of Appreciation after twelve years of service .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Hewitt served on the Board of Governors of the Mathematical Association of America . She was known for many mathematics reason but most of all for being one of the first three black women to get a mathematics award . Hewitts works focus on two mathematic areas : abstract algebra and group theory . She has eight published research papers and twenty-one unpublished lectures .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "One would expect Hewitt to have to faced many racial and gender oriented obstacles ; however , in a personal interview she stated that she did not feel there had been any racial incidences in her career that had a detrimental effect on her studies . She did however , write an article in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science , titled The Status of Women in Mathematics . Hewitt has said that Some of my fellow graduate students did all they could to help and encourage me . They included me in most of their activities",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I know this situation was not the norm for a lot of Blacks studying mathematics , but I was fortunate enough to be at the right place at the right time",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation postdoctoral Science Faculty Fellowship . She was elected to the board of governors of the Mathematical Association of America . Her accomplishments have also earned her recognition by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2018 Honoree .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt and Francis T . Hannick ( 1989 ) , Characterizations of generalized Noetherian rings , Acta Math . Hungar . 53 , 61–73 . 16A90 ( 16A33 , 16A52 ) - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1978 ) , A one model approach to group theory , Report , University of Montana . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , Emmy Noether’s notions of finiteness conditions—revisited , Report , University of Montana .",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": "- Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1967 ) , Limits in certain classes of abstract algebras , Pacific J . Math . 22 , 109–115 . 08.10",
"title": "Selected publications"
},
{
"text": " - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , On ℵ-noetherian conditions , Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 26 : A-55 . - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1963 ) , The existence of free unions in classes of abstract algebras , Proc . Amer . Math . Soc . 14 , 417–422 . 08.30 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1979 ) , The status of women in mathematics , Annals of the New York Academy of Science . 323 - Gloria Conyers Hewitt ( 1971 ) , Women in mathematics , Monthly , MAA , November 1971",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Taft Museum of Art in Feb 1973?
|
Taft Museum of Art The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District . Residents . The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim . After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 . Museums Permanent Collection . The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture . Collection highlights include : - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 . - Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 . - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings . The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .
|
[
"Cincinnati",
"Lytle Park Historic District"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District .",
"title": "Taft Museum of Art"
},
{
"text": "The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": " The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture .",
"title": "Museums Permanent Collection"
},
{
"text": " - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "- Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": " - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
}
] |
/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Taft Museum of Art in Jan 1976?
|
Taft Museum of Art The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District . Residents . The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim . After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 . Museums Permanent Collection . The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture . Collection highlights include : - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 . - Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 . - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings . The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .
|
[
"Lytle Park Historic District",
"Cincinnati"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District .",
"title": "Taft Museum of Art"
},
{
"text": "The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": " The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture .",
"title": "Museums Permanent Collection"
},
{
"text": " - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "- Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": " - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
}
] |
/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Taft Museum of Art in Aug 1976?
|
Taft Museum of Art The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District . Residents . The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim . After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 . Museums Permanent Collection . The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture . Collection highlights include : - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 . - Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 . - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings . The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .
|
[
"Cincinnati",
"Lytle Park Historic District"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Taft Museum of Art is housed in the 200-year-old historic house at 316 Pike Street . The house – the oldest domestic wooden structure in downtown Cincinnati – was built about 1820 and housed several prominent Cincinnatians , including Martin Baum , Nicholas Longworth , David Sinton , Anna Sinton Taft and Charles Phelps Taft . It now holds a fine art collection , is on the National Register of Historic Places listings , and is a contributing property to the Lytle Park Historic District .",
"title": "Taft Museum of Art"
},
{
"text": "The Taft house was first built for Martin Baum in 1820 and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 , in honor of the murals on its walls that were painted by Robert S . Duncanson under the commission of Nicholas Longworth . Robert S . Duncanson painted the series of eight large-scale landscapes directly on the plaster walls of the art patron and horticulturist Nicholas Longworths home between 1851 and 1852 . Second to the Taft house itself , the murals — recognized as the most significant pre–Civil",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "War domestic murals in the U.S . — are one of the museums largest pieces of art . Duncanson was also the first widely known African-American landscape painters to rise to international acclaim .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "After Longworths residency , the house was purchased by David Sinton , father of museum co-founder Anna Sinton Taft . David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna , who married Charles Phelps Taft , the half-brother of President William Howard Taft . The Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until their respective deaths in 1931 and 1929 . William H . Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908 adding to its significance in the nations public life . The Tafts were avid art collectors . They bequeathed their home and the collection",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": "of art that filled it to the people of Cincinnati in 1927 . In the Tafts deed of gift they stated , We desire to devote our collection of pictures , porcelains , and other works of art to the people of Cincinnati in such a manner that they may be readily available for all . The Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29 , 1932 .",
"title": "Residents"
},
{
"text": " The museums collections include European old master paintings , with works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Thomas Gainsborough , Frans Hals , Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , Rembrandt van Rijn , Adriaen van Ostade , and J . M . W . Turner , among others , and 19th-century American paintings , including the well-known Duncanson murals . The galleries in the historic house also include Chinese porcelains , European decorative arts , Limoges enamels , watches , sculptures , and furniture .",
"title": "Museums Permanent Collection"
},
{
"text": " - Joaquin Sorolla , Portrait of Mr . Taft , President of the United States , 1909 . - Frank Duveneck , The Cobblers Apprentice , 1877 . - Henry Farny , Song of the Talking Wire , 1904 . - Rembrandt van Rijn , Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair , 1633 . - J . M . W . Turner , Europa and the Bull , ca . 1840–50 . - James Abbott McNeill Whistler , At the Piano , 1858–59 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "- Anonymous author of the 13th century , Virgin and Child , from Paris , Abbey of Saint-Denis , ca . 1260–80 .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": " - Olivuccio di Ciccarello , Madonna nursing the Child with Saints . - Frans Hals , Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat . - Gerard Terborch , Sleeping Soldier . - Jeronymus Van Diest , Sailboats On River with Fisherman . - Corot , Evening:Festival of Pan . - Charles Daubigny , Evening on Oise . - An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
},
{
"text": "The museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation and expansion including a museum shop , the Carl H . Lindner Family Café , and a lecture and performance space , Luther Hall .",
"title": "Collection highlights include :"
}
] |
/wiki/Homeira_Qaderi#P69#0
|
Which school did Homeira Qaderi go to in Dec 2004?
|
Homeira Qaderi Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra . She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani . At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return . Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan . Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.” In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women . Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency . In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women . In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women . In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world . In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa . Selected works . - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015
|
[
"Shaheed Beheshti University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.”",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015",
"title": "Selected works"
}
] |
/wiki/Homeira_Qaderi#P69#1
|
Which school did Homeira Qaderi go to in 2007?
|
Homeira Qaderi Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra . She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani . At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return . Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan . Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.” In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women . Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency . In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women . In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women . In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world . In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa . Selected works . - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015
|
[
"Allame Tabatabaei University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.”",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015",
"title": "Selected works"
}
] |
/wiki/Homeira_Qaderi#P69#2
|
Which school did Homeira Qaderi go to in Sep 1998?
|
Homeira Qaderi Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra . She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani . At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return . Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan . Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.” In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women . Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency . In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women . In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women . In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world . In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa . Selected works . - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Homeira Qaderi ( ; born 1980 ) is an Afghan writer , activist and educator . Her name is also written in English as Homeyra .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "She was born in Kabul , Afghanistan during the Russian occupation to an artist mother and a father who is a high school teacher . Ms . Qaderis early childhood was spent first sheltering from the Soviets and then from the civil war following the Soviet withdrawal . When the Taliban conquered Herat , Ms . Qaderi was prohibited from attending school and cloistered in her home . As a young adolescent , she found numerous ways to resist the Talibans draconian edicts against girls and women . From these early beginnings , she became an outspoken advocate for Afghan",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "womens rights and the rule of law , receiving the Malalai Medal for exceptional bravery from Afghanistans President , Ashraf Ghani .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " At the age of 13 , after the Taliban took control of the country and girl schools were closed , she secretly began the homeschooling of girls and boys . After the first publication of a short story by a woman under the Taliban , they made threats on her life . She was taken out of school and told that she could never return .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "Ms . Qaderi took refuge in Iran . For seven years , while studying in Iran , Ms . Qaderi served as Director of The Afghan Artists and Cultural Instructors Society , established for Afghan writers living in Iran . In 2003 , three of Ms . Qaderis stories , “Zire Gonbadeh Kabood” , were published in Herat . Ms . Qaderi was the only Afghan woman writer published in Afghanistan that year . In 2003 , she received the Sadegh Hedayat Award in Iran for her short story titled , Baz Baaran Agar Mibarid . This was the first",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "prize ever given in Iran to an Afghan .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Alongside these cultural endeavors in Iran , Ms . Qaderi pursued her studies as well . She obtained a Bachelor of Persian Literature from Shaheed Beheshti University ( Tehran ) in 2005 . In 2007 , she received her masters degree in Literature from Allame Tabatabaei University ( Iran ) . She studied Persian Language and Literature at the University of Tehran . In 2014 , she received a Ph.D . in Persian Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University in India . Her thesis was titled , “Reflections of War and Emigration in Stories and Novels of Afghanistan.”",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 she began teaching as a professor at Kabul University . Because of the great demand for her literary skills and professional expertise in Persian Literature , she also began teaching at Mash’al , Gharjistan , and Kateb universities . During the same period , she organized and was active in civic movements focused on achieving equal rights for Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " Dr . Qaderi was named senior advisor to the Minister of Labor , Social Affairs , Martyrs , and Disabled in Afghanistan . Dr . Qaderi served as an advisor to the Ministry of the Department of Labor and Social Affairs , during which time she fought to improve the dire situation of widows and orphans in Afghan society and to establish programs so that they would be able to achieve self-sufficiency .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Ms . Qaderi attended a conference in China focusing on alleviating poverty and promoting better conditions for women in Afghanistan where she spoke extensively about the deprivation and oppression of Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Ms . Qaderi participated in the second conference in Bonn , Germany , The International Conference on Afghanistan , speaking before the general assembly regarding the plight of Afghan women and their fight for equal rights . In 2012 , Ms . Qaderi attended the Tokyo Conference , organized by 100 countries and their civic activists . During this conference , as part of the Afghan delegation , she requested that other countries assist the Afghan Government by dedicating their aid to benefit Afghan women .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , she met with representatives of the Islamic world in Turkey to request implementation of changes in education and the workplace in order to improve the condition of women in the Muslim world .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , she also attended talks in Pakistan and in Tajikistan promoting womens participation in government and in decision making roles within Muslim society . In 2014 , Dr . Qaderi was a panelist for a symposium in Switzerland regarding the working conditions of women in Afghanistan . In December 2014 , Dr . Qaderi participated in the London Conference on Afghanistan . In 2015 , Ms . Qaderi was invited to attend the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa City . She took part in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa .",
"title": "Homeira Qaderi"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Kabul River Girl , a novel ( 2009 ) Aqlema , a novel , 2015",
"title": "Selected works"
}
] |
/wiki/Jagiellonia_Białystok#P286#0
|
Who coached the team Jagiellonia Białystok between Dec 2012 and Dec 2012?
|
Jagiellonia Białystok Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski . The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa . In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 . History . The establishment of the club . Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in 1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored . Clubs crest . The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black . Jagiellonia before World War II . In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II . A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s . In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club . After World War II . After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955 Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki . 1970s . In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13 goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team . 1980s . In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted 20 times for Jagiellonia . Ekstraklasa . Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league . In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The 2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz . Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row . In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa . Team name . Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA Former players . - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki Managers . - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 ) - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 ) - Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 ) - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 ) - Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 ) - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present ) Club records . Most appearances . Players with the most appearances for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Top goalscorers . Players with the most goals for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Honours and achievements . Domestic . Polish Cup - Champions : 2009–10 - Runners-up : 1988–89 , 2018–19 Polish SuperCup - Champions : 2010 I Liga ( Second Division ) - Champions : 1986–87 Remes Cup Extra - Runners-up : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Youth Teams - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010 Retired numbers . 21 – Tomasz Frankowski , striker ( 1991–1993 , 2009–2013 ) Ground . Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 . Club anthem . The Polish version reads : In English it is loosely translated to : Supporters . The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are : - painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) . Corruption scandal . The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor . On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .
|
[
"Tomasz Hajto"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": " A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "20 times for Jagiellonia .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA",
"title": "Team name"
},
{
"text": " - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010",
"title": "Youth Teams"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": "and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 .",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": " The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are :",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "- painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": "the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": " On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
}
] |
/wiki/Jagiellonia_Białystok#P286#1
|
Who coached the team Jagiellonia Białystok in Mar 2018?
|
Jagiellonia Białystok Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski . The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa . In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 . History . The establishment of the club . Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in 1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored . Clubs crest . The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black . Jagiellonia before World War II . In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II . A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s . In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club . After World War II . After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955 Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki . 1970s . In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13 goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team . 1980s . In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted 20 times for Jagiellonia . Ekstraklasa . Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league . In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The 2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz . Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row . In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa . Team name . Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA Former players . - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki Managers . - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 ) - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 ) - Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 ) - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 ) - Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 ) - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present ) Club records . Most appearances . Players with the most appearances for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Top goalscorers . Players with the most goals for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Honours and achievements . Domestic . Polish Cup - Champions : 2009–10 - Runners-up : 1988–89 , 2018–19 Polish SuperCup - Champions : 2010 I Liga ( Second Division ) - Champions : 1986–87 Remes Cup Extra - Runners-up : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Youth Teams - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010 Retired numbers . 21 – Tomasz Frankowski , striker ( 1991–1993 , 2009–2013 ) Ground . Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 . Club anthem . The Polish version reads : In English it is loosely translated to : Supporters . The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are : - painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) . Corruption scandal . The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor . On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .
|
[
"Ireneusz Mamrot"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": " A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "20 times for Jagiellonia .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA",
"title": "Team name"
},
{
"text": " - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010",
"title": "Youth Teams"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": "and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 .",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": " The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are :",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "- painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": "the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": " On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
}
] |
/wiki/Jagiellonia_Białystok#P286#2
|
Who coached the team Jagiellonia Białystok in Dec 2019?
|
Jagiellonia Białystok Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski . The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa . In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 . History . The establishment of the club . Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in 1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored . Clubs crest . The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black . Jagiellonia before World War II . In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II . A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s . In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club . After World War II . After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955 Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki . 1970s . In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13 goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team . 1980s . In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted 20 times for Jagiellonia . Ekstraklasa . Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league . In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The 2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz . Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row . In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa . Team name . Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA Former players . - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki Managers . - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 ) - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 ) - Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 ) - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 ) - Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 ) - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present ) Club records . Most appearances . Players with the most appearances for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Top goalscorers . Players with the most goals for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Honours and achievements . Domestic . Polish Cup - Champions : 2009–10 - Runners-up : 1988–89 , 2018–19 Polish SuperCup - Champions : 2010 I Liga ( Second Division ) - Champions : 1986–87 Remes Cup Extra - Runners-up : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Youth Teams - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010 Retired numbers . 21 – Tomasz Frankowski , striker ( 1991–1993 , 2009–2013 ) Ground . Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 . Club anthem . The Polish version reads : In English it is loosely translated to : Supporters . The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are : - painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) . Corruption scandal . The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor . On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .
|
[
"Rafał Grzyb"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": " A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "20 times for Jagiellonia .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA",
"title": "Team name"
},
{
"text": " - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010",
"title": "Youth Teams"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": "and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 .",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": " The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are :",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "- painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": "the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": " On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
}
] |
/wiki/Jagiellonia_Białystok#P286#3
|
Who coached the team Jagiellonia Białystok after Dec 2020?
|
Jagiellonia Białystok Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski . The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa . In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 . History . The establishment of the club . Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in 1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored . Clubs crest . The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black . Jagiellonia before World War II . In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II . A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s . In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club . After World War II . After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955 Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki . 1970s . In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13 goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team . 1980s . In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted 20 times for Jagiellonia . Ekstraklasa . Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league . In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The 2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz . Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row . In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa . Team name . Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA Former players . - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki Managers . - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 ) - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 ) - Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 ) - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 ) - Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 ) - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present ) Club records . Most appearances . Players with the most appearances for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Top goalscorers . Players with the most goals for Jagiellonia in Ekstraklasa : Bold – still active Honours and achievements . Domestic . Polish Cup - Champions : 2009–10 - Runners-up : 1988–89 , 2018–19 Polish SuperCup - Champions : 2010 I Liga ( Second Division ) - Champions : 1986–87 Remes Cup Extra - Runners-up : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Youth Teams - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010 Retired numbers . 21 – Tomasz Frankowski , striker ( 1991–1993 , 2009–2013 ) Ground . Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 . Club anthem . The Polish version reads : In English it is loosely translated to : Supporters . The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are : - painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) . Corruption scandal . The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor . On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .
|
[
"Ivaylo Petev"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jagiellonia Białystok ( ) is a Polish football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa , the top level of Polish football . The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion in Białystok . Jagiellonia play their home games at Stadion Miejski .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League . It was the clubs first appearance in the European cup . The clubs most successful seasons were the 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons when they finished 2nd in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the club was involved in a corruption scandal that almost resulted in their relegation to the II liga ; however , instead of being relegated the club was deducted 10 points in the following season . In the 2018–19 season , Jagiellonia Białystok drew an average home league attendance of 9,458 .",
"title": "Jagiellonia Białystok"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia Białystok was founded by soldiers in the Reserve Battalion of the 42nd Infantry Regiment on May 30 , 1920 . The teams original name was shortened to KSBZ 42 PP . Their first game was against Kresowcy which they won 5–1 . Later the team name was changed to WKS 42 PP , an abbreviation for Wojskowy Klub Sportowy , which means Army Sport Club . On November 2 , 1930 WKS 42PP lost 1–2 against WKS 82 PP for the play-offs to advance to Division 1 . January 27 , 1932 was the first time Jagiellonia was introduced",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "into the clubs name when it was changed to Białystok Sports Club Jagiellonia . The term Jagiellonia refers to the Jagiellonian dynasty which ruled Poland for two centuries . Around the same time , the clubs coat of arms was also introduced with its red and yellow colours . In 1938 , due to financial problems , the club dissolved and ceased to exist until its reactivation in 1945 . Unfortunately , in June the following year , with the new government in place there was no room for Jagiellonia , mostly because of the history with the Bolsheviks in",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1920 and the 42nd Infantry Regiment . On January 26 , 1957 the merging of Budowlani Białystok and Sparta Białystok reactivated Sports Club Jagiellonia Białystok with the original yellow-red-black crest restored .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The clubs crest and colours first appeared in 1932 . The original crest consisted of a black , stylized letter J and a yellow and cherry red colour shield , while the flag and the jerseys of the club were white and black . It was not until the mid-80s that fans began to use yellow-red as club colours , but official documents at the time still use the white and black colours . Currently , the teams official colours are yellow-red , but in reference to history the teams away colours are white and black .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonia before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In 1920–1923 most of the matches Jagiellonia played were either friendlies or small tournaments in Białystok . The club joined the regular league in 1924 , starting in klasa B in the Vilnius OZPN district . The season was a success , winning the first season and gaining promotion to klasa A . Due to a pause in the league there were no games in 1925 . In 1926 , the league started up again with the team being in klasa A . The team was doing well getting third in the following season . Later through the years the",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "match officials were being paid off to make the Białystok team not do well and ultimately get demoted . In 1929 , it was decided to change districts where Jagiellonia played to the newly formed Białystok OZPN . In 1930 42PP , the clubs name at the time , was the most successful thus far . They appeared in the play-offs for the top division in the country . At the end of the play-offs Jagiellonia and another team , WKS 82 pp Brześć , were tied for points and had to play one more game at a neutral ground",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "to see who was the winner to that season . Jagiellonia fell to WKS 82 pp Brześć 2–1 . Jagiellonia did win the district championship that season but it was the last trophy they won before World War II .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": " A big moment for the team was on January 27 , 1932 when the two strongest teams in Białystok merged to create a new club called Białystok Sport club Jagiellonia . It is not known who created the teams new crest but what is known is that it had to do with the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty , Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and pre-partitioned Poland . 1930s .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the mid-thirties Jagiellonia began to experience problems , the city was not able to maintain the club . In 1932 , the military stationed in Białystok took an active role in trying to save the club , along with the municipal government in 1936 the clubs name changed to Military Sports Club Jagiellonia . Unfortunately , this decision did not solve the problem completely . In 1938 , the club joined the A-class 1937/38 season but had to withdraw shortly after due to financial reasons . All the matches were cancelled and all the players were forced to find",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "new clubs . Most of the players joined Sagittarius Białystok another team in Białystok and played there for two seasons before World War II broke out in 1939 and closed the first chapter in the history of the club .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "After the second world war Jagiellonia was revived mostly in part by Karol Kowalczyński , but the revival was short lived as the club dissolved on 20 June 1946 . In the place of the disbanded Jagiellonia came Motor Białystok , which became the champion of the Białystok region and advanced to the Polish championship in 1946 . Next year Motor Białystok joined the struggle for the Polish championship and the right to get into I league . In 1949 Białystok had a new team called Budowlani Białystok and in 1951 Motor Białystok merged into Budowlani Białystok . In 1955",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Budowlani Białystok changed its name to BKS Jagiellonia Białystok . On 26 January 1957 , a merger of two clubs , Jagiellonia Białystok and Sparta , resulted in a club called Jagiellonia . For the second time in its history Jagiellonia had the host stadium of Stadium Zwierzyniecki .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the early 70s the team played in Klasa A and in the district league . The teams situation changed when Michał Urban became coach of the team , players started to go to a modern training camp with modern drills . Many young players started playing for the club , including future representatives for the Polish national team juniors . Grzegorz Bielatowicz joined the club as a scout and found a few young talents from the north-east region , among them was Jerzy Zawiślan who was the 2nd top scorer in the II League 1975–76 season who scored 13",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "goals . The team started to have some success and were promoted to Division II after winning the promotion play-offs in the 1974–75 season . The team was eventually promoted to League II in 1975 , but the success was short lived after only being there for 3 seasons , Jagiellonia was relegated in 1978 . At the end of the 70s Jerzy Bołtuć , Leszek Frelek , Ryszard Karalus and Zbigniew Skoczylas began a large youth project to bring in a strong and young new team .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "In the 1982–83 season , the club , led by Grzegorz Bielatowicz , had a successful run finishing first place with a nine-point advantage over second place , Gwardią Szczytno , promoting the team to Division II . With Olympic silver medalist Janusz Wójcik as coach , the team played a number of good seasons in Division II finishing third in 1986 and the following year was promoted to I Liga for the first time in the clubs history . In addition , the top scorer in the competition was a later representative of Poland , Jacek Bayer who netted",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "20 times for Jagiellonia .",
"title": "Clubs crest"
},
{
"text": "Matches in the second league in Białystok were already averaging 15 thousand viewers . The first match in the return to Ekstraklasa had estimated 35-40 thousand supporters . Every home match following the first was viewed by no less than 20 thousand fans in the stands . Stories from witnesses said they recall buses of supporters come from villages all over the region . The first few seasons did not turn out well for the Białystok team as they finished 8th twice and then 16th , which meant they were relegated . A year later the team lost the playoffs",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "for promotion in a penalty shoot-out against Zagłębie Sosnowiec . In the following year Jagiellonia finished 2nd place earning them promotion to the Ekstraklasa . After only one season in the first league the team was significantly outclassed and were relegated , where they continued to fall to the 4th league . They did not spend much time in the bottom tiers ; within 3 years Jagiellonia was back in the second league .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In 2007 , the team advanced to the first tier , where they still are today . The first season back the team finished 14th place with 27 points . The following year was better where the club finished 8th with 34 points . In 2009 , the club was punished with a deduction of 10 points following a corruption scandal , committed by the previous president of the club . The first success of the club was the 2009–10 season where Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup , beating Pogon Szczecin thanks to a goal from Andrius Skerla . The",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "2014–15 season was the second most successful season Jagiellonia saw finishing 3rd place . In the 2016–17 season Jagiellonia were runners up for the first time in the clubs history . Jagiellonia won the Polish Cup and finished 3rd and 2nd when coached by Michał Probierz .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Ireneusz Mamrot became the clubs new coach in June 2017 . With Mamrots guidance the club won the silver medal as runners up in a very tight race for the Polish championship , thus earning them a spot in the Europa League for the 2nd time in a row .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": "In January 2019 , Rafał Grzyb , having the most caps for the club and long time captain became the clubs new assistant coach , officially retiring from playing football . On 23 August 2019 , Jesús Imaz scored the first hat-trick in the clubs history in the Ekstraklasa .",
"title": "Ekstraklasa"
},
{
"text": " Chronology of the team name : - 1920 – WKS 42 Pułk Piechoty Białystok - 1932 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1935 – W.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1945 – B.K.S . Jagiellonia Białystok - 1946 – P.K.S . Motor Białystok - 1948 – Klub Sportowy Białystok Wicie - 1949 – Związkowiec Białystok - 1951 – Budowlani Białystok - 1955 – Jagiellonia Białystok Budowlani - 1973 – Jagiellonia Białystok MKSB - 1999 – Jagiellonia Białystok-Wersal Podlaski - 2003 – Jagiellonia Białystok SSA",
"title": "Team name"
},
{
"text": " - Albania - Bekim Balaj - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ensar Arifović - Poland - Dariusz Bayer - Damian Kądzior - Bartłomiej Drągowski - Michał Pazdan - Kamil Grosicki",
"title": "Former players"
},
{
"text": " - Janusz Wójcik ( Jan 1 , 1986 – Oct 20 , 1987 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( May 15 , 1993 – May 11 , 1994 ) - Bohdan Kucharski ( 1994 ) - Kazimierz Michalczuk ( 1994 ) - Ryszard Karalus ( 1995–96 ) - Leonard Aleksandrów ( 1996–97 ) - Andrzej Kaczewski ( 1996–97 ) - Piotr Wiśnik ( 1996–97 ) - Mirosław Mojsiuszko ( 1997 ) - Algimantas Liubinskas ( July 1 , 1998 – Dec 31 , 1998 ) - Grzegorz Szerszenowicz ( 1998–99 ) - Jarosław Bartnowski ( 1999 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Witold Mroziewski ( July 1 , 1999 – June 30 , 2000 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Tadeusz Gaszyński ( 2000–01 ) - Wojciech Łazarek ( June 26 , 2001 – June 3 , 2002 ) - Witold Mroziewski ( June 3 , 2002 – Aug 7 , 2004 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( Aug 7 , 2004 – Aug 31 , 2004 ) - Adam Nawałka ( Sept 1 , 2004 – April 20 , 2006 ) - Mirosław Dymek ( interim ) ( April 20 , 2006 – April 25 , 2006 ) - Yuriy Shatalov ( April 25 , 2006 – June 29 , 2006 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Ryszard Tarasiewicz ( June 29 , 2006 – April 25 , 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Artur Platek ( April 26 , 2007 – April 27 , 2008 ) - Dariusz Czykier ( interim ) ( April 27 , 2008 – May 11 , 2008 ) - Stefan Białas ( May 12 , 2008 – Sept 14 , 2008 ) - Michał Probierz ( July 5 , 2008 – July 22 , 2011 ) - Czesław Michniewicz ( July 22 , 2011 – Dec 22 , 2011 ) - Tomasz Hajto ( Jan 9 , 2012 – June 21 , 2013 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Piotr Stokowiec ( June 17 , 2013 – April 7 , 2014 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Michał Probierz ( April 7 , 2014 – June 4 , 2017 ) - Ireneusz Mamrot ( June 12 , 2017 – December 8 , 2019 ) - Rafał Grzyb ( interim ) ( December 8 , 2019 – December 31 , 2019 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( December 30 , 2019 – July 31 , 2020 ) - Bogdan Zając ( July 31 , 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Polish U-19 Champion : 1988 , 1992 , 2004 , 2011 - Polish U-19 Runner Up : 1981 - Polish U-19 Bronze Medal : 1982 , 1996 - Polish U-17 Champion : 2000 - Polish U-17 Runner Up : 2006 , 2007 , 2010",
"title": "Youth Teams"
},
{
"text": "Jagiellonias first formal stadium was constructed in 1971 and had 15,000 seats . Two years later the stadiums capacity was doubled . It was originally named Hetman Białystok stadium or guards stadium . In 2006 , the stadium was taken over by the city of Białystok and renamed Stadion Miejski ( Municipal Stadium ) which is where the club currently plays their home games . In 2008 , a French-Polish construction company took on the task of renovating the stadium to become more modern . However , in 2012 due to delays the city terminated the contract with the company",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": "and hired a new company to finish the job . Spanish-Polish consortium company was hired to finish the job for a sum of PLN 254 million ( US$75 million ) . The new 22,372 seat stadium was completed at the end of 2014 .",
"title": "Ground"
},
{
"text": " The official representation of fans in contact with the club is the association of Children of Białystok . The main objective of the association is to unite all fans of Jagiellonia , in the stadium and in everyday life . An important objective of Children of Białystok is to engage in sporting life , social and cultural , by organizing sporting events and entertainment for children , young people in schools , orphanages , educational centers , and helping people who are in need financially . Other important objectives of the association are :",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "- painting parts of the city of Białystok , and the Podlasie region",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - promote volunteering and to encourage voluntary blood drives - promotion of physical culture , sports , tourism , and a healthy lifestyle The creation of lighting and different choreography associated with the stadium is due in part by the Ultras Jagiellonia Białystok ( UJB ) .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "The questioning of Jagiellonias involvement in the corruption scandal that went through the Department of Discipline of the Polish Football Association started on June 20 , 2008 , when the National Prosecutors office in Wrocław handed over documents related to match fixing 6 fixtures in the II Liga of the 2004-05 season of the club . On June 26 , 2008 the Department of Discipline postponed the date that would decide the fate of the club . On July 10 there was another extension to the discipline proceedings against the club so the Department of Discipline could get help from",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": "the Minister of Justice to faster obtain further documents from the National Prosecutor .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
},
{
"text": " On February 12 , 2009 , Jagiellonia became the 10th club to be part of the corruption scandal . The Department of Discipline of the PZPN imposed a penalty of relegation of one tier in the following season after the judgement became final of five accounts of sports crime . On March 24 , 2009 the club launched an appeal against the decision . The 29th of April 2009 the court repealed the punishment of relegation , instead giving the club 10 negative points the following season and imposed a fine of 300 thousand złoty .",
"title": "Corruption scandal"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Pokryshkin#P69#0
|
Where was Alexander Pokryshkin educated in Aug 1938?
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Alexander Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation . During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations . Early years . Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker . In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation needs mechanics just as badly . Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things . Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment . World War II . Early experiences . He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war . His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed . He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war . Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground . In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin . When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace . In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated . Kuban . Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200 aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe . In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful . In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed . He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April . On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 . In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak . Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed . The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 . Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment . On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 . On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 . 1944–1945 . In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944 , Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division . On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill . One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10. ( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 . Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war . After the war . In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal . In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces . His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his honour . He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 . Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ; they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress . The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them . He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra . About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) . He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit . The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 . Final tally . Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book . Legacy . A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him . Honours and awards . - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 ) - Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 ) - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 ) - Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 ) - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania ) - Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany ) - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia ) External links . - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978
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{
"text": " Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "needs mechanics just as badly .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": ", Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10.",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "honour .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ;",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book .",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": " A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Pokryshkin#P69#1
|
Where was Alexander Pokryshkin educated in Jan 1951?
|
Alexander Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation . During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations . Early years . Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker . In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation needs mechanics just as badly . Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things . Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment . World War II . Early experiences . He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war . His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed . He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war . Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground . In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin . When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace . In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated . Kuban . Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200 aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe . In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful . In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed . He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April . On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 . In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak . Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed . The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 . Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment . On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 . On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 . 1944–1945 . In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944 , Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division . On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill . One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10. ( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 . Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war . After the war . In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal . In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces . His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his honour . He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 . Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ; they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress . The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them . He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra . About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) . He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit . The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 . Final tally . Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book . Legacy . A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him . Honours and awards . - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 ) - Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 ) - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 ) - Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 ) - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania ) - Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany ) - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia ) External links . - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978
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[
"General Staff Academy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "needs mechanics just as badly .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": ", Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10.",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "honour .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ;",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book .",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": " A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Pokryshkin#P69#2
|
Where was Alexander Pokryshkin educated in late 1950s?
|
Alexander Pokryshkin Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation . During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations . Early years . Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker . In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation needs mechanics just as badly . Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things . Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment . World War II . Early experiences . He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war . His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed . He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war . Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground . In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin . When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace . In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated . Kuban . Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200 aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe . In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful . In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed . He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April . On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 . In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak . Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed . The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 . Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment . On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 . On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 . 1944–1945 . In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944 , Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division . On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill . One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10. ( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 . Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war . After the war . In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal . In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces . His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his honour . He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 . Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ; they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress . The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them . He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra . About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) . He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit . The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 . Final tally . Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book . Legacy . A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him . Honours and awards . - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 ) - Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 ) - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 ) - Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 ) - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania ) - Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany ) - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia ) External links . - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978
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[
{
"text": " Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin ( ; – 13 November 1985 ) was one of the highest-scoring Soviet aces , and the highest-scoring pilot ever to fly an American aircraft , having achieved the great majority of his kills in the Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobra . During World War II , Pokryshkin earned the title Hero of the Soviet Union three times : 24 May 1943 , 24 August 1943 , and 19 August 1944 . After the war , he reached the rank of Marshal of Aviation .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "During the war he strongly promoted the training in and use of improved aerial combat techniques that included vertical maneuvers that newer fighter aircraft were capable of carrying out , and he spent much of his time studying aerobatics for combat situations .",
"title": "Alexander Pokryshkin"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin was born in Novonikolayevsk ( now Novosibirsk ) in Tomsk Governorate , son of a Russian peasant-turned-factory worker . He grew up in a poor , crime-ridden part of town , but unlike most of his peers he was more interested in learning than in fighting and petty crime . His nickname in his early teens was Engineer . He caught the aviation bug when he was 12 years old at a local air show , and the dream never left him . In 1928 , after seven years of school , he found work as a construction worker",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": ". In 1930 , despite his fathers protests , he left home and entered a local technical college , where he received a degree in 18 months and worked for six more as a steel worker at a local munitions factory . Subsequently , he volunteered for the army and was sent to an aviation school . His dream finally seemed to be coming true . Unfortunately the flight school was suddenly closed , and all students were instead transferred to be trained as aircraft mechanics . Dozens of official requests were denied with a simple explanation : Soviet aviation",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "needs mechanics just as badly .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Pokryshkin still strived to excel as a mechanic . Graduating in 1933 , he quickly rose through the ranks . By December 1934 , he became the Senior Aviation Mechanic of the 74th Rifle Division . He stayed in that capacity until November 1938 . During that time his creative nature became clearly visible : he invented improvements to the ShKAS machine gun and the R-5 reconnaissance aircraft among other things .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "Finally , during his vacation in the winter of 1938 Pokryshkin was able to circumvent the authorities by passing a yearly civilian pilot program in only 17 days . This automatically made him eligible for flight school . Without even packing a suitcase , he boarded a train to flight school . He graduated with top honours in 1939 , and with the rank of senior lieutenant he was assigned to the 55th Fighter Regiment .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " He was stationed in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1941 , close to the border , and his airfield was bombed on 22 June , the first day of the war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "His first involvement in air combat was a disaster . Seeing an aircraft in the air of a type he had never seen before , he attacked and shot it down , only to notice as it was going down that it had Soviet red stars on the wings . It was a Soviet Su-2 light bomber of the 211th Bomber Aviation Regiment , piloted by squadron commander Mikhail Gudzenko . This was a new bomber type that was kept secret even from other Soviet pilots . He then frantically flew in front of all the other MiG 3 pilots",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "who were lining up on the other Sukhoi bombers , thwarting any other Soviet losses by other pilots of his unit . Luckily , Gudzenko survived , although the navigator was killed .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "He claimed his first shootdown of an enemy aircraft when he shot down a Bf 109 the next day , while he and his wingman were on a reconnaissance mission , and were jumped by five enemy fighters . On 3 July , having claimed several more victories , he was shot down by German flak behind enemy lines and spent four days getting back to his unit . During the first weeks of the war , Pokryshkin began to see very clearly how outdated the Soviet combat doctrine was , and started slowly drafting his own ideas in his",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "meticulous notebooks . He carefully recorded all details of all air engagements he and all his friends were involved in , and came up with detailed analysis of each . He fought in very complicated conditions : constant retreat , poor- to no-controlling and communication from HQ , and overwhelming odds versus a superior opponent . He would later say one who hasnt fought in 1941–1942 has not truly tasted war .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin survived several close calls during this time . A machine gun round drove through the right side of the cockpit , cut his shoulder straps , ricocheted off the left side and scratched his chin , covering the entire windscreen in blood . Twice , unexploded bombs landed between his feet , one time during a dramatic low-level raid on his airfield by a pair of Ju 88s . Pokryshkin tried to defend his fighter , one of the very few remaining serviceable aircraft , by removing a flexible machine gun from the nearby bomber and placing it on",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "top of his fighters fuselage . One of the German bombers saw Pokryshkin firing the only machine gun in the area and flew straight at him , dropping small bombs in a shallow dive . Pokryshkin watched a string of explosions running up to him , but the bomb that landed immediately next to him did not explode . The Ju 88 had dropped it too low ; the bomb had insufficient time to arm itself before hitting the ground .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 1941 Pokryshkin , flying a MiG-3 ( possibly winter-camouflaged ) , took off in sleet and rain conditions after two other pilots had crashed on takeoff . His mission was to locate von Kleists 1st Panzer Group , which had been stopped in front of Shakhty , and then their position lost by the Soviet forces . After some time flying at low altitude , low on gasoline , in bad weather , he finally found them , and was able to return safely to base with this critical information . For the successful completion of",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "this mission , he was awarded the Order of Lenin .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "When the German summer offensive of 1942 began , part of 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment had been re-equipped with the Yakovlev Yak-1 fighter , including Pokryshkins squadron . In that period Pokryshkin flew missions escorting Su-2 and Il-2 Shturmovik aircraft , and frequently was engaged by German fighters . On 17 July 1942 , during a dogfight with Bf 109s , he became separated from his wingman Konstantin Figichov , and was jumped by a Rotte of Bf 109G-2 Gustavs flown by the experte Feldwebel Hans Dammers and his wingman Unteroffizier Kurt Keiser ( 7./JG 52 ) . Initially",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin dived to escape , but realizing that the heavier and faster Gustavs would catch him , he performed a chandelle and then a barrel roll . This caused the Germans to overshoot , and then Pokryshkin shot down ( and killed ) Keiser at short range . Dammers attacked Pokryshkin shortly afterwards , damaging his Yak-1 . But once more Pokryshkin performed a barrel roll , forced Dammers to slide forward , and then shot down the German ace .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "In the late summer of 1942 , his regiment was recalled from the front lines to convert to a new fighter type , the Bell P-39 Airacobra . While training in the rear , Pokryshkin frequently clashed with the regiments new commander , Isayev ( the former regimental navigator ) , who could not stand his criticism of Soviet air combat doctrine . Isayev fabricated a court-martial case , accusing Pokryshkin of cowardice , insubordination , and disobeying orders . Pokryshkin was grounded , removed from the regiments headquarters , and had his Party membership cancelled . However , he",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "was helped by his squadron mates , the regimental political commissar , and the divisional commanders , and he was soon vindicated . The 216 Fighter Aviation Divisions leadership dismissed the case against him , and had him reinstated .",
"title": "Early experiences"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins most significant contribution to the war effort and the most impressive kill record came during the battle for the Kuban region in 1943 . The area east of the Crimean peninsula had seen vicious air combat in the months that led to the Soviet assault on Crimea itself , where the Kuban-based Soviet air regiments flew against Crimea-based Luftwaffe Geschwader . Pokryshkins regiment fought against such renowned German fighter units as JG 52 and JG 3 Udet . The area saw some of the most fierce fighting on the Eastern Front , with daily engagements of up to 200",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "aircraft in the air . Pokryshkins innovative tactics of using different fighter types stacked in altitude , the so-called pendulum flight pattern for patrolling the airspace , and the use of ground-based radar , forward based controllers and an advanced central ground control system , contributed to the first great Soviet Air Force victory over the Luftwaffe .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1942 , the 4th Air Army in which Pokryshkin served received their first mobile radar stations . They were tested in directing interceptions of German and Romanian aircraft over water , and they proved highly successful .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In early January 1943 , 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was sent to 25th Depot Fighter Aviation Regiment , a unit tasked with checking that Soviet-made and Lend-Lease aircraft were ready for combat service ) near the Iranian border , to re-equip with new aircraft , and also to receive new pilots . Many of these planes had to be ferried in from Iran . Whilst there were delays in assembly by the Americans in Iran , the Soviet pilots involved felt that the Americans were willfully impeding the war effort . It was at this time that the unit",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "converted to the P-39 Airacobra which , when all had arrived , transformed the unit into a 3-squadron regiment . 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment received 14 P-39L-1s , seven P-39Ks ( the very last of which was assigned to Pokryshkin ) and 11 P-39D-2s . The unit returned to action on 8 April 1943 . During the remainder of the month , Pokryshkin was credited with 11 Bf 109s and one Ju 88 destroyed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " He was credited with a Bf 109 destroyed on his very first Airacobra mission , on 9 April 1943 , and scored four Bf 109 kills on 12 April 1943 , one of his more successful days . He scored again on 15 , 16 , 20 , 21 , and 24 April – one Bf 109 on each day , adding a Ju 88 ( probably in fact an He 111 ) on 29 April , plus one more Bf 109 on 30 April .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 4 May 1943 Pokryshkin gained three confirmed kills two Ju 87 and a Bf 109 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In most subsequent fights , Pokryshkin would usually take the most difficult role , attacking the German flight leader , who was often an aggressive experte . He had learned in 1941–42 that shooting down the flight leader would demoralise the enemy and often cause them to scramble home . Taking that into account , several such experten were almost certainly among his kills during the month of May that year . On 6 May 1943 Pokryshkin shot down a Bf 109 , probably the plane of 9-kills ace Unteroffizier Heinz Scholze ( 4./JG 52 ) , who crashed while",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "trying to land at Kuteinikovo . Two days later , his victim may have been the Bf 109G-4 of Leutnant Helmut Haberda ( an experte of 5./JG 52 with 58 victories to his credit ) , though the Luftwaffe credited the loss to Soviet flak .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin received his first Hero of the Soviet Union award on 24 May 1943 , and was promoted to major in June , having become commanding officer of his squadron . On 23 June , he exchanged his old P-39K-1 USAAF Serial Number 42-4421 , White 13 , for the famous P-39N USAAF S.N . 42-9004 , White 100 . He flew aircraft designated 100 for the rest of the war , such as P-39N-5 42-19185 , after 42-9004 was damaged in August or September 1943 , except for the test of the Berlin autobahn as a runway in Konstantin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Sukhovs White 50 , which was much photographed .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " The Campaign in Ukraine . In mid-July the 216 Fighter Aviation Division ( then redesignated 9 Guards Fighter Aviation Division ) was deployed in southern Ukraine to help take the Donbass area . There he continued to defeat German aces – on 23 July 1943 Pokryshkin shot down the 56-kills experte Uffz . Hans Ellendt , of 4./JG 52 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "Occasionally his P-39s also escorted the Pe-2 bombers . In that role , he used his nickname Sotka ( One Hundred ) – his radio call sign ) , because he knew very well that the Luftwaffe ordered its airmen to stay on the ground if they knew he was in the air . A Pe-2 pilot of the 36 Bomber Aviation Regiment , Timofey P . Puniov , recalled that because of the heavy casualties inflicted by the German fighters , the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment was tasked to escort them . Puniov clearly remembers that twice Pokryshkin",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "violated radio silence saying openly in the frequency : Vnimanie ! Ya – sotka . Poedu na rabotu ! ( Attention ! Im 100 . Im going to work! ) . Neither on those two occasions nor after did the German fighters try to intercept the 36th Bomber Aviation Regiment .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 20 August , Isaev , who had been the Unit Navigator , and then Commanding Officer , and with whom Pokryshkin had strong differences , took measures to have Pokryshkin stripped of his Hero of the Soviet Union , expelled from the regiment , and hauled before a tribunal . From 10 PM that night at least through the following day , Pokryshkin , 298th Fighter Aviation Regiments Major Taranyenko , and the 16th Guards Commissar , Gubarevim , and some Osobists ( NKVD people ) completed interrogations and investigations . Gubarevim , with difficulty , was able to",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "clear Pokryshkins name and reputation , and Sasha was thereupon awarded his second Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "On 21 September 1943 , Pokryshkin was involved in another high-profile air engagement . This one happened at low altitudes right over the front line . It was witnessed by dozens of journalists and representatives of the high command . Pokryshkin shot down three Junkers Ju 88s in a single pass , overcomed by hatred , as he had just found out that the entire family of Zhmud , his mechanic , had been killed in German-occupied territories . Only two kills were confirmed , the third Ju 88 being recorded as brought down by the explosion of the second",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "one and not because of Pokryshkins gunfire . All three Junkers are confirmed by German loss records – they were Ju 88A-4s of 5./RummKGr . Earlier that same day Pokryshkin had added two more Junkers Ju 87s to his tally , almost certainly Ju 87D-5s of 6./StG 1 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "In February 1944 , Pokryshkin was offered a promotion and an easy desk job managing new pilot training . He immediately rejected this offer and stayed at his old regiment and his old rank . However , he did not fly nearly as much as before . Pokryshkin had been made a famous hero by the propaganda machine , and he was not allowed to fly as often because of fear of him being killed . Instead , Pokryshkin spent a lot of time in the radio bunker , directing his regiments fights over the radio . In June 1944",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": ", Pokryshkin was promoted to colonel and given command of 9th Guards Air Division .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " On 19 August 1944 , for 550 front-line sorties and 53 official kills , Pokryshkin was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union for the third time . He was the first person ever to receive the award three times , and he is the only Soviet soldier to receive the award three times during wartime . Pokryshkin was forbidden to fly altogether , but managed to circumvent the rule a few times and still continued to score an occasional kill .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "One of such occasions occurred on 30 May 1944 near Jassy , Romania . The whole 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment engaged a large formation of Ju 87s heading towards the Soviet ground forces escorted by Fw 190s and Bf 109s . In the ensuing melée , the Airacobra pilots claimed to shoot down five Stukas , three Focke-Wulfs and one Messerschmitt without losses – three Ju 87s were shot down by Pokryshkin himself . The next time Pokryshkin scored victories was on 16 July , when he got credit for two more Stukas and one Hs 129 of 10.",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": "( Pz ) /SG 9 , probably the Henschel Hs 129B-2 of Hauptmann Rudolf-Heinz Ruffer , credited with 80 tank-kills . His last victory was another Ju 87 , downed on 14 January 1945 .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " Out of his official score of 65 victories , only six were scored in the last two years of the war . The bulk of Pokryshkins victories came during the time when the Soviet Air Force was still fighting at a disadvantage , including amongst the most of any Soviet pilot during the most difficult first year of the war .",
"title": "Kuban"
},
{
"text": " In 1948 he graduated from the Frunze Military Academy . Between 1949–1955 he acted as deputy commander of the 33rd Fighter Air Defense and the commander of the 88th Fighter Aviation Corps in Rzhev . He was repeatedly passed-over for promotion , possibly because he was just too intelligent ( or honest ) for Stalins comfort . Only after Stalins death did he find himself back in favour and finally promoted to Air Marshal .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "In 1957 he graduated from General Staff Academy . After graduation he served as Chief of Fighter Aircraft of the North Caucasian Military Defense . From 1959 , he served in the 8th Independent Air Defense Army Air ( Kiev ) and from 1961 to 1968 acted as Commanding General of the 8th Army Air Defense and deputy commander of the Kiev Military District Air Defense Forces . In 1968 he became Deputy Chief of the Air Defense Forces .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "His highest position was as president of DOSAAF ( 1972–1981 ) , a mostly civilian organisation that was largely tasked with training young civilians and preparing them for service with the Air Force . Pokryshkin again found himself ostracized for his honesty . Despite strong pressure , he never wrote about or supported glorification of premier Leonid Brezhnevs role in the battle of Kuban , where Brezhnev was a minor general . Pokryshkin died on 13 November 1985 at the age of 72 . In Novosibirsk , a street , a square and a subway station are named in his",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "honour .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He wrote several books in Russian about his wartime experiences . He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series , The Unknown War , specifically episode 9 , entitled War in the Air , and , at the beginning and end of the episode , he spoke to the host and narrator , Burt Lancaster . There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin ; Pokryshkin in the Sky ( 1945 ) Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin ( 1985 ) . Aircraft flown by Pokryshkin .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter , in which he scored almost twenty victories . The unit was given the honor 16th Guards Fighter Regiment in March 1942 . At this time or soon after , the unit received some Yak-1s , in which Pokryshkin also scored victories , but which are neither identified , nor illustrated , in any known way . In January 1943 , his regiment converted to Lend-Lease Bell P-39 Airacobras . Soviet pilots liked this aircraft , and found it quite competitive with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and superior to the Focke-Wulf",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Fw 190 at the low air combat altitudes common on the Eastern Front . Pokryshkin enjoyed the 37 mm cannons destructive firepower , as well as the two upper nose-mounted .50 caliber machine guns , synchronized to fire through the propeller ( airscrew ) , in addition to the pair of .30 caliber machine guns mounted in each wing . He claimed that the cannons trigger , positioned at the top of the joystick , was impossible to push without moving the pilots hand , which made the aircraft deviate from the gunsight , so finally he had his regiments",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "aircraft rigged so that a single button simultaneously fired cannon and machine guns . In his memoirs he describes many enemy aircraft immediately disintegrating upon being hit by a salvo . Pokryshkin and his regiment were repeatedly asked to convert to new Soviet fighters such as the La-5 and Yak-3 . However , Pokryshkin found the Yak-3s firepower insufficient , and personally disliked Yakovlev , so the squadron remained with the P-39 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Finally , in 1944 , he found an aircraft that he deemed a worthy heir : the Lavochkin La-7 . However , one of his close friends , Soviet ace Alexander Klubov , was killed in a landing mishap while converting to the La-7 . The crash was blamed on the malfunction of the planes hydraulic system . Pokryshkin subsequently cancelled his regiments conversion , and there are multiple reports that they instead began flying the Bell P-63 Kingcobra . Through the Lend-Lease agreement with United States , the Soviet Union was not allowed to use P-63s against Germany ;",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "they were given only to be used in the eventual battle with Japan . Thus it is quite understandable that no mention of this appears in any official records . However , personal accounts of German pilots and flak crewmen who encountered P-63s in the skies of Eastern Prussia as well as in the memoirs of one of the pilots in Pokryshkins squadron . It is reported that 9th Fighter Aviation Division was given approximately 36 P-63s but these were not used while the fighting was still in progress .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " The designations of MiG-3 aircraft used by Pokryshkin were , in the likeliest order of use , 7 , 4 , 01 , White-5 ( with GVARDIYA on the intakes – likely dating to when the unit was awarded this designation ) , and finally 67 . He then flew Yak-1 fighters when the unit partially re-equipped with them .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "He flew P-39K-1 White-13 42-4421 over the Kuban . He converted in late June to P-39N-0 42-9004 White 100 . White 100 was damaged in August or September 1943 . The only known photograph of 42-9004 dates from around this time : it shows the nose resting on a saw horse with the nose wheel main leg hyper-extended so the nose wheel rests on the ground . According to a VVS color scheme research website , 42-9004 was struck by inadvertent gunfire from a badly damaged Il-2 that had a rough landing , and on one of its last bounces",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "the guns went off and , among other things , the gunfire struck , such as the aircrew dugout , hit the parked Airacobra .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "About this time Pokryshkin changed to P-39N-5 42-19158 ( or possibly a different N-5 ) . which was also designated White-100 . ( This is according to the document for an award to an aircraft mechanic assigned to 42-19158 , for keeping it airworthy and ready to fly combat missions for 100 flights in a row. ) On 28 May 1943 , Pokryshkin flew P-39D-2 41-38520 ( White-17 ) for a single mission . There is a photo of him post-mission bending to remove his parachute straps in front of the nose of 41-38520 . In the famous photo taken",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "of him using a stretch of German autobahn as a runway , he was flying a P-39Q-15 designated White-50 , with the serial number painted out ( the same aircraft was originally assigned to K . V . Sukhov ) .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": " He used five La-7 aircraft with the inscription , From the Workers of Novosibirsk to Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Ivanovich Pokhryshkin , but did not fly in them himself . A La-7-equipped unit was , in 1945 , made a part of the 9th Guards Division , making it a four-regiment division . At one point in 1944 , he was apparently given a La-5FN for his personal use , pending the hoped-for Lavochkin conversion of the entire unit .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "The unit apparently flew P-63A or C Kingcobras after the war , and Pokryshkin would have again numbered his aircraft 100 . Finally , one or more of the 9th Guards Fighter Division units may have eventually converted to the Yak-9P before his attendance at the War College in 1948 . After his appointment as DOSAAF director in the early 1950s , he had use of a MiG-15 , and , later , of an Il-12 or Il-14 .",
"title": "After the war"
},
{
"text": "Pokryshkins score is heavily disputed among historians . Overclaiming was not uncommon in World War II , and Pokryshkins claims in his memoir are much higher than recent estimates by historians and official records , and recent estimates are generally lower than older estimates . In 1986 Oleg Levchenko claimed that Pokryshkin in fact shot down 94 enemy aircraft , damaged 19 and destroyed three more on the ground , and said that no less than 15 victories scored in 1941 were not taken into account , because the documents confirming them were destroyed during the hurried withdrawal from encirclement",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "during the Battle of Uman . However , Levchenkos claims are generally disputed in 21st century estimates , which tend to place Pokryshkins tally in the mid 40s . Thomas Polak and Christopher Shores credited him with 53 solo and 6 shared victories in their 1999 book , however the bibliography of the book cites Pokryshkins memoirs instead of any official documents , and the tallies of several other aviators are heavily inflated to match the official Soviet claims . Russian historian Mikhail Bykov credited him with 43 individual and 3 shared victories in a 2014 book ; a decade",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": "earlier , in an article titled Мутное Небо 1941 года ( The Murky Sky of 1941 ) with Aleksandr Rodionov he claimed that Pokryshkin tried to steal Rechkalovs kills during 1941 . Andrey Simonov and Nikolai Bodrikhin credited him with 45 solo and 4 shared shootdowns in a 2017 book .",
"title": "Final tally"
},
{
"text": " A minor planet 3348 Pokryshkin discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after him . The character Aleksandra Ivanova Pokryshkin from the anime Brave Witches is based on him .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Soviet awards - Three times Hero of the Soviet Union ( 24 May 1943 – № 993 , 24 August 1943 – II № 10 , 19 August 1944 – III № 1 ) - Six Orders of Lenin ( 22 December 1941 – № 7086 ; 24 May 1943 – № 9600 ; 24 August 1943 – № 124904 ; 21 October 1967 – № 344099 ; 21 February 1978 – № 429973 ; 5 March 1983 – № 400362 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 5 March 1973 – № 1793 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of the Red Banner , four times ( 22 April 1943 – № 66983 ; 18 July 1943 – № 8305 / 2 ; 24 December 1943 – № 448 / 3 ; 20 April 1953 – № 1392 / 4 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Suvorov , 2nd class , twice ( 6 April 1945 – № 1484 ; 29 May 1945 – № 1662 ) - Order of the Patriotic War , 1st class ( 11 March 1985 – № 537 850 ) - Order of the Red Star , twice ( 6 November 1947 – № 2762070 ; 4 June 1955 – № 3341640 ) - Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR , 3rd class ( 30 April 1975 – № 0039 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Medal for Combat Service ( 3 November 1944 )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Medal For Development of the Virgin Lands ( 5 November 1964 ) - Medal Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR ( 30 April 1984 ) - Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation ( 31 May 1980 ) - Campaign , jubilee and commemorative medals - Honorary Citizen of : Mariupol , Novosibirsk , and Bălți - Foreign awards - Distinguished Service Medal ( USA ) - Order of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria , 1st class ( Bulgaria ) - Order of Tudor Vladimirescu , 2nd and 3rd classes ( Romania )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": "- Order of Karl Marx ( East Germany )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari ( Poland ) - Knights Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( Poland ) - Order of Sukhbaatar ( Mongolia ) - Order of the Red Banner ( Mongolia )",
"title": "Honours and awards"
},
{
"text": " - Biography one the website warheroes.ru - Pokryshkins tactic drawings - Pokryshkins tactic drawings ( continued ) - The Unknown War hosted by and narrated by Burt Lancaster ; Episode 9 : War in the Air , 1978",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/HDMS_Allart_(1807)#P137#0
|
What was the operator of HDMS Allart (1807) before Jul 1807?
|
HDMS Allart ( 1807 ) HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 . Origin and capture . Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) . British service . Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe . In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt , with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan . On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery . On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel . Recapture . On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille . Dano-Norwegian service . On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats . On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion . On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen . Fate . Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .
|
[
"the British"
] |
[
{
"text": " HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 .",
"title": "HDMS Allart ( 1807 )"
},
{
"text": " Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) .",
"title": "Origin and capture"
},
{
"text": " Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": ", with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille .",
"title": "Recapture"
},
{
"text": " On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .",
"title": "Fate"
}
] |
/wiki/HDMS_Allart_(1807)#P137#1
|
What was the operator of HDMS Allart (1807) between Nov 1808 and Apr 1809?
|
HDMS Allart ( 1807 ) HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 . Origin and capture . Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) . British service . Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe . In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt , with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan . On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery . On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel . Recapture . On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille . Dano-Norwegian service . On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats . On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion . On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen . Fate . Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .
|
[
"Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division"
] |
[
{
"text": " HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 .",
"title": "HDMS Allart ( 1807 )"
},
{
"text": " Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) .",
"title": "Origin and capture"
},
{
"text": " Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": ", with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille .",
"title": "Recapture"
},
{
"text": " On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .",
"title": "Fate"
}
] |
/wiki/HDMS_Allart_(1807)#P137#2
|
What was the operator of HDMS Allart (1807) between Jul 1814 and Aug 1816?
|
HDMS Allart ( 1807 ) HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 . Origin and capture . Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) . British service . Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe . In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt , with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan . On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery . On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel . Recapture . On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille . Dano-Norwegian service . On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats . On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion . On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen . Fate . Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .
|
[
"Norwegian navy"
] |
[
{
"text": " HDMS Allart , a brig launched at Copenhagen in June 1807 , was amongst the ships taken by the British after the second Battle of Copenhagen . In British service , she was recaptured by Danish-Norwegian gunboats after venturing too close inshore . Her subsequent service was in the Dano-Norwegian Navys Norwegian Brig Division , which harried enemy frigates and convoys in Norwegian waters . On the separation of Denmark from Norway in 1814 , Allart transferred to the Norwegian navy , who sold her in 1825 .",
"title": "HDMS Allart ( 1807 )"
},
{
"text": " Allart was one of a second series of four brigs that the Dano-Norwegian navy built to a design by Ernst Stibolt , and highly similar to that of the four brigs of the Lougen class . The British seized three of each class after the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet . The British took Allart into service as Allart , ( or Alaart ) .",
"title": "Origin and capture"
},
{
"text": " Allart arrived at Chatham on 15 December 1807 . She then spent the next six months until 16 May 1808 being fitted . Commander James Tillard commissioned her in February . On 27 July 1808 Alaart recaptured the sloop Goede Hoepe .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "In 1808 Alaart was with Admiral Saumarezs fleet , which was blockading Rager Vik ( Ragerswik or Rogerswick or Russian : Baltiyskiy ) where the Russian fleet was sheltering after the British 74-gun third rates and had destroyed the Russian 74-gun Vsevolod . Saumarez wanted to attack the fleet and ordered Baltic and to be prepared as fireships . However , reconnaissance by , among other vessels , revealed that the Russians had stretched a chain across the entrance to the harbor , impeding an attack by fireships . Still , on 13 September the British made a half-hearted attempt",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": ", with Erebus leading , and Salsette , , Allart , and the hired armed cutter Swan providing cover . The attack failed , with the loss of one vessel , a Russian brig that the British had taken earlier . Saumarez then abandoned the plan .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 9 April 1809 Alaart captured the Danish galiot Flyndern while was in sight . Nine days later Minx captured the Danish galiot Anna Johanna Christina while Alaart was in sight . At some point Alaart sent in her boats at Bornholm where they succeeded in destroying a large vessel under the guns of a Danish battery .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": "On 30 April Alaart was among the vessels in company or in sight when captured the Charlotte . In July 1809 Louis A Robinson , Master’s Mate of Alaart , was in a prize that she had taken when two armed Danish boats attacked simultaneously . Robinson succeeded in capturing one and repelling the other . Then on 9 August he was in charge of another prize when a Danish privateer lugger made three unsuccessful attempts to board his vessel .",
"title": "British service"
},
{
"text": " On 10 August 1809 , Allart , still under Commander James Tillard , chased the Dano-Norwegian warships Lougen and into Fredriksvern , only to find herself the quarry of 15 Danish gunboats , arrayed in three divisions . After a three-hour chase the gunboats closed with Allart and an engagement began . After an engagement that lasted two hours , Alaart struck , having had her rigging shot away and having lost one man killed and three wounded . The officer in command of the gunboat flotilla was Captain Søren Adolph Bille .",
"title": "Recapture"
},
{
"text": " On 1 May 1810 , off southernmost Norway , the 36-gun fifth-rate frigate , attempted an attack on Samsøe and Alsen , which retreated towards land and the protection of the Mandal division of gunboats and the other brigs Allart and Seagull . Once reunited as a brig squadron , the four Danish-Norwegian brigs sought to bring Tribune to action in a lively sea but the frigate maintained sufficient searoom . Action was eventually broken off with some damage to Tribunes sails and her boats .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May there was another inconclusive meeting , in the North Sea , of the four brigs with a British frigate , which retired with discretion after some sail and rigging damage in an 80-minute exchange of cannon fire . Allart was commanded by Premierløitnant G . Hagerup on this occasion .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " On 18 July 1812 , Henry Weir of reported that he had encountered the cutter , which had gone into Norwegian waters to reconnoiter after the Battle of Lyngør . Nimble had reported that seeing four brigs at Christiansand : Allart , Seagull , Langeland , and Alsen .",
"title": "Dano-Norwegian service"
},
{
"text": " Allart was in Norwegian waters in January 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel settled separation of Norway from Denmark , but it was not until 1816 that negotiations agreed that Allart was not Danish . She was written off the Danish books on 12 November 1816 . The Norwegian navy sold her in 1825 into merchant service .",
"title": "Fate"
}
] |
/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere#P39#0
|
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere took which position in Dec 1821?
|
Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable . Career . 1790–1805 . Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers , which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 . In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth . Peninsular War . Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year . After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch , Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 . Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 . Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities . Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. . Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 . 1825–30 . Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 . Post 1850 . He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 . Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton . Slave ownership . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Family . Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue . Sources . - Attribution
|
[
"Governor of Sheerness"
] |
[
{
"text": "Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable .",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": ", Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": "the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": " Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Attribution",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere#P39#1
|
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere took which position between Feb 1822 and Apr 1822?
|
Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable . Career . 1790–1805 . Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers , which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 . In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth . Peninsular War . Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year . After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch , Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 . Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 . Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities . Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. . Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 . 1825–30 . Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 . Post 1850 . He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 . Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton . Slave ownership . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Family . Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue . Sources . - Attribution
|
[
"Commander-in-Chief , Ireland"
] |
[
{
"text": "Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable .",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": ", Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": "the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": " Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Attribution",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere#P39#2
|
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere took which position between Mar 1825 and May 1826?
|
Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable . Career . 1790–1805 . Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers , which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 . In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth . Peninsular War . Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year . After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch , Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 . Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 . Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities . Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. . Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 . 1825–30 . Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 . Post 1850 . He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 . Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton . Slave ownership . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Family . Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue . Sources . - Attribution
|
[
"Commander-in-Chief , India"
] |
[
{
"text": "Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable .",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": ", Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": "the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": " Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Attribution",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Stapleton_Cotton,_1st_Viscount_Combermere#P39#3
|
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere took which position after Jul 1855?
|
Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable . Career . 1790–1805 . Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers , which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794 and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 . In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth . Peninsular War . Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year . After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch , Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 . Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 . Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities . Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. . Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 . 1825–30 . Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 . Post 1850 . He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 . Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton . Slave ownership . According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) . Family . Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue . Sources . - Attribution
|
[
"Constable of the Tower",
"Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets",
"field marshal"
] |
[
{
"text": "Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere ( 14 November 1773 – 21 February 1865 ) , was a British Army officer , diplomat and politician . As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign , in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War . He went on to be Commander-in-Chief , Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief , India . In the latter",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable .",
"title": "Stapleton Cotton , 1st Viscount Combermere"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was born at Lleweni Hall in Denbighshire , the second surviving son of Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton , 5th Baronet and Frances Cotton ( née Stapleton ) . When he was eight , Cotton was sent to board at the grammar school in Audlem some from the familys estate at Combermere Abbey , where he was tutored by the headmaster , the Reverend William Salmon , who was also chaplain of the private Cotton chapel outside the estate gates . A quick , lively boy , he was known by his family as Young Rapid,’ and was continually in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "scrapes . After three years in Audlem , he continued his education at Westminster School where he joined the fourth form under Dr . Dodd and his contemporaries included future soldiers Jack Byng , Robert Wilson and the poet Robert Southey . He was then sent to Norwood House , a private military academy in Bayswater , which was run by a Shropshire militiaman , Major Reynolds , an acquaintance of his fathers . On 26February 1790 , Cottons father obtained for him a second-lieutenancy , without purchase , in the 23rd Regiment of Foot or Royal Welch Fusiliers ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "which he joined in Dublin in 1791 . He was promoted to lieutenant in the 77th Regiment of Foot on 9 April 1791 and , having transferred back to the 23rd Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1791 , he was promoted to captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards on 28 February 1793 . He served with his regiment at the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793 and at the Battle of Beaumont in April 1794 under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign . He became a major in the 59th Regiment of Foot on 28 April 1794",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "and commanding officer of the 25th Light Dragoons ( subsequently 22nd ) with the rank of lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1794 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1796 Cotton went with his regiment to India . En route he took part in operations in Cape Colony ( July to August 1796 ) , and on arrival was present at the Siege of Seringapatam in May 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War , where he first met Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later the Duke of Wellington . He became commanding officer of the 16th Light Dragoons , then based in Brighton , on 18 February 1800 . Promoted to colonel on 1 January 1800 , he was posted with his regiment to Ireland in 1802 and took",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "part in the suppression of Robert Emmets insurrection in 1803 . Promoted to major general on 2 November 1805 , he was given command of a cavalry brigade at Weymouth .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was elected Member of Parliament for Newark in 1806 . He was deployed to Portugal in April 1809 and commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesleys Army . Cotton was both courageous and also splendidly dressed in battle throughout the Peninsular War and was nicknamed the Lion d Or ( Lion of Gold ) . He took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 and , having succeeded to his fathers baronetcy in August 1809 , returned home to view his estate . He returned to Portugal",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "in May 1810 and , having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general and given overall command of the cavalry , fought at the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810 and then covered the withdrawal to the Lines of Torres Vedras later that year .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "After fighting at the Battle of Sabugal in April 1811 and the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 , Cotton was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 1 January 1812 . He took part in the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 , where he was second-in command of the Army . During the engagement he successfully led a cavalry charge against Maucunes division , leading Wellington to exclaim , By God , Cotton , I never saw anything so beautiful in my life ; the day is yours . According to Wellingtons subsequent despatch",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": ", Cotton made a most gallant and successful charge against a body of the enemys infantry which they overthrew and cut to pieces . At the end of the battle he was accidentally shot by a Portuguese sentry . In recognition of his gallantry he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath on 21 August 1812 and an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Portuguese Military Order of the Tower and Sword on 11 March 1813 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton went on to fight at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813 , the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814 . For these services he was raised to the peerage as Baron Combermere in the county palatine of Chester on 3 May 1814 and advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815 . 1815–1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton was not present at the Battle of Waterloo as the command of the cavalry had been given , at the insistence of the Prince Regent , to Lord Uxbridge , a more senior general . When Uxbridge was wounded Cotton took over his command and served with the Army of Occupation following the cessation of hostilities .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " Cotton became Governor of Barbados and commander of the West Indian forces in March 1817 . In the West Indies , Cottons aide-de-camp was Thomas Moody , Kt. .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Cotton is mentioned in unverified stories of the Chase Vault as being a witness to its allegedly moving coffins while serving as Governor of Barbados . Between 1814 and 1820 , Cotton undertook an extensive remodelling of his home , Combermere Abbey , including Gothic ornamentation of the Abbots House and the construction of Wellingtons Wing ( now demolished ) to mark Wellingtons visit to the house in 1820 . He was appointed the last Governor of Sheerness in January 1821 and became Commander-in-Chief , Ireland in 1822 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Having been promoted to full general on 27 May 1825 Cotton became Commander-in-Chief , India . In that role on 18January 1826 , after a three-week siege , he stormed the capital of the Princely state of Bharatpur with its fort , which had previously been deemed impregnable , and restored the rightful raja to the throne . For his success in India he was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8February 1827 . On his return to England , he brought with him the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun , which for many years stood outside the Royal Artillery",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": "Barracks at Woolwich . He retired from active service in 1830 .",
"title": "Peninsular War"
},
{
"text": " He succeeded Wellington as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets in October 1852 and was promoted to field marshal on 2 October 1855 . He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Star of India on 19 August 1861 .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "Cotton also served as honorary colonel of the 20th Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons , as honorary colonel of the 3rd ( The Kings Own ) Regiment of ( Light ) Dragoons and then as honorary colonel of the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . He died at Colchester House in Clifton on 21 February 1865 and was buried at St Margarets Church in Wrenbury . An equestrian statue in bronze , the work of Carlo , Baron Marochetti , was raised in his honour at Chester by the inhabitants of Cheshire in October 1865 . An obelisk was",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "also erected in his memory on the edge of Combermere Park in 1890 . Combermere was succeeded by his only son , Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton .",
"title": "Post 1850"
},
{
"text": "According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London , Combermere was awarded a payment as a slave owner in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837 . The British Government took out a £15 million loan ( worth £ in 2021 ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers ( ending in 2015 ) . Combermere was associated with two different claims , he owned 420 slaves in Saint Kitts and Nevis and received a £7,195 payment at",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": "the time ( worth £ in 2021 ) .",
"title": "Slave ownership"
},
{
"text": " Combermere was married three times : - On 1 January 1801 , Lady Anna Maria Clinton ( d . 31 May 1807 ) , daughter of Thomas Pelham-Clinton , 3rd Duke of Newcastle . They had three children : - On 22 June 1814 , Caroline Greville ( d . 25 January 1837 ) , daughter of Captain William Fulke Greville . They had three children : - In 1838 , Mary Woolley ( née Gibbings ) , by whom he had no issue .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Attribution",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)#P98#0
|
Who was the editor of The Athenaeum (British magazine) in Nov 1868?
|
The Athenaeum ( British magazine ) The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 . Foundation . Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 . Contributors . George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 . Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf . From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section . Legacy . A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years . Further reading . - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 . - Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 . External links . - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) . The Athenaeum on-line . Almost all volumes of The Athenaeum are available on-line . Hathi Trust The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries . Internet Archive : The following volumes are available :
|
[
"William Hepworth Dixon"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 .",
"title": "The Athenaeum ( British magazine )"
},
{
"text": "Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": "in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 .",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": " George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": "Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) .",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries .",
"title": "Hathi Trust"
},
{
"text": " The following volumes are available :",
"title": "Internet Archive :"
}
] |
/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)#P98#1
|
Who was the editor of The Athenaeum (British magazine) in Jan 1884?
|
The Athenaeum ( British magazine ) The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 . Foundation . Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 . Contributors . George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 . Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf . From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section . Legacy . A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years . Further reading . - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 . - Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 . External links . - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) . The Athenaeum on-line . Almost all volumes of The Athenaeum are available on-line . Hathi Trust The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries . Internet Archive : The following volumes are available :
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 .",
"title": "The Athenaeum ( British magazine )"
},
{
"text": "Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": "in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 .",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": " George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": "Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) .",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries .",
"title": "Hathi Trust"
},
{
"text": " The following volumes are available :",
"title": "Internet Archive :"
}
] |
/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)#P98#2
|
Who was the editor of The Athenaeum (British magazine) before Sep 1861?
|
The Athenaeum ( British magazine ) The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 . Foundation . Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 . Contributors . George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 . Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf . From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section . Legacy . A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years . Further reading . - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 . - Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 . External links . - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) . The Athenaeum on-line . Almost all volumes of The Athenaeum are available on-line . Hathi Trust The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries . Internet Archive : The following volumes are available :
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Athenæum was a literary magazine published in London , England from 1828 to 1921 .",
"title": "The Athenaeum ( British magazine )"
},
{
"text": "Initiated in 1828 by James Silk Buckingham , it was sold within a few weeks to Frederick Maurice and John Sterling , who failed to make it profitable . In 1829 , Charles Wentworth Dilke became part proprietor and editor ; he greatly extended the influence of the magazine . In 1846 , he resigned the editorship and assumed that of the Daily News of London , but contributed a series of notable articles to the Athenaeum . The poet and critic Thomas Kibble Hervey succeeded Dilke as editor and served from 1846 until his resignation due to ill health",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": "in 1853 . Historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon succeeded Hervey in 1853 , and remained editor until 1869 .",
"title": "Foundation"
},
{
"text": " George Darley was a staff critic during the early years , and Gerald Massey contributed many literary reviews – mainly on poetry – during the period 1858 to 1868 . Theodore Watts-Dunton contributed regularly as the principal critic of poetry from 1875 until 1898 . Frederic George Stephens was art editor from 1860 until 1901 , when he was replaced by Roger Fry because of his unfashionable disapproval of Impressionism ; Stephens continued to contribute book reviews and obituaries until 1904 . Arthur Symons joined the staff in 1891 .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": "Editor from 1871 to 1900 was Norman MacColl . During the 19th century , the Athenaeum received contributions from Lord Kelvin . During the early 20th Century , its contributors included Max Beerbohm , Edmund Blunden , T . S . Eliot , Robert Graves , Thomas Hardy , Aldous Huxley , Julian Huxley , Katherine Mansfield , George Santayana , Edith Sitwell , and Virginia Woolf .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " From 1849 to 1880 Geraldine Jewsbury contributed more than 2300 reviews . She was one of very few women who reviewed for the Athenaeum and started submitting her reviews regularly by 1854 . She rated highly novels that showed character morality and were also entertaining . She criticized the fallen woman theme , which was common in Victorian literature . During the second half of the 1850s , Jewsbury was entrusted with editing the New Novels section .",
"title": "Contributors"
},
{
"text": " A letter from J . S . Cotton , reportedly printed during 1905 , definitively tells of the first-ever reference to the playing of a match of cricket in India . In 1921 , with decreasing circulation , the Athenaeum was incorporated into its younger competitor : the Nation , becoming The Nation and Athenaeum . In 1931 , this successor publication merged with the New Statesman , to form the New Statesman and Nation , eliminating the name Athenaeum after 97 years .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Demoor , Marysa , Their Fair Share : Women , Power , and Criticism in the Athenaeum , from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield , 1870–1920 . Aldershot : Ashgate , 2000 . - Graham , Walter James , The Athenaeum , English Literary Periodicals . New York : T . Nelson , 1930 , pp . 317–21 . - Marchand , Leslie A. , The Athenaeum : A Mirror of Victorian Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1941 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": "- Sullivan , Alvin , ed. , The Athenaeum , British Literary Magazines . Volume 3 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1983- , pp . 21–24 .",
"title": "Further reading"
},
{
"text": " - A selection of Gerald Masseys literary reviews for the Athenaeum - The Athenaeum Projects : Centre for Interactive Systems Research , City University , London - an index of all literary reviews from 1830-1870 - and all scientific reviews from 1828-1830 . - Athenaeum review of George Eliots The Mill on the Floss by Geraldine Jewsbury , ( April 7 , 1860 ) .",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " The years 1828-1879 and certain years between 1880 and 1921 are freely available . For Copyright reasons the other years are only partially available in certain countries .",
"title": "Hathi Trust"
},
{
"text": " The following volumes are available :",
"title": "Internet Archive :"
}
] |
/wiki/Mauricio_Pochettino#P6087#0
|
Mauricio Pochettino was the coach of which team in Jun 2009?
|
Mauricio Pochettino Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain . Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup . After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach . Early life . Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home . Club career . Newells Old Boys . When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay , after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 . At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player . During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games . Espanyol . In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years . He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years . In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain . Paris-Saint Germain . In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre . Bordeaux . In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory . Return to Espanyol . During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 . Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later . International career . In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament . Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal . Managerial career . Espanyol . In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a further three years . In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month . Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team . Southampton . On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City . Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys . In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 . Tottenham Hotspur . On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 . Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990 . On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) . Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved . On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool . On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho . Paris Saint-Germain . On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach . Style of coaching . Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box . Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you . Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally . Personal life . Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford . Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists . Honours . Player . Newells Old Boys - Primera División : 1990–91 , Clausura 1992 - Copa Libertadores runner-up : 1992 Espanyol - Copa del Rey : 1999–2000 , 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2001 - Coupe de France runner-up : 2002–03 Manager . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2020–21 - Trophée des Champions : 2020 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Espanyol"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay ,",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": " At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": "on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre .",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": " In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "further three years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Mauricio_Pochettino#P6087#1
|
Mauricio Pochettino was the coach of which team in Feb 2013?
|
Mauricio Pochettino Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain . Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup . After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach . Early life . Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home . Club career . Newells Old Boys . When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay , after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 . At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player . During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games . Espanyol . In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years . He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years . In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain . Paris-Saint Germain . In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre . Bordeaux . In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory . Return to Espanyol . During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 . Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later . International career . In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament . Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal . Managerial career . Espanyol . In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a further three years . In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month . Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team . Southampton . On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City . Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys . In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 . Tottenham Hotspur . On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 . Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990 . On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) . Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved . On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool . On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho . Paris Saint-Germain . On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach . Style of coaching . Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box . Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you . Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally . Personal life . Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford . Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists . Honours . Player . Newells Old Boys - Primera División : 1990–91 , Clausura 1992 - Copa Libertadores runner-up : 1992 Espanyol - Copa del Rey : 1999–2000 , 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2001 - Coupe de France runner-up : 2002–03 Manager . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2020–21 - Trophée des Champions : 2020 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Southampton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay ,",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": " At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": "on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre .",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": " In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "further three years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Mauricio_Pochettino#P6087#2
|
Mauricio Pochettino was the coach of which team after Nov 2019?
|
Mauricio Pochettino Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain . Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup . After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach . Early life . Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home . Club career . Newells Old Boys . When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay , after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 . At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player . During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games . Espanyol . In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years . He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years . In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain . Paris-Saint Germain . In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre . Bordeaux . In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory . Return to Espanyol . During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 . Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later . International career . In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics . Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament . Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal . Managerial career . Espanyol . In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a further three years . In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month . Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team . Southampton . On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City . Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys . In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 . Tottenham Hotspur . On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 . Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990 . On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) . Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved . On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool . On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho . Paris Saint-Germain . On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach . Style of coaching . Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box . Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you . Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally . Personal life . Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford . Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists . Honours . Player . Newells Old Boys - Primera División : 1990–91 , Clausura 1992 - Copa Libertadores runner-up : 1992 Espanyol - Copa del Rey : 1999–2000 , 2005–06 Paris Saint-Germain - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2001 - Coupe de France runner-up : 2002–03 Manager . Tottenham Hotspur - Football League Cup runner-up : 2014–15 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2020–21 - Trophée des Champions : 2020 Individual - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19
|
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] |
[
{
"text": " Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero ( ; born 2 March 1972 ) is an Argentine professional football manager and former player who is the current head coach of Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino played as a central defender and began his career in 1989 with Primera División club Newells Old Boys , winning a league title and finishing as runner-up in the 1992 Copa Libertadores . In 1994 , at age 22 , he transferred to newly-promoted La Liga club Espanyol , helping establish their top-flight status and won the 2000 Copa del Rey , their first trophy in 60 years . In 2001 , he joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain , and had a stint with Bordeaux , before returning to Espanyol in 2004 , winning another Copa del Rey",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "in 2006 . He was capped 20 times for the Argentina national team and played at the 1999 Copa América and 2002 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "After retiring as a player , Pochettino began his managerial career at Espanyol in 2009 . He left the club in 2012 after poor results and financial disputes . In 2013 , he was appointed at Premier League club Southampton , leading them to an eighth-place finish in the 2013–14 season – equalling their highest finish in the Premier League . He then signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 2014 , finishing as league runner-up in the 2016–17 season and UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2019 , before being dismissed after a string of poor results . In 2021 , he",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "returned to Paris Saint-Germain as head coach .",
"title": "Mauricio Pochettino"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino was born in Murphy , Santa Fe to Amalia and Héctor Pochettino , a farm labourer . He is of partial Italian descent through his great-grandfather who is from Piedmont . Between the age of eight and ten , he played both football and volleyball , and also learned judo . He supported Racing Club de Avellaneda as a child . The first football match he watched on television was the 1978 FIFA World Cup which he watched with his father Héctor at the local sports club in Murphy , Centro Recreativo Unión y Cultura . He started playing",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "as a centre-back at an early age for Unión y Cultura , a position he preferred , but he also played as a striker and midfielder . When he was 13 , he trained two days a week with Rosario Central in Rosario , Santa Fe , a 160 mile bus-ride away from Murphy . He played in Murphy in the first division of the regional together with his older brother , Javier . He studied agriculture in a school 20 miles from home .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "When he was 14 , Pochettino was scouted by Jorge Griffa , director of football at Newells Old Boys , and his future manager Marcelo Bielsa , then the reserve team coach at Newells . Although he was happy at Rosario Central who were interested in signing him , he was persuaded to try out for their rivals Newells Old Boys in Rosario , Santa Fe . He was quickly placed in a team attending a tournament in Mar del Plata in January 1987 , and helped the team win 3–2 in the final against Club Olimpia of Paraguay ,",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "after which he signed for Newells . He was offered a professional contract at 16 , and made his first appearance in the Primera División in the 1988–89 season when he was 17 .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": " At Newells he played in an intense , fast-paced , high press style of play under Bielsa who was first-team coach from 1990 to 1992 . Bielsas coaching methods and philosophy would have a significant impact on the young player .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "During his five-year stint at the club , Pochettino won the 1990–91 national championship as well as the 1992 Clausura . The side reached the final of the Copa Libertadores where they were beaten 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out by São Paulo after both teams drew 1–1 on aggregate over the course of two legs – Pochettino had previously netted a crucial goal away to Colombian champions América de Cali in the second match leg of their semi-final . He played with Diego Maradona for a time , sharing a room before games .",
"title": "Newells Old Boys"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Pochettino had the option of joining a number of clubs including Boca Juniors , but chose the Catalan club Espanyol even though it was the least financially attractive offer as he was interested in moving to the city of Barcelona . Aged 22 , Pochettino moved to Espanyol for the 1994–95 season , as part of the new intake of players upon their return to La Liga . There he soon established himself as an automatic first-team starter , and developed a reputation as a tough , uncompromising central defender . In February 1997 , in the",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "local derby against their rival Barcelona at the soon-to-be-demolished home ground Sarrià Stadium , Pochettino man-marked Ronaldo out the game , and helped the team win 2–0 . It was their first win against Barcelona in ten years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " He stayed six-and-a-half years at the club . Although he had the opportunity to move a number of occasions , he chose to stay . In 1998 he stayed so as to reconnect with his former coach Bielsa , and he also rejected an offer from Valencia in the 1999–2000 season out of loyalty to the club . In that season , he helped Espanyol beat Atlético Madrid in the 2000 final of the Copa del Rey , winning their first major trophy in 60 years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In the 1999–2000 season , he signed a pre-agreement to stay at the club for 6 more years contingent on funding . However , the club could not finance the deal , and informed Pochettino that he should accept an offer from Paris Saint-Germain .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2001 , Pochettino signed for Paris Saint-Germain for an undisclosed fee . A regular starter during his stay , he made his official league debut on 3 February 2001 for manager Luis Fernández away to Nantes , which PSG lost 1–0 . Three days later , Pochettino netted his first goal in a 1–3 home defeat at the Parc des Princes against Guingamp . His contributions led to Paris Saint-Germain winning the 2001 edition of the UEFA Intertoto Cup later in the 2001–02 season following a 1–1 draw with Brescia , which meant the Parisian side won",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": "on away goals , as well as reaching the final of the Coupe de France the , where PSG lost 1–2 to Auxerre .",
"title": "Paris-Saint Germain"
},
{
"text": " In July , 2003 , Pochettino moved to fellow Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux for the 2003–04 campaign . His first game came on 2 August 2003 against Monaco in a 2–0 defeat . Pochettinos first goal was on 23 August , thus helping Bordeaux overcome Auxerre with a 2–0 home victory .",
"title": "Bordeaux"
},
{
"text": " During the 2004 summer transfer window , he returned to Espanyol however , initially on loan , before he later made the transfer permanent . The return occurred midway through his first year , where Pochettino continued to play for two-and-a-half more seasons . In the 2005–06 Copa del Rey , he was an unused substitute at the final , where Espanyol beat Zaragoza 4–1 .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "Following the win , Ernesto Valverde took over as manager in the summer of 2006 , but he did not want Pochettino in the squad for the coming season . Pochettino announced his retirement as a player at the age of 34 . He studied for a master degree in sports management at a business school before training to be a coach in Madrid a year later .",
"title": "Return to Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " In 1992 , Pochettino played four matches for the Argentina under-23 team at the CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament in Paraguay , which saw them fail to qualify for the 1992 Summer Olympics .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino won 20 caps for the full side over a period of four years . He was handed his first senior international by his former manager Bielsa , playing his first match on 31 March 1999 in a friendly against the Netherlands at Amsterdam Arena , ending in a 1–1 draw . Pochettino scored his first goal on 17 November 1999 in another friendly , a 2–0 win over Spain . He was a participant at the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup under Bielsa , appearing in three complete matches as the nation were unsuccessful in",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "progressing from the group stage in the latter tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos most newsworthy highlight to the competition came during the second group stage match against England , when Italian referee Pierluigi Collina awarded Argentinas opponents a penalty , after the defender brought down Michael Owen in the box . The resulting kick was converted by David Beckham for the matchs only goal .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "In late January 2009 , Pochettino became Espanyols third coach of the 2008–09 season , with the team third from the bottom of the table . Tasked with saving them from relegation , he had only just received his UEFA Pro License in December 2008 and had spent a short spell as the assistant coach to the ladies team but was otherwise untested as a coach . His first match was at home to neighbouring FC Barcelona , coached by Pep Guardiola , in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey . Despite his players reluctance and only being able",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "to avail themselves of two training sessions prior to the game , his system of high pressing and one-on-one defensive cover yielded an unexpected 0–0 draw . After he had asked for divine intervention , the sides fortunes improved and they eventually finished the season comfortably mid-table with their most significant result being a 2–1 victory in the league derby against Barcelona , their first in the competition at the Camp Nou for 27 years . He coached nine players who were his teammates during his last year active and , in early June , renewed his link for a",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "further three years .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "In 2009–10 , Pochettino once again led Espanyol to a comfortable league position , in a campaign where club symbol ( and his former teammate ) Raúl Tamudo fell out of favour , particularly after the January 2010 arrival of the coachs compatriot Dani Osvaldo . On 28 September 2010 , he agreed to a one-year extension at the Estadi Cornellà-El Prat which ran until 30 June 2012 , and in May of the following year further renewed his contract until 2014 . On 26 November 2012 , however , following a 0–2 home loss against Getafe CF that left",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": "the team in last place with just nine points from 13 matches and with the manager complaining about the financial restrictions being placed upon him , his contract was terminated by mutual consent at the end of that month .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " Despite the lowly league position , Pochettinos work had drawn praise from commentators and he was beginning to display the characteristics that would inform his coaching at his subsequent clubs , namely the imposition of a specific tactical style on all of the clubs team from the senior side down to youth level , attending training sessions to receive updates from all levels , a preference for 4–2–3–1 , a focus on a high-pressing game and the promotion of players from the academy to the first team .",
"title": "Espanyol"
},
{
"text": " On 18 January 2013 , Pochettino was announced as the new first-team manager of Premier League club Southampton , replacing Nigel Adkins and becoming the second Argentine manager in English football after Osvaldo Ardiles . His first match in charge was five days later , a 0–0 draw against Everton at St Marys Stadium . He recorded his first win on 9 February , 3–1 at home over reigning champions Manchester City .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "Despite having some knowledge of English , Pochettino initially used a Spanish interpreter in press conferences as a way to fully express himself . He led the Saints to notable victories against other top league sides , including a 3–1 home win over Liverpool and a 2–1 success against Chelsea also at St Marys .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": " In his first full season at Southampton , Pochettino led the team to an eighth-placed finish , their highest league position since 2002–03 , while also recording their highest points tally since the Premier League began in 1992–93 .",
"title": "Southampton"
},
{
"text": "On 27 May 2014 , Pochettino was appointed head coach of Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year contract , becoming their tenth manager over a 12-year span . The following 28 January , the team reached the final of the League Cup following a 3–2 aggregate win over Sheffield United , only to be beaten 2–0 by Chelsea in the decisive game at Wembley Stadium . In the domestic league , his first season was generally successful , ending in a fifth-placed finish and the conversion of several young academy players into regular first-team players ; he put one of those",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "graduates , Harry Kane , as starting striker at the expense of Spanish international Roberto Soldado , a gamble which paid off as Kane and his teammates Dele Alli and Eric Dier were touted as the potential basis for the England squad at UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Tottenham were in contention to win the league in 2015–16 , but on 2 May 2016 they drew 2–2 against Chelsea , confirming Leicester City as champions . The game at Stamford Bridge saw the former receive a league record nine yellow cards , and Pochettino entered the pitch in the first half to separate his left back Danny Rose from a confrontation with Chelsea winger Willian . Spurs also lost in their last match of the season , ceding the league runners-up spot to rival Arsenal – it was still good enough for their highest league finish since 1990",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 12 May 2016 , Pochettino agreed to an extension to his contract , committing him to the club until 2021 as it was also confirmed that his title had changed from that of head coach to manager , although he confirmed that the role itself was no different . The campaign began with a series of 12 unbeaten league matches that ended with a defeat away to Chelsea in late November . However , inconsistencies which saw them being eliminated from UEFA Champions League and League Cup contention meant that they fell some way behind the leaders Chelsea who",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "had a run of 13 wins ( ended by a loss to Tottenham in January 2017 ) .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Pochettinos side eventually finished in second place with 86 points , their highest-ever tally since the English League began under the new denomination and their highest ranking in 54 years since 1962–63 under Bill Nicholson , and the first season-long unbeaten home run in 52 years since 1964–65 was also achieved .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 24 May 2018 , Pochettino signed a new five-year contract to keep him at Tottenham until 2023 . In December 2018 , Pochettino won his 100th Premier League match as manager of Tottenham after a late win against Burnley ; he became the first Tottenham manager to reach this milestone and the third quickest Premier League manager to achieve the feat with a single club . On 8 May 2019 , Pochettino led Tottenham to their first ever Champions League/European Cup final after beating Ajax on away goals ( 3–3 aggregate ) , with his side coming back from",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "a 2–0 deficit ( 3–0 aggregate ) at half-time in Amsterdam , only for Lucas Moura to score a second-half hat-trick . The final in Madrid ended in a 2–0 defeat to Liverpool .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 19 November 2019 , Pochettino was dismissed by Tottenham Hotspur with the side placed 14th in the Premier League table , with chairman Daniel Levy citing extremely disappointing domestic results as the reason behind the dismissal . Pochettino was succeeded by José Mourinho .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2021 , Pochettino was appointed as the head coach of Paris Saint-Germain , where he had spent two years during his playing career . His first match in charge was four days later , a 1–1 away league draw against Saint-Étienne . On 9 January , Pochettino won his first game in a 3–0 home win over Brest . Four days later , he won the first honour of his managerial career as Paris Saint-Germain defeated rivals Marseille with a 2–1 victory in the Trophée des Champions . On 16 February 2021 , Pochettino took charge of",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": "his first Champions League match with the Parisians , guiding them to a 4–1 win over Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the round of 16 tie . This marked Pochettinos first European victory as Paris Saint-Germain coach .",
"title": "Paris Saint-Germain"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino favours a very high-pressing , attacking style of football . He often employs a 4–2–3–1 formation at the clubs he manages . While doing so , he instructs his team to build from the back , intimidate and unsettle opponents with a quick-press system and work the ball into the box .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino is hailed by many pundits for his focus on developing local players from the clubs youth academies , get local government and references support , and a willingness to promote young players in general . It was also noted that many young players under his tutelage went on to play for the England national team , while the manager himself felt that it was his duty to develop English talent , saying I feel when I arrived in Spain and now in England in which way can we say thank you to the country that opened the door when",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": "I didnt speak English . And how people treated me and my family and my staff which was really well . Its a way to say thank you to the Premier League and the people who trust in you .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Players coached by Pochettino also praised his man-management approach and guidance with his willingness to advise , encouraging the players to take charge of their own development as well as helping them to improve physically , technically and mentally .",
"title": "Style of coaching"
},
{
"text": " Pochettino and his wife Karina Grippaldi have two sons , Sebastiano and Maurizio . Sebastiano was Tottenhams first team sports scientist . Maurizio was granted a contract with Tottenhams development squad , scoring his first goal for the under-18 side against Norwich City in October 2018 . In early December , he made his debut for the under-23s against VfL Wolfsburg . In January 2021 , Maurizio signed for Watford .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino believes in energía universal ( ) , the idea that people , places and things are charged with a hidden energy , positive or negative . I believe in energía universal , he said . It is connected . Nothing happens for causality ( By accident ) . It is always a consequence [ of something else ] . Maybe , it is one of the reasons that Harry [ Kane ] always scores in derbies . I believe in that energy . For me , it exists .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League Manager of the Month : October 2013 , September 2015 , February 2016 , April 2017 - London Football Awards Manager of the Year : 2018–19",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/K.V._Oostende#P286#0
|
Who was the head coach of the team K.V. Oostende before Oct 2017?
|
K.V . Oostende Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 . History . In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level . The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 . From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division . In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown . In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 . Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid . After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder . In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud . Honours . - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04 Managers . - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 ) - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )
|
[
"Adnan Čustović"
] |
[
{
"text": " Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 .",
"title": "K.V . Oostende"
},
{
"text": " In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/K.V._Oostende#P286#1
|
Who was the head coach of the team K.V. Oostende between Jan 2019 and Mar 2019?
|
K.V . Oostende Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 . History . In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level . The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 . From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division . In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown . In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 . Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid . After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder . In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud . Honours . - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04 Managers . - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 ) - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )
|
[
"Gert Verheyen"
] |
[
{
"text": " Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 .",
"title": "K.V . Oostende"
},
{
"text": " In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/K.V._Oostende#P286#2
|
Who was the head coach of the team K.V. Oostende between Mar 2020 and Mar 2020?
|
K.V . Oostende Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 . History . In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level . The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 . From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division . In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown . In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 . Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid . After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder . In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud . Honours . - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04 Managers . - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 ) - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )
|
[
"Dennis van Wijk"
] |
[
{
"text": " Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 .",
"title": "K.V . Oostende"
},
{
"text": " In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/K.V._Oostende#P286#3
|
Who was the head coach of the team K.V. Oostende after Nov 2020?
|
K.V . Oostende Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 . History . In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level . The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 . From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division . In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown . In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 . Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid . After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder . In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud . Honours . - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04 Managers . - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 ) - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )
|
[
"Adnan Čustović"
] |
[
{
"text": " Koninklijke Voetbalclub Oostende , also called KV Oostende ( or ) or KVO , is a Belgian football club from the city of Ostend , West Flanders in Belgium . The team was founded in 1904 as VG Oostende and has the matricule No . 31 .",
"title": "K.V . Oostende"
},
{
"text": " In 1911 , another club was created , AS Oostende , which would soon become the best club of the city , playing regularly in the second division in the 1930s . In the mid 1970s , AS reached the first division while VG was playing at the second level .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The two clubs merged in 1981 to become KV Oostende . The new club played in the third division for eleven years , before finally promoting . In its first season on the second level , Oostende immediately promoted again , to the first division , where it would achieve its best result in the club history : a seventh place , in 1993–94 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From 1995 to 2013 , Oostende has been playing in the second division , except in 1998–99 and 2004–05 , when it was at the higher level again , and in 2001–02 and 2002–03 , when it played in the third division .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1982 , one year after the merger , VG Oostende had been re-founded at the lowest level of the Belgian football competition . The club first used the Armenonville stadium , which was the original ground of VG . In 2001 , the stadium was declared unsafe , so the club had to groundshare with KV Oostende in the Albertparkstadion , until 2010 . In 2013 , the new VG Oostende also disappeared , after a financial breakdown .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , shortly after a new promotion to the highest level , it was announced that chairman and majority shareholder Yves Lejaeghere would be succeeded by a new chairman , businessman Marc Coucke . In the spring of 2016 , the main tribune of the Albertparkstadion was rebuilt and the stadium was renamed the Versluys Arena with the capacity increased to 8,432 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Thanks to its success in the previous campaign , Oostende played in the third qualifying round of the Europa League in the 2017/18 season . The team drew Olympique de Marseille , a club with an important place in the history of French and European football . Oostende was unable to go any further in the competition after losing 4-2 in Marseille on July 17 , 2017 and only securing a goalless draw at home on August 3rd , 2017 . While Oostende were clear underdogs , the KVO supporters filled the visitor section of the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", proud of the teams qualification after having only been promoted to Belgiums first division a few years ago . Olympique de Marseille would go on to reach the finals in the Europa league that season , falling short to Atlético Madrid .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After a disappointing beginning to the 2017/18 season , manager Yves Vanderhaeghe was set free of his obligations , with the assistant manager , Adnan Čustović , being asked to take over . In December 2017 Marc Coucke announced that he would be leaving , after recently purchasing R.S.C . Anderlecht . It was then announced on 8 February 2018 that Peter Callant would replace Coucke as chairman . Coucke confirmed his continued interest in the club and that he remained a fan and would stay on as a minority shareholder .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In May 2020 an investment group acquired KV Oostende Football Club and the new investors include Pacific Media Group , Chien Lee , Partners Path Capital and Krishen Sud .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Belgian Cup : - Runners-up : 2016–17 - Belgian Second Division : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1997–98 , 2012–13 - Belgian Second Division Final Round : - Winners ( 2 ) : 1992–93 , 2003–04",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Han Grijzenhout ( 1981–82 ) - Nedeljko Bulatović ( 1982–84 ) - Luc Sanders ( 1986–87 ) - Dennis van Wijk ( 30 September 1996 – 30 June 1998 ) - Jean-Marie Pfaff ( 1 October 1998 – 4 February 1999 ) - Leo Van der Elst ( 1999–00 ) - Kenneth Brylle ( 1 July 2001 – 30 June 2003 ) - Gilbert Bodart ( 17 May 2003 – 10 January 2005 ) - Mohsen Akhondi ( 13 January 2005 – 30 June 2005 ) - Willy Wellens ( 1 July 2006–07 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 20 November 2007 – 10 December 2007 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Kurt Bataille ( interim ) ( 11 December 2007 – 30 June 2008 ) - Jean-Pierre Vande Velde ( 1 July 2008 – 4 March 2009 ) - Thierry Pister ( 3 March 2009 – 14 February 2011 ) - Frederik Vanderbiest ( 16 February 2011–15 ) - Yves Vanderhaeghe ( 2015–2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( interim ) ( 17 September 2017 –17 October 2017 ) - Adnan Čustović ( 17 October 2017 – 30 June 2018 ) - Gert Verheyen ( 2018–2019 ) - Kåre Ingebrigtsen ( 2019 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": "- Dennis van Wijk ( 31 December 2019 – 2 March 2020 )",
"title": "Managers"
},
{
"text": " - Adnan Čustović ( 4 March 2020 – 7 June 2020 ) - Alexander Blessin ( 7 June 2020 – present )",
"title": "Managers"
}
] |
/wiki/Girish_Saran_Agarwal#P69#0
|
Which school did Girish Saran Agarwal go to before Oct 1963?
|
Girish Saran Agarwal Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community . Life . Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide . After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India , and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna , Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK . As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A . Awards . Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege , Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award . Selected publications . - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995
|
[
"Gorakhpur University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community .",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India ,",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ", Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege ,",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Girish_Saran_Agarwal#P69#1
|
Which school did Girish Saran Agarwal go to in Jan 1965?
|
Girish Saran Agarwal Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community . Life . Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide . After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India , and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna , Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK . As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A . Awards . Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege , Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award . Selected publications . - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995
|
[
"Banaras Hindu University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community .",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India ,",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ", Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege ,",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/Girish_Saran_Agarwal#P69#2
|
Which school did Girish Saran Agarwal go to after Sep 1968?
|
Girish Saran Agarwal Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community . Life . Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide . After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India , and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna , Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK . As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A . Awards . Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege , Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award . Selected publications . - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995
|
[
"University of Rochester"
] |
[
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal , Fellow of the Royal Society UK , ( born 7 July 1946 ) is a theoretical physicist . He is currently at the Texas A & M University with affiliations to the Departments of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Physics and Astronomy , and the Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering . Earlier he worked as Noble Foundation Chair and the Regents Professor at the Oklahoma State University . He is a recognized leader in the field of quantum optics and also has made major contributions to the fields of nonlinear optics , nanophotonics and",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "plasmonics . In 2013 he published the textbook Quantum Optics , covering a wide range of recent developments in the field , which has been well received by the community .",
"title": "Girish Saran Agarwal"
},
{
"text": "Born in Bareilly , India , Agarwal studied physics at the Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur , India , ( BSc in 1964 ) and Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi , India , ( MSc in 1966 ) . In 1969 , he received his PhD from the University of Rochester , USA , followed by post-doctoral appointments at the University of Rochester , the University of Stuttgart , Germany , and The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 1974 , at the age of 28 , he published his first monograph Quantum Statistical Theories of",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Spontaneous Emission and their Relation to other Approaches at Springer . This book on light-matter interaction and spontaneous decay has since been a standard reference for quantum optics researchers worldwide .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "After a few years at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Institute of Science , Mumbai , India , he was appointed in 1977 full professor at the University of Hyderabad , India , where he had the major responsibility to set up the School of Physics . In 1995 , Girish S . Agarwal was appointed Director and Distinguished Scientist of the Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) , Ahmedabad , India . From 1995 - 2000 he served additionally as Honorary Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore , India ,",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "and from 2001 - 2005 held the Einstein Centenary Research Professorship of the Indian National Science Academy . Numerous guest professorships have taken him to the major centers of optics and quantum optics throughout the world , including the University of Rochester , Texas A & M University , College Station , the University of Colorado , Boulder , the Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics , Garching , Germany , the Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Erlangen , Germany , the Universities of Essen , Ulm , and Erlangen , Germany , the Technical University of Vienna",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": ", Austria , and the University of Manchester , UK .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": " As a scientist he served the international optics and quantum optics community by organizing schools and symposia , e.g. , at the International Center for Theoretical Physics ( ICTP ) , Trieste , Italy , for the benefit of the scientists from third world countries . He also spearheaded the efforts of the Indian Governments Department of Science and Technology to build up the infrastructure in the Physics Departments of Indian Universities . He also has served on the editorial board of various leading journals in optics and quantum optics , including Physical Review A .",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"text": "Girish S . Agarwal has received awards for his achievements in the field of optics and quantum optics . This includes the Humboldt Research Award , Germany ( 1997 ) , the Max-Born Award of the Optical Society of America , USA ( 1988 ) , the Einstein Medal of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society , USA ( 1994 ) , the Third World Academy of Sciences Prize in Physics ( 1994 ) , the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in Physical Sciences by the Government of India ( 1982 ) the Honoris causa of the University of Liege ,",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Belgium ( 2007 ) , and of the University of Hyderabad , India ( 2011 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences ( 1997 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy , New Delhi ( 1985 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Optical Society of America ( 1986 ) , an Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences , Bangalore ( 1981 ) , and an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society ( 1981 ) . He was invited to the Sir JC Bose Chair at the Indian",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": "Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) , Pune , India , and the JRD Tata Chair at The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai , India . In 2012 he was recognized by the Oklahoma State University by the Eminent Faculty Award .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " - Quantum statistical theories of spontaneous emission and their relation to other approaches , Springer Tracts in Modern Physics Band 70 , 1974 - Quantum Optics , Cambridge University Press 2012 - Publisher Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995 - Publisher Selected Papers on Resonant and Collective Phenomena in Quantum Optics , SPIE Press 1995",
"title": "Selected publications"
}
] |
/wiki/McAdam_station#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of McAdam station between Jul 1979 and Feb 1984?
|
McAdam station McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum . Railway history . McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps . During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction . In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus . Station establishment and history . In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel . The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line . The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter . The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police . During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town . In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) . Railway Pie . The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees . Via Rail . The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 . Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal . Heritage . The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours . The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements . As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility . Legacy . On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited . External links . - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station
|
[
"National Historic Site of Canada"
] |
[
{
"text": " McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum .",
"title": "McAdam station"
},
{
"text": "McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": "effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees .",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": " The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": "Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": " The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/McAdam_station#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of McAdam station between Nov 1993 and Jun 2002?
|
McAdam station McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum . Railway history . McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps . During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction . In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus . Station establishment and history . In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel . The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line . The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter . The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police . During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town . In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) . Railway Pie . The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees . Via Rail . The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 . Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal . Heritage . The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours . The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements . As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility . Legacy . On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited . External links . - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station
|
[
"Designated Heritage Railway Station"
] |
[
{
"text": " McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum .",
"title": "McAdam station"
},
{
"text": "McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": "effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees .",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": " The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": "Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": " The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/McAdam_station#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of McAdam station between Dec 2005 and Jan 2008?
|
McAdam station McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum . Railway history . McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps . During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction . In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus . Station establishment and history . In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel . The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line . The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter . The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police . During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town . In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) . Railway Pie . The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees . Via Rail . The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 . Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal . Heritage . The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours . The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements . As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility . Legacy . On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited . External links . - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station
|
[
"Provincial Historic Site"
] |
[
{
"text": " McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum .",
"title": "McAdam station"
},
{
"text": "McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": "effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees .",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": " The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": "Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": " The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/McAdam_station#P1435#3
|
Which site was the heritage designation of McAdam station after Apr 2009?
|
McAdam station McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum . Railway history . McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps . During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction . In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus . Station establishment and history . In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel . The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line . The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter . The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police . During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town . In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) . Railway Pie . The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees . Via Rail . The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 . Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal . Heritage . The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours . The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements . As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility . Legacy . On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited . External links . - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " McAdam station is a former railway station that dominates the village of McAdam , New Brunswick , Canada . The station is the largest passenger station in the province but since the December 17 , 1994 , abandonment of Via Rails Atlantic passenger train , it no longer sees rail service and is partially used as a museum .",
"title": "McAdam station"
},
{
"text": "McAdams railway history is traced to the 1850s–1860s when the St . Andrews and Quebec Railway was built through the area on the way toward Woodstock using a survey from the 1840s when the Canada–United States border north of the Saint Croix River was undecided and British North America stood a reasonable chance of acquiring title to the entire Saint John River watershed . The Aroostook War and the Webster–Ashburton Treaty settled the current boundary and eliminated any chance of the SA&Q building across that territory . McAdam was a small community called City Camp and comprised several lumber camps",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During the late 1860s , the European and North American Railway projects Western Extension was constructed from Saint John to the boundary at Saint Croix where it linked with another E&NA line from Bangor to Vanceboro . The junction at City Camp where the E&NA crossed the SA&Q ( by then part of the New Brunswick and Canada Railway ) was renamed McAdam and in 1883 , the New Brunswick Railway ( successor to the NB&C ) took over the E&NA line , making McAdam an NBR junction .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1889 , the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed the International Railway of Maine as the final link in becoming a transcontinental railway and in 1890 , the Canadian Pacific Railway leased the NBR for 999 years , making Saint John its eastern terminus .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1900 , the C.P rail began construction of the massive combined railway station/hotel in McAdam to cater to wealthy passengers changing trains to continue to the resort town of St . Andrews where they would stay at the C.P rails hotel The Algonquin . The station was commissioned by legendary CPR President Sir William Van Horne who maintained an exclusive private estate in St . Andrews on Ministers Island . On numerous occasions during Van Hornes influential presidency at the C.P rail during the 1890s , his private car would pass by the McAdam station on the way from",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "Montreal to his summer retreat at St . Andrews and vice versa , sometimes staying in the station hotel .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " The station was built in the Chateau style and resembles a Scottish castle . It was built of local granite and located at the western end of the wye leading to St . Andrews from the Montreal-Saint John main line .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The 20-room hotel occupies the two thirds of the second floor of the station . On the ground floor , the western end of the buildings ground floor is occupied by a lunch counter/canteen with a large M shaped circular counter with swivel stools . This was where breakfasts , soup , sandwich , etc . would be served for hotel guests waiting for connecting trains and train passengers who were waiting for the Steam engines to be re-fuelled and passengers to clear Customs . It was not unusual to feed 2000 people a day at this lunch counter .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The central portion of the ground floor has a more formal dining room and the kitchen area which served both eating establishments . The eastern end of the buildings ground floor hosts the passenger waiting rooms and ticketing office and baggage storage rooms . The station also had a jail cell that was operated by the [ Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service ] and not to be used by local McAdam police .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": " During World War II , many troop trains departed from the station towards Halifax for deployment overseas . This is commemorated on a local mural in town .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "In 1955 , the C.P rail initiated an express service from Saint John to Montreal called The Atlantic Limited which was continued by Via Rail as the Atlantic with the eastern terminus shifted from Saint John to Halifax . Local connecting trains at McAdam to St . Andrews , St . Stephen , Fredericton and Woodstock were all cancelled in the early 1960s leaving McAdam with a single passenger train in each direction ( The Atlantic Limited ) .",
"title": "Railway history"
},
{
"text": "The station was known for its railway pies . An early 1900s Boston News newspaper article notes that the station was famous for its pies . Customers would frequent the lunch counter which seats 65 people on stools at a W-shaped Arborite counter and would order coffee and railroad pie . One author notes that a particular type of railway pie was similar to a Boston cream pie . The decline of rail traffic in the 1950s led to the eventual closure of the lunch counter . The tradition of the railway pies was revived in 2010 as a fund-raising",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": "effort for the station . This continued until 2019 when the time commitment became too much for the older volunteers of the event . The station has since published a cookbook about railway pies as a continuation of the tradition . It notes that these pies were cut into five pieces , each measuring a perfect 72 degrees .",
"title": "Railway Pie"
},
{
"text": " The CPR continued to use the station until 1978 when it transferred responsibility for its passenger rail service to federal Crown corporation Via Rail , however the hotel was closed in the early 1960s and used for office space for the railway . CPR maintained ownership of the building throughout Via Rail operations in McAdam from 1978 to 1981 and 1985 to 1994 .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": "Via Rail cancelled the Atlantic in 1981 , leaving McAdam with no passenger service . This train was reinstated in 1985 but cut to tri-weekly in 1990 and cancelled completely on December 17 , 1994 , in light of CPRs Canadian Atlantic Railway subsidiary planning to abandon the entire railway from Saint John to Montreal .",
"title": "Via Rail"
},
{
"text": " The CPR sold its line through McAdam to the New Brunswick Southern Railway but the station has been vacant since Via Rail service was terminated in December 1994 . The station was designated a protected heritage railway station by the federal government and the NBSR transferred ownership of the structure to the village of McAdam in the late 1990s . Since then , the village has undertaken fundraising and maintenance repairs to the structure and opened it during the summer months for tours .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The station is currently designated as a National Historic Site of Canada since 1976 and a Provincial Historic Site since 2003 . As well , the station is a Designated Heritage Railway Station since 1990 . The imposing structure is noted for The upward thrust of its hipped gable roof and the busy rhythm of its many gabled dormers , turrets , pinnacles and pavilions , plus the smooth quality of the upper level walls , recall key elements of the style . The station is also a rare surviving example of the combined railway station/hotel , accommodating both station",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "and hotel facilities under the same roof . As a result , the architectural presence of the McAdam CPR station is amplified much beyond that warranted by its functional requirements .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " As of 2017 , the station is an active museum offering tours , catered meals , and conference facilities . The Government of New Brunswick , Parks Canada and The McAdam Historical Restoration Commission ( which operates and manages the station ) invested nearly $400,000 for the continued success of the facility .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " On 5 May 1989 Canada Post issued Railway Station , McAdam designed by Raymond Bellemare . The stamp features an image of the McAdam Railway station , which was designed by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell . The $2 stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by British American Bank Note Company & Canadian Bank Note Company , Limited .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - McAdam Railway Station - official site - Village of McAdam official website - railway station",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Will_Hodgman#P39#0
|
Will Hodgman took which position before Sep 2010?
|
Will Hodgman William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania . Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education . Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily . Legal career . Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament . Political career . Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin . On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy . At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier . As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries . Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election . Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to form a government . However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election . Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice . Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election . Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network . During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents . Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority . Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day . Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier . Career after politics . On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob . External links . - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament
|
[
"Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": "William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "form a government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob .",
"title": "Career after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Will_Hodgman#P39#1
|
Will Hodgman took which position in Mar 2017?
|
Will Hodgman William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania . Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education . Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily . Legal career . Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament . Political career . Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin . On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy . At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier . As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries . Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election . Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to form a government . However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election . Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice . Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election . Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network . During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents . Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority . Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day . Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier . Career after politics . On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob . External links . - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament
|
[
"Premier of Tasmania"
] |
[
{
"text": "William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "form a government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob .",
"title": "Career after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Will_Hodgman#P39#2
|
Will Hodgman took which position before Jun 2000?
|
Will Hodgman William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania . Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education . Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily . Legal career . Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament . Political career . Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin . On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy . At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier . As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries . Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election . Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to form a government . However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election . Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice . Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election . Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network . During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents . Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority . Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) . On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day . Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier . Career after politics . On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob . External links . - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "William Edward Felix Hodgman ( born 20 April 1969 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the High Commissioner of Australia to Singapore since February 2021 . He was the 45th Premier of Tasmania and a member for the Division of Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from the 2002 state election until his resignation in January 2020 . He became premier following the 2014 state election , having been Leader of the Opposition since 2006 . He was re-elected to a second term in government following victory in the 2018 state election . In",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "March 2018 , he succeeded Angus Bethune as the longest-serving leader in the history of the Tasmanian Liberals . He resigned as the Premier of Tasmania , the Leader of the Tasmanian Liberals and Member of the Parliament of Tasmania on 20 January 2020 . In April 2020 , Hodgman was appointed as the chair of Australian Business Growth Fund by federal Treasurer Josh Frydenberg . Hodgman is from Hobart and was educated at the University of Tasmania .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgmans father , uncle and grandfather also served in the Parliament of Tasmania . Early life and education .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman was born in April 1969 , the son of former Liberal parliamentarian Michael Hodgman . His uncle , Peter , was also a Member of the Tasmanian Parliament , and his paternal grandfather , Bill Hodgman , was a member of both Houses of the Tasmanian Parliament , ending his career as President of the Legislative Council . He was educated at The Hutchins School and the University of Tasmania , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws in 1993 , and a Graduate Certificate in Legal Practice in 1994 . He is",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": "married to Nicola , and the couple have two sons , William and James , and a daughter , Lily .",
"title": "Will Hodgman"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman was admitted as a Barrister and Solicitor in 1994 . He was an associate of the Hobart law firm Wallace Wilkinson & Webster , before practising as a solicitor for the Wiltshire County Council in the United Kingdom for 15 months . In the United Kingdom he acted as prosecutor and advocate for the Council in the County Courts and the High Court of Justice . He then returned to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster in 1998 , and practised in criminal law and personal injuries until his election to Parliament .",
"title": "Legal career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman entered Parliament at the 2002 election in the electorate of Franklin and was elected to the role of deputy leader immediately afterwards . He was elected alongside his father , who was elected in the neighbouring seat of Denison . Hodgman was re-elected in the 2006 election receiving 21.98 per cent of first preferences , an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.37 per cent in the 2002 election . This is the third highest individual vote ever recorded in the seat of Franklin .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 30 March 2006 he was unanimously elected as the leader of Tasmanias Liberal Party , replacing Rene Hidding following disappointing results at the 2006 election . Jeremy Rockliff is his deputy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 2018 election Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , the highest number ever for any candidate in a state election in Tasmania . Hodgman is Tasmanias seventh longest serving Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "As well as serving as Premier , Hodgman has been Tasmanias Attorney General , Minister for Justice , Minister for Tourism , Hospitality and Events , Minister for Trade , Minister for Parks , Minister for Heritage , Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , Minister for the Arts , Minister for Sport and Recreation , Minister for the Prevention of Family Violence and Minister for Advanced Manufacturing and Defence Industries .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman has held a number of shadow portfolios in his parliamentary career , including Treasury and Finance , Energy , Major Projects and Community Development , Tourism , Economic Development and the Arts . 2010 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman contested the 2010 Tasmanian state election and the result was a hung parliament , with the Liberals and Labor on 10 seats each . The balance of power rested with the Tasmanian Greens , who won five seats . Before the election , the incumbent Premier David Bartlett stated that the party who won the most votes should form government . Since the Liberals won the popular vote by just over 6,700 votes , Bartlett and his caucus voted to give up power , and Bartlett advised the Governor of Tasmania , Peter Underwood , to invite Hodgman to",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "form a government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " However , Hodgman never approached the Greens before the writs were returned , and Bartlett did not promise a Hodgman minority government would have a minimum period of support . Faced with the prospect of a government being defeated at its first sitting , Underwood recommissioned Bartlett as premier and left it to the Assembly to determine whether Labor had enough support to govern . Hodgman accused Bartlett of going back on a promise not to topple a Liberal minority government . 2014 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Before the 2014 Tasmanian state election , with polls suggesting the Liberals were positioned to win government , Hodgman had promised that he would only govern in majority . ABC News election analyst Antony Green suggested Hodgmans promise could have come back to haunt him if the Palmer United Party , which made a significant effort in the election , were to siphon off enough votes to deny the Liberals a majority . On election night , Hodgman led the Liberal Party to victory with a swing of over 9% against the incumbent Labor Party . The Liberals picked up",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "an additional seat in every electorate except Denison , assuring that Hodgman would have a secure majority . They ultimately went on to win 15 seats–a comprehensive victory under current Tasmanian electoral practice .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman himself topped the poll in Franklin , tallying 23,589 first preference votes on 35 percent of the first preference vote ; the total number of electors in Franklin is 74,189 . This result was achieved despite competing against both Giddings and Greens leader Nick McKim in this multi-member electorate . Hodgman was sworn in as the 45th Premier of Tasmania , alongside the members of his cabinet , on 31 March 2014 , becoming only the fifth non-Labor premier in 80 years and only the third to govern in majority . 2018 election .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Hodgman dissolved the parliament and called the election for March 3 . Repeating his vow of four years earlier , Hodgman categorically ruled out governing in coalition or minority , saying , We will govern alone or not at all . However it was thought unlikely at the time that the Liberals would keep their majority due to the strong polling of the Greens and the Jacqui Lambie Network .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Hodgman and the Liberals promised to keep poker machines in pubs and clubs . He claimed 5000 jobs were at risk if machines were banned , although fact checkers called this claim overblown . It was later disclosed that the gambling industry funded his campaign with over $400,000 , although the true amount was speculated to be far higher . The day before the election it was revealed that the Liberals had privately indicated to farming stakeholders they might relax the states gun laws . The move was criticised by some opponents .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Ultimately , the Liberals suffered a swing of two seats , leaving them at 13 seats , just enough for a majority . It was only the second time in 87 years that the non-Labor forces in Tasmania had been reelected with an outright majority .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Hodgman personally received 27,184 first preference votes , which is the highest number ever in a Tasmanian state election . Hodgman is one of the few Australian state politicians to have never spent a day on the backbench . He has spent his entire tenure in the House of Assembly in a leadership position as deputy opposition leader ( 2002–2006 ) , opposition leader ( 2006–2014 ) and premier ( 2014–present ) .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "On 14 January 2020 , Hodgman announced his resignation as premier , and confirmed he would also resign from state parliament . In his resignation speech , he cited the toll on his family ; his 17 years in the legislature had been concurrent with the entire lives of his three children . On 20 January , Treasurer Peter Gutwein was elected unopposed as Liberal leader , and was sworn in as premier later that day .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Prior to his resignation there was speculation that Hodgman would stay on as premier to surpass Robin Gray as the states longest serving Liberal Premier .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " On 15 April 2020 , Hodgman was announced as the inaugural chair of the new Australian Business Growth Fund . In November 2020 , Hodgman was appointed the next Australian High Commissioner to Singapore . He officially took up the position on 9 February 2021 when he presented his credentials to the President of Singapore Halimah Yacob .",
"title": "Career after politics"
},
{
"text": " - Will Hodgmans maiden speech to parliament",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Glen_Browder#P69#0
|
Where was Glen Browder educated in Dec 1960?
|
Glen Browder John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 . Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office . Political career . Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards . Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 . During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of 1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state . He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget . He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome . Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals . He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions . After Congress . Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy . He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ; The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 . External links . - The Future of American Democracy
|
[
"Edmunds High School"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": "He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ;",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of American Democracy",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Glen_Browder#P69#1
|
Where was Glen Browder educated between Dec 1965 and May 1968?
|
Glen Browder John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 . Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office . Political career . Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards . Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 . During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of 1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state . He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget . He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome . Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals . He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions . After Congress . Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy . He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ; The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 . External links . - The Future of American Democracy
|
[
"Emory University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": "He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ;",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of American Democracy",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Glen_Browder#P69#2
|
Where was Glen Browder educated between May 1958 and Jul 1958?
|
Glen Browder John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 . Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office . Political career . Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards . Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 . During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of 1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state . He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget . He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome . Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals . He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions . After Congress . Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy . He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ; The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 . External links . - The Future of American Democracy
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Glen Browder ( born January 15 , 1943 ) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabamas 3rd congressional district . Browder was born in Sumter , South Carolina and graduated in 1961 from Edmunds High School in Sumter . He attended Presbyterian College in Clinton , South Carolina , having received a Bachelor of Arts in history in 1965 . He went on to obtain a Master of Arts and Ph.D . in political science from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , in 1971 .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Before earning his graduate degrees , Browder served a brief stint in 1966 as a sportswriter for the Atlanta Journal . He worked from 1966 to 1968 as an investigator with the United States Civil Service Commission . After his time at Emory , he became a professor of political science at Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville , Alabama . He served on the faculty from 1971 to 1987 . From 1978 to 1987 , he was the president of Data Associates in Anniston , Alabama , primarily conducting polls and managing campaigns for candidates for public office .",
"title": "Glen Browder"
},
{
"text": "Browders political career began in the Alabama statehouse , where he served in the Alabama House of Representatives , 1983-86 . Upon taking office in January 1983 , Browder was appointed to the House Judiciary Committee and the Constitution and Elections Committee . At the end of Browders first year , Gov . George Wallace appointed him to the Ways and Means Committee . Browder and Wallace worked closely on improving education in Alabama . Following passage of Browders Education Reform Act in 1984 , which provided for the formation of the Governors Education Reform Commission , Wallace appointed Browder",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "vice chairman of the commission to formulate and implement a series of measures to bring the quality of education in the state up to national standards .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browders major accomplishments in the legislature were passing the Browder Education Reform Act of 1984 , the Alabama Crime Victims Compensation Act of 1985 , and the Alabama Performance-Based Career Incentive Program ( Teacher Career Ladder ) Act of 1985 . His colleagues included him among their Outstanding Legislator ranks in 1985 and 1986 , and he received special commendations from crime victims , social workers , and school financial aid administrators . After one term in the state legislature , Browder was elected to the office of Alabama Secretary of State , serving from 1987 to 1989 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During Browders tenure , the Secretary of States office digitized the state’s record-keeping system , established a training system for poll workers , monitored the handling of absentee ballots , purged voter rolls of ineligible — mainly deceased — voters , and registered hundreds of new voters through public outreach . Browder established and chaired the statewide Alabama Elections Reform Commission to recommend and popularize changes to outdated laws governing the states elections . His main accomplishment as Secretary of State was the passage of his Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1988 , which replaced the Corrupt Practices Act of",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "1915 and remains the basis of campaign finance reporting law in the state .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred First Congress , by special election , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William F . Nichols , and re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses ( April 4 , 1989 – January 3 , 1997 ) . In the House , Browder served on the House Armed Services Committee and the House Budget Committee . He focused on military readiness and balancing the federal budget .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He successfully defended Fort McClellan , an Army training base in his district , from three efforts to close it in the early 1990s . ( The Army eventually won authorization to close the base in 1995. ) In 1992-93 , he chaired a two-year special House inquiry , Countering the Chemical and Biological Threat in the Post-Soviet World . He advocated for benefits for veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm and study of a set of symptoms that would come to be known as Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Browder , a moderate Democrat , was a founding member of the Blue Dog Coalition in late 1994 . As chairman of the Blue Dogs Budget Committee and a member of the House Budget Committee , Browder introduced ideas that would eventually form the basis of bipartisan agreement in the contentious 1996 federal budget . Browder authored the Blue Dogs budget proposals to use savings from spending cuts to pay down the federal deficit and make tax cuts dependent on meeting deficit-reduction goals .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He did not seek re-election to the House of Representatives in 1996 , and his seat went to the Republican Bob Riley . Browder was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate election in Alabama , 1996 , losing in the Democratic Primary to Alabama State Senator Roger Bedford , Jr. , who also proceeded to lose to Alabama Attorney General ( and future U.S . Attorney General ) Jeff Sessions .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Following his time in the House of Representatives , Browder accepted two academic positions , the first as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School ( 1997–present ) , with primary responsibility in the area of Congress and the Pentagon . He later returned to Jacksonville State University in Alabama as Eminent Scholar in American Democracy . He retired from JSU in 2005 as Emeritus Professor of American Democracy .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": "He has published three books , The Future of American Democracy : A Former Congressmans Unconventional Analysis , University Press of America , 2002 ;",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " The Souths New Racial Politics : Inside the Race Game of Southern History , NewSouth Books , 2009 ; and Stealth Reconstruction : An Untold Story of Racial Politics in Recent Southern History ( with Artemisia Stanberry ) , NewSouth Books , 2010 .",
"title": "After Congress"
},
{
"text": " - The Future of American Democracy",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for in Sep 1999?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Debolsillo"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for in Aug 2001?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Emecé Editores"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for in Apr 2005?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Granta en español",
"Emecé Editores"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#3
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for in Oct 2007?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Alfaguara"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#4
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for in May 2011?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Duomo Ediciones"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Valerie_Miles#P108#5
|
What was the name of the employer Valerie Miles work for after Mar 2014?
|
Valerie Miles Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona . Biography . Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País . Publishing . In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008 and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 , she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair . Granta . Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine . Publications . As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian . As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD . As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta . Bibliography . - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012 External links . - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10
|
[
"Galaxia Gutenberg"
] |
[
{
"text": "Valerie Miles ( New York , 1963 ) is a publisher , writer , translator and the co–founder of Granta en español . She is known for promoting Spanish and Latin American literature and their translation in the English speaking world , at the same time as bringing American and British authors to Spain and Latin America for the first time , working with main publishing houses on the sector . She is currently the co-director of Granta en español and The New York Review of Books in its Spanish translation . On 2012 she co-curated a Roberto Bolaño exhibit",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": "at the Center for Contemporary Culture in Barcelona . In addition , she is a professor in the post-graduate program for literary translation at the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona .",
"title": "Valerie Miles"
},
{
"text": " Born in New York , she grew up in Pennsylvania ; before moving to Spain in 1990 , where she began writing about British and American literature in La Vanguardia newspaper in 1994 . Since then , Miles has published articles , interviews and reviews , also on Spanish language literature for ABC , La Nación , Reforma and El País .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1999 , she started working as a publishing editor for Debolsillo , part of Random House Spain . On May 2001 she became publishing director at Emecé Editores ( Planeta ) , where she published or promoted translations to Spanish of writers like John Cheever , Richard Yates , Yasunari Kawabata , Silvina Ocampo , Edgardo Cozarinsky , Lydia Davis , Monica Ali and Eliot Weinberger , among others . On 2006 she moved to Alfaguara , where she published John Banville , Joyce Carol Oates , Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo , James Lasdun and Gary Shteyngart . Between 2008",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "and 2012 , she was named publishing director of Duomo Ediciones , an imprint of the Italian group Mauri Spagnol , where she published both the work of young Spanish-language authors such as Carlos Yushimito , Sebastià Jovani and Rodrigo Hasbún and the work of English-language writers in Spain and Latin America , such as David Mitchell , Azar Nafisi , Nicholson Baker , Aleksandar Hemon , Jayne Anne Phillips , John Gray and William Boyd . She also published co-editions Spanish translations of books from the New York Review of Books collection of contemporary classics . In 2013 ,",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": "she was voted one of the Most Influential Professionals in Publishing by the Buenos Aires Book Fair .",
"title": "Publishing"
},
{
"text": " Valerie Miles founded Granta en español in 2003 together with Aurelio Major . Project has been sponsored by Emecé , Alfaguara , Duomo and now by Galaxia Gutenberg in Barcelona , Spain . The magazine has published nineteen issues so far , including the highly acclaimed selection of The Best of Young Spanish-language Novelists , In April 2014 , it was announced that the publisher Galaxia Gutenberg would undertake the publications of the magazine .",
"title": "Granta"
},
{
"text": " As a writer In 2014 she published A Thousand Forests in One Acorn , an anthology for which 28 writer Spanish-language writers chose a selection of their own work as representative , with comments by the authors and discussion of their influences . Participants include Mario Vargas Llosa , Javier Marías , Juan Goytisolo , Ana María Matute and Carlos Fuentes . Book was later translated to Romanian .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "As a journalist , she has written articles and book reviews for The New York Times , The Paris Review , Harper´s , Granta , La Vanguardia , La Nación and the cultural supplement , ABCD .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " As a translator , she has translated into English the work of authors such as Enrique Vila-Matas , Edmundo Paz Soldán , Lucía Puenzo and Fernando Aramburu for publishing houses such as New Directions and Granta .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A Thousand Forests in One Acorn ( Rochester : Open Letter , 2014 ; ) ; Spanish edition , Mil bosques en una bellota , Duomo , Barcelona , 2012",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - NPR Radio Talks to Valerie Miles about Granta 10",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P127#0
|
Who was the owner of Thamshavn Line in Feb 1929?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
"Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T )"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P127#1
|
Who was the owner of Thamshavn Line between Aug 1975 and Nov 1976?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
"Orkla Group"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P127#2
|
Who was the owner of Thamshavn Line between Sep 1987 and Nov 1987?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
"Orkla Industrial Museum"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser#P39#0
|
Which position did Malcolm Fraser hold before Dec 1960?
|
Malcolm Fraser John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party . Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio . After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor . After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy . Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke . Early life . Birth and family background . John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern . Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office . Childhood . Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943 , and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life . University . In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year , he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property . Early political career . Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate . At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory . Backbencher . Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians . Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials . Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it . In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities . This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser . McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden . Opposition ( 1972–1975 ) . After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide . Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal . Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 . Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) . At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties . Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis . Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order . Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital . Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games . Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government . Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s . Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments . At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government . In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened . By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden . As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader . On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ] two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls . At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat . Retirement . In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law . Memphis trousers affair . On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates . Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year . After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican . The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended . In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable . On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas . After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment . In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie . Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party . Later political activity . In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia . In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished . In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy . Death . Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery . Personal life . Marriage and children . On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won . Views on religion . Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know . Legacy . In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university . Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China . In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne . Published works . - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) . Honours . Orders - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) Foreign honours - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) Organisations - 2000 Australian Human Rights Commission , Human Rights Medal Appointments . Personal - 1976 Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council ( PC ) Fellowships - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS ) Academic degrees - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws
|
[
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[
{
"text": " John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": ", and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life .",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": ", he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property .",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": "Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "electorate .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "disproportionately high number of Victorians .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": ". Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ]",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "once prevailed has been gravely diminished .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won .",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": "said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know .",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) .",
"title": "Published works"
},
{
"text": " - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC )",
"title": "Orders"
},
{
"text": " - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
},
{
"text": " - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS )",
"title": "Fellowships"
},
{
"text": " - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws",
"title": "Academic degrees"
}
] |
/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser#P39#1
|
Which position did Malcolm Fraser hold in Oct 1970?
|
Malcolm Fraser John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party . Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio . After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor . After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy . Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke . Early life . Birth and family background . John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern . Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office . Childhood . Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943 , and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life . University . In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year , he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property . Early political career . Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate . At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory . Backbencher . Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians . Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials . Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it . In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities . This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser . McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden . Opposition ( 1972–1975 ) . After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide . Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal . Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 . Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) . At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties . Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis . Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order . Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital . Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games . Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government . Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s . Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments . At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government . In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened . By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden . As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader . On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ] two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls . At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat . Retirement . In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law . Memphis trousers affair . On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates . Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year . After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican . The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended . In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable . On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas . After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment . In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie . Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party . Later political activity . In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia . In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished . In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy . Death . Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery . Personal life . Marriage and children . On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won . Views on religion . Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know . Legacy . In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university . Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China . In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne . Published works . - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) . Honours . Orders - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) Foreign honours - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) Organisations - 2000 Australian Human Rights Commission , Human Rights Medal Appointments . Personal - 1976 Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council ( PC ) Fellowships - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS ) Academic degrees - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws
|
[
"Minister for the Army"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": ", and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life .",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": ", he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property .",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": "Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "electorate .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "disproportionately high number of Victorians .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": ". Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ]",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "once prevailed has been gravely diminished .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won .",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": "said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know .",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) .",
"title": "Published works"
},
{
"text": " - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC )",
"title": "Orders"
},
{
"text": " - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
},
{
"text": " - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS )",
"title": "Fellowships"
},
{
"text": " - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws",
"title": "Academic degrees"
}
] |
/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser#P39#2
|
Which position did Malcolm Fraser hold between Sep 1972 and Dec 1972?
|
Malcolm Fraser John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party . Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio . After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor . After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy . Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke . Early life . Birth and family background . John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern . Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office . Childhood . Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943 , and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life . University . In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year , he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property . Early political career . Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate . At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory . Backbencher . Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians . Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials . Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it . In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities . This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser . McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden . Opposition ( 1972–1975 ) . After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide . Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal . Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 . Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) . At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties . Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis . Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order . Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital . Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games . Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government . Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s . Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments . At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government . In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened . By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden . As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader . On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ] two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls . At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat . Retirement . In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law . Memphis trousers affair . On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates . Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year . After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican . The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended . In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable . On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas . After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment . In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie . Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party . Later political activity . In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia . In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished . In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy . Death . Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery . Personal life . Marriage and children . On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won . Views on religion . Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know . Legacy . In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university . Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China . In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne . Published works . - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) . Honours . Orders - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) Foreign honours - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) Organisations - 2000 Australian Human Rights Commission , Human Rights Medal Appointments . Personal - 1976 Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council ( PC ) Fellowships - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS ) Academic degrees - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": ", and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life .",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": ", he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property .",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": "Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "electorate .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "disproportionately high number of Victorians .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": ". Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ]",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "once prevailed has been gravely diminished .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won .",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": "said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know .",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) .",
"title": "Published works"
},
{
"text": " - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC )",
"title": "Orders"
},
{
"text": " - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
},
{
"text": " - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS )",
"title": "Fellowships"
},
{
"text": " - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws",
"title": "Academic degrees"
}
] |
/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser#P39#3
|
Which position did Malcolm Fraser hold between Jun 1978 and Oct 1981?
|
Malcolm Fraser John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party . Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio . After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor . After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy . Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke . Early life . Birth and family background . John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern . Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office . Childhood . Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943 , and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life . University . In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year , he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property . Early political career . Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate . At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory . Backbencher . Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians . Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials . Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it . In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities . This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser . McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden . Opposition ( 1972–1975 ) . After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide . Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal . Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 . Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) . At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties . Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis . Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order . Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital . Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games . Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government . Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s . Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments . At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government . In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened . By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden . As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader . On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ] two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls . At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat . Retirement . In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law . Memphis trousers affair . On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates . Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year . After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican . The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended . In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable . On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas . After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment . In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie . Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party . Later political activity . In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia . In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished . In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy . Death . Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery . Personal life . Marriage and children . On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won . Views on religion . Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know . Legacy . In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university . Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China . In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne . Published works . - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) . Honours . Orders - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) Foreign honours - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) Organisations - 2000 Australian Human Rights Commission , Human Rights Medal Appointments . Personal - 1976 Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council ( PC ) Fellowships - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS ) Academic degrees - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws
|
[
"Australian prime ministers"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": ", and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life .",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": ", he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property .",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": "Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "electorate .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "disproportionately high number of Victorians .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": ". Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ]",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "once prevailed has been gravely diminished .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won .",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": "said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know .",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) .",
"title": "Published works"
},
{
"text": " - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC )",
"title": "Orders"
},
{
"text": " - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
},
{
"text": " - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS )",
"title": "Fellowships"
},
{
"text": " - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws",
"title": "Academic degrees"
}
] |
/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser#P39#4
|
Which position did Malcolm Fraser hold in Mar 1983?
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Malcolm Fraser John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party . Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio . After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor . After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy . Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke . Early life . Birth and family background . John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern . Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office . Childhood . Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943 , and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life . University . In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year , he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property . Early political career . Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate . At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory . Backbencher . Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians . Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials . Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it . In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities . This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser . McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden . Opposition ( 1972–1975 ) . After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide . Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal . Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 . Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) . At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties . Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis . Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order . Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital . Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games . Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government . Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s . Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments . At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government . In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened . By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden . As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader . On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ] two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls . At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat . Retirement . In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law . Memphis trousers affair . On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates . Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year . After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican . The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended . In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable . On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas . After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment . In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie . Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party . Later political activity . In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia . In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished . In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy . Death . Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery . Personal life . Marriage and children . On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won . Views on religion . Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know . Legacy . In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university . Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China . In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne . Published works . - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) . Honours . Orders - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC ) Foreign honours - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) Organisations - 2000 Australian Human Rights Commission , Human Rights Medal Appointments . Personal - 1976 Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council ( PC ) Fellowships - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS ) Academic degrees - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws
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{
"text": " John Malcolm Fraser ( ; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015 ) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia , in office from 1975 to 1983 as leader of the Liberal Party .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser was raised on his fathers sheep stations , and after studying at Magdalen College , Oxford , returned to Australia to take over the family property in the Western District of Victoria . After an initial defeat in 1954 , he was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1955 federal election , standing in the Division of Wannon . He was 25 at the time , making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament . When Harold Holt became prime minister in 1966 , Fraser was appointed Minister for the Army . After Holts",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "disappearance and replacement by John Gorton , Fraser became Minister for Education and Science ( 1968–1969 ) and then Minister for Defence ( 1969–1971 ) . In 1971 , Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as unfit to hold the great office of prime minister ; this precipitated the replacement of Gorton with William McMahon . He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition was defeated at the 1972 election , Fraser unsuccessfully stood for the Liberal leadership , losing to Billy Snedden . When the party lost the 1974 election , he began to move against Snedden , eventually mounting a successful challenge in March 1975 . As Leader of the Opposition , Fraser used the Coalitions control of the Senate to block supply to the Whitlam Government , precipitating a constitutional crisis . This culminated with Gough Whitlam being dismissed as prime minister by Governor-General Sir John Kerr , a unique occurrence in Australian history . The correctness of",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Frasers actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerrs decision have since been a topic of debate . Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "After Whitlams dismissal , Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial caretaker basis . The Coalition won a landslide victory at the 1975 election , and was re-elected in 1977 and 1980 . Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister , and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors . He was a strong supporter of multiculturalism , and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants ( including Vietnamese boat people ) for the first time . His government also established the Special",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) . Particularly in his final years in office , Fraser came into conflict with the economic rationalist faction of his party . His government made few major changes to economic policy .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "Fraser and the Coalition lost power at the 1983 election , and he left politics a short time later . To date , he is the last Prime Minister from a country seat . In retirement , he held advisory positions with the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations , and was president of the aid agency CARE from 1990 to 1995 . He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 , having been a critic of its policy direction for a number of years . Evaluations of Frasers prime ministership have been mixed . He is generally",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders , but some have seen his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform . Only three Australian prime ministers have served longer terms in office – Robert Menzies , John Howard and Bob Hawke .",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"text": "John Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak , Melbourne , Victoria , on 21 May 1930 . He was the second of two children born to Una Arnold ( née Woolf ) and John Neville Fraser ; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928 . Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names . His paternal grandfather , Sir Simon Fraser , was born in Nova Scotia , Canada , and arrived in Australia in 1853 . He made his fortune as a railway contractor , and later acquired significant pastoral holdings , becoming",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "a member of the squattocracy . Frasers maternal grandfather , Louis Woolf , was born in Dunedin , New Zealand , and arrived in Australia as a child . He was of Jewish origin , a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult . A chartered accountant by trade , he married Amy Booth , who was related to the wealthy Hordern family of Sydney and was a first cousin of Sir Samuel Hordern .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family . His father served on the Wakool Shire Council , including as president for two years , and was an admirer of Billy Hughes and a friend of Richard Casey . Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial Parliament of Victoria , and represented Victoria at several of the constitutional conventions of the 1890s . He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new federal Senate , serving from 1901 to 1913 as a member of the early conservative parties . Louis Woolf also ran",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "for the Senate in 1901 , standing as a Free Trader in Western Australia . He polled only 400 votes across the whole state , and was never again a candidate for public office .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spent most of his early life at Balpool-Nyang , a sheep station of on the Edward River near Moulamein , New South Wales . His father had a law degree from Magdalen College , Oxford , but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier . Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old , which nearly proved fatal . He was home-schooled until the age of ten , when he was sent to board at Tudor House School in the Southern Highlands . He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": ", and then completed his secondary education at Melbourne Grammar School from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House . While at Melbourne Grammar , he lived in a flat that his parents owned on Collins Street . In 1943 , Frasers father sold Balpool-Nyang – which had been prone to drought – and bought Nareen , in the Western District of Victoria . He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home , and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life .",
"title": "Childhood"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 , Fraser moved to England to study at Magdalen College , Oxford , which his father had also attended . He read Philosophy , Politics and Economics ( PPE ) , graduating in 1952 with third-class honours . Although Fraser did not excel academically , he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening , where he learned how to think . His college tutor was Harry Weldon , who was a strong influence . His circle of friends at Oxford included Raymond Bonham Carter , Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson , and John Turner . In his second year",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": ", he had a relationship with Anne Reid , who as Anne Fairbairn later became a prominent poet . After graduating , Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the British Army , but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property .",
"title": "University"
},
{
"text": "Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952 . He began attending meetings of the Young Liberals in Hamilton , and became acquainted with many of the local party officials . In November 1953 , aged 23 , Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal preselection for the Division of Wannon , which covered most of Victorias Western District . The previous Liberal member , Dan Mackinnon , had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate . He was expected to be succeeded by Magnus Cormack , who had recently lost his place in the Senate . Fraser had put his name",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies , but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory . In January 1954 , he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 3HA Hamilton and 3YB Warrnambool , titled One Australia . His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics , and was often reprinted in newspapers . It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983 , and helped him build a substantial personal following in his",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "electorate .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " At the 1954 election , Fraser lost to the sitting Labor member Don McLeod by just 17 votes ( out of over 37,000 cast ) . However , he reprised his candidacy at the early 1955 election after a redistribution made Wannon notionally Liberal . McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired . These factors , combined with the 1955 Labor Party split , allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years , and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II . He was re-elected at the 1958 election despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis . Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet , but despite good relations with Robert Menzies never served in any of his ministries . This was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that the ministry already contained a",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "disproportionately high number of Victorians .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament , but took a particular interest in foreign affairs . In 1964 , he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the United States Department of State , allowing them to spend two months in Washington , D.C. , getting to know American political and military leaders . The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation , and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in Saigon . Early in 1965 , he also made a private seven-day visit to",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Jakarta , and with assistance from Ambassador Mick Shann secured meetings with various high-ranking officials .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall . After more than a decade on the backbench , Fraser was appointed to the Cabinet by the prime minister , Harold Holt , in 1966 . As Minister for the Army he presided over the controversial Vietnam War conscription program . Under the new prime minister , John Gorton , he became Minister for Education and Science and in 1969 was promoted to Minister for Defence , a particularly challenging post at the time , given the height of Australias involvement in the Vietnam War and the protests against it .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gortons interference in ( his ) ministerial responsibilities .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by William McMahon . Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall ; to the day Gorton died in 2002 , he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "McMahon immediately reappointed Fraser to the Cabinet , returning him to his old position of Minister for Education and Science . When the Liberals were defeated at the 1972 election by the Labor Party under Gough Whitlam , McMahon resigned and Fraser became Shadow Minister for Labour under Billy Snedden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "After the Coalition lost the 1972 election , Fraser was one of five candidates for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon . He outpolled John Gorton and James Killen , but was eliminated on the third ballot . Billy Snedden eventually defeated Nigel Bowen by a single vote on the fifth ballot . In the new shadow cabinet – which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry . This was widely seen as a snub , as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government . In an August 1973 reshuffle , Snedden instead made him the Liberals spokesman for industrial relations . He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs ( in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen ) , but that role was given to Andrew Peacock . Fraser oversaw the development of the partys new industrial relations policy , which was released in April 1974 . It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government , and",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "was received well by the media . According to Frasers biographer Philip Ayres , by putting a new policy in place , he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Leader of the Opposition . After the Liberals lost the 1974 election , Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November . Despite surviving the challenge , Sneddens position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament . Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975 , this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition . Role in the Dismissal .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the Whitlam Government later that year , Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the governments budget bills , with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win . After several months of political deadlock , during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining supply funding outside the Parliament , the Governor-General , Sir John Kerr , controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975 .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was immediately sworn in as caretaker prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate double dissolution election . On 19 November 1975 , shortly after the election had been called , a letter bomb was sent to Fraser , but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him . Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the Premier of Queensland , Joh Bjelke-Petersen . Prime Minister ( 1975–1983 ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "At the 1975 election , Fraser led the Liberal-Country Party Coalition to a landslide victory . The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority , which remains to date the largest in Australian history . Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in 1977 , with only a very small decrease in their vote . The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections , something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved . Although Fraser thus had no need for the support",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of the ( National ) Country Party to govern , he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam Government , such as the Ministry of the Media , and made major changes to the universal health insurance system Medibank . He initially maintained Whitlams levels of tax and spending , but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase . He did manage to rein in inflation , which had soared under Whitlam . His so-called Razor Gang implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector , including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser practised Keynesian economics during his time as Prime Minister , in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as Prime Minister . He was the Liberal Partys last Keynesian Prime Minister . Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Partys right wing , he did not carry out the radically conservative program that his political enemies had predicted , and that some of his followers wanted . Frasers relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the Treasurer , John Howard , as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of economic liberalism , and therefore detractors",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "of Keynesian economics . The governments economic record was marred by rising double-digit unemployment and double-digit inflation , creating stagflation , caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1973 oil crisis .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister . He supported the Commonwealth in campaigning to abolish apartheid in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the Springbok rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial 1981 tour of New Zealand . However , an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in Rhodesia . During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference , Fraser , together with his Nigerian counterpart , convinced the newly elected British prime minister , Margaret Thatcher , to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government ; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it . Subsequently , the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election . Duncan Campbell , a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was the principal",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "architect in the ending of white minority rule . The President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere , said that he considered Frasers role crucial in many parts and the President of Zambia , Kenneth Kaunda , called his contribution vital .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " Under Fraser , Australia recognised Indonesias annexation of East Timor , although many East Timorese refugees were granted asylum in Australia . Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . However , although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete , Fraser did not try to prevent the Australian Olympic Committee sending a team to the Moscow Games .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy ; according to 1977 Cabinet documents , the Fraser Government adopted a formal policy for a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement . Frasers aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to enter Australia . He was a firm supporter of multiculturalism and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network , the Special Broadcasting Service ( SBS ) , building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Despite Frasers support for SBS , his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster , the ABC , which came under repeated attack from the Coalition for alleged left-wing bias and unfair coverage on their TV programs , including This Day Tonight and Four Corners , and on the ABCs new youth-oriented radio station Double Jay . One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network , of which Double Jay was the first station . The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": ". Fraser also legislated to give Indigenous Australians control of their traditional lands in the Northern Territory , but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the 1980 election , Fraser saw his majority more than halved , from 48 seats to 21 . The Coalition also lost control of the Senate . Despite this , Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader Bill Hayden in opinion polls . However , the economy was hit by the early 1980s recession , and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the Government .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In April 1981 , the Minister for Industrial Relations , Andrew Peacock , resigned from the Cabinet , accusing Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio . Fraser , however , had accused former prime minister John Gorton of the same thing a decade earlier . Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership ; although Fraser defeated Peacock , these events left him politically weakened .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "By early 1982 , the popular former ACTU President , Bob Hawke , who had entered Parliament in 1980 , was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader , Bill Hayden , on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister . Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982 , preventing the Labor Party changing leaders . These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury . Shortly after recovering from his injury , the",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "Liberal Party narrowly won a by-election in the marginal seat of Flinders in December 1982 . The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January , Fraser subsequently resolved to call a double dissolution election at the earliest opportunity , hoping to capitalise on Labors disunity . He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough , Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "On 3 February 1983 , Fraser arranged to visit the Governor-General of Australia , Ninian Stephen , intending to ask for a surprise election . However , Fraser made his run too late . Without any knowledge of Frasers plans , Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to Government House . This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election . Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to knock [ ing ]",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "two Labor Leaders off in one go at the forthcoming election , Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": " At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated , suffering a 24-seat swing , the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation . Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983 ; he retired from Parliament two months later . To date , he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat .",
"title": "Backbencher"
},
{
"text": "In retirement Fraser served as Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985 , as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 ( appointed by Prime Minister Hawke ) , and as Chairman of the UN Secretary-Generals Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90 . He was a distinguished international fellow at the American Enterprise Institute from 1984 to 1986 . Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group CARE organisation in Australia and became the agencys international president in 1991 , and",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "worked with a number of other charitable organisations . In 2006 , he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law , and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial lecture , Finding Security in Terrorisms Shadow : The importance of the rule of law .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "On 14 October 1986 , Fraser , then the Chairman of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group , was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn , a seedy Memphis hotel , wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were . The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers . Though it was rumoured at the time that the former Prime Minister had been with a prostitute , his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " Estrangement from the Liberal Party . In 1993 , Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid , which was raised due to him having been critical of then Liberal leader John Hewson for losing the election earlier that year .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After 1996 , Fraser was critical of the Howard Coalition government over foreign policy issues , particularly John Howards alignment with the foreign policy of the Bush administration , which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia . He opposed Howards policy on asylum-seekers , campaigned in support of an Australian Republic and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics , together with former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam , finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor Bob Hawke , another republican .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " The 2001 election continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party . Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as a decade of lost opportunity on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues . In early 2004 , a Young Liberal convention in Hobart called for Frasers life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees , terrorism and civil liberties , and that if Australia continues to follow United States policies , it runs the risk of being embroiled in the conflict in Iraq for decades , and a fear of Islam in the Australian community will take years to eradicate . Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the David Hicks , Cornelia Rau and Vivian Solon cases was questionable .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " On 20 July 2007 , Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group GetUp! , encouraging members to support GetUps campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy . Fraser stated : One of the things we should say to the Americans , quite simply , is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions , our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2007 federal election , Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor , following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding Vietnamese refugees , and said : We dont want too many of these people . Were doing this just for show , arent we ? The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers . Howard , through a spokesman , denied having made the comment .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and the importance of the rule of law , which Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella condemned in January 2008 , claiming errors and either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty , and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism , that he should have no influence on foreign policy , and claimed his stance on the war on terror had left him open to caricature as a frothing-at-the-mouth leftie .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": "Shortly after Tony Abbott won the 2009 Liberal Party leadership spill , Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership , stating the party was no longer a liberal party but a conservative party .",
"title": "Memphis trousers affair"
},
{
"text": " In December 2011 , Fraser was highly critical of the Australian governments decision ( also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition ) to permit the export of uranium to India , relaxing the Fraser governments policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . In 2012 , Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "In late 2012 , Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal Jurisprudence where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World . It is a sobering thought that in recent times , freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle , in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away . In Australia alone we have laws that allow the secret detention of the innocent . We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies . In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": "once prevailed has been gravely diminished .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " In July 2013 , Fraser endorsed Australian Greens Senator Sarah Hanson-Young for re-election in a television advertisement , stating she had been a reasonable and fair-minded voice . Frasers books include Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( with Margaret Simons – The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) and Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) , which warns of strategic dependence on the United States . In the book and in talks promoting it , he criticised the concept of American exceptionalism and US foreign policy .",
"title": "Later political activity"
},
{
"text": " Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84 , after a brief illness . An obituary noted that there had been greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution as his retirement years progressed . Frasers death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam . Fraser was given a state funeral at Scots Church in Melbourne on 27 March 2015 . His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of Melbourne General Cemetery .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": "On 9 December 1956 , Fraser married Tamara Tamie Beggs , who was almost six years his junior . They had met at a New Years Eve party , and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views . The couple had four children together : Mark ( b . 1958 ) , Angela ( b . 1959 ) , Hugh ( b . 1963 ) , and Phoebe ( b . 1966 ) . Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning , and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature . She advised him",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "on most of the important decisions in his career , and in retirement he observed that if she had been prime minister in 1983 , we would have won .",
"title": "Marriage and children"
},
{
"text": "Fraser attended Anglican schools , although his parents were Presbyterian . In university he was inclined towards atheism , once writing that the idea that God exists is a nonsense . However , his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism . During his political career , he occasionally self-described as Christian , such as in a 1975 interview with The Catholic Weekly . Margaret Simons , the co-author of Frasers memoirs , thought that he was not religious , and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing . In a 2010 interview with her , he",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": "said : I would probably like to be less logical and , you know , really able to believe there is a god , whether it is Allah , or the Christian god , or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy .. . you can never know .",
"title": "Views on religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2004 , Fraser designated the University of Melbourne the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Upon his death , Frasers 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent Bob Hawke fondly described him as a very significant figure in the history of Australian politics who , in his post-Prime Ministerial years , became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects , praised him for being extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from Indochina and concluded that Fraser had moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight . Andrew Peacock , who had challenged Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him , said that he had",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the Fraser Government.. . I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister , and lamented that despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral Division of Fraser in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Malcolm Fraser : The Political Memoirs ( Melbourne : The Miegunyah Press , 2010 ) . - Dangerous Allies ( Melbourne : Melbourne University Press , 2014 ) .",
"title": "Published works"
},
{
"text": " - 1977 Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) - 1988 Companion of the Order of Australia ( AC )",
"title": "Orders"
},
{
"text": " - 1999 Order of the Three Stars , 3rd Class ( Commander ) - 2006 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan - 2009 Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu ( GCL )",
"title": "Foreign honours"
},
{
"text": " - Professorial Fellow , Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne - Vice-President and Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society ( RCS )",
"title": "Fellowships"
},
{
"text": " - University of South Carolina , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Deakin University , Honorary Doctor of the University - University of Technology , Sydney , Honorary Doctor of Laws - University of New South Wales , Honorary Doctor of Laws - Murdoch University , Honorary Doctor of Laws",
"title": "Academic degrees"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Scholl-Latour#P108#0
|
What was the name of the employer Peter Scholl-Latour work for before Mar 1954?
|
Peter Scholl-Latour Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author . Biography . Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace . Youth and Education . Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 . In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in the First Indochina War . After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia . In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR . From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 . In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows . In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman . Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years . He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself . Rewards and Honors . - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005 - Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 ) - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) . Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [ Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk [ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff [ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Trivia . - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .
|
[
"Saarland"
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author .",
"title": "Peter Scholl-Latour"
},
{
"text": " Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "the First Indochina War .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "- Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 )",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) .",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Scholl-Latour#P108#1
|
What was the name of the employer Peter Scholl-Latour work for between Oct 1966 and May 1968?
|
Peter Scholl-Latour Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author . Biography . Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace . Youth and Education . Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 . In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in the First Indochina War . After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia . In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR . From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 . In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows . In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman . Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years . He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself . Rewards and Honors . - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005 - Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 ) - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) . Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [ Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk [ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff [ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Trivia . - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author .",
"title": "Peter Scholl-Latour"
},
{
"text": " Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "the First Indochina War .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "- Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 )",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) .",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Peter_Scholl-Latour#P108#2
|
What was the name of the employer Peter Scholl-Latour work for in Jan 1970?
|
Peter Scholl-Latour Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author . Biography . Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace . Youth and Education . Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 . In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in the First Indochina War . After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia . In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR . From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 . In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows . In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman . Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years . He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself . Rewards and Honors . - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005 - Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 ) - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) . Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [ Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk [ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff [ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008 Trivia . - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .
|
[
"WDR"
] |
[
{
"text": " Peter Roman Scholl-Latour ( 9 March 1924 – 16 August 2014 ) was a German journalist and author .",
"title": "Peter Scholl-Latour"
},
{
"text": " Peter Scholl-Latour , who was born in the Province of Westphalia and grew up in Lorraine , was the son of dermatologist Otto Scholl-Latour ( 1888–1960 ) and Mathilde Zerline Nußbaum ( 1896–1991 ; sister of the medical doctor Robert Nußbaum , who was killed in KZ Sachsenhausen ) from the Alsace .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Having a Jewish mother and thus suspicious of the national socialists ( under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered to be a Mischling , a crossbreed of first degree ) , his parents baptized him as a Catholic and sent him to the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg . When his parents were forbidden to keep transferring money to Switzerland he had to quit the Collège and return to Germany in 1940 . He finished High School at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in Kassel in 1943 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In his book Living with France , he gives account of how , after France was liberated from German occupation in 1944 , he chose to sign up with the French army . Since he failed to reach French controlled territory at Metz , he decided to join Titos Partisan army , but was arrested in the region of Steiermark in Austria and subsequently put in a Gestapo prison . After he was freed , Scholl-Latour was a member of the Commando Parachutiste Ponchardier from 1945 to 1946 , a unit of French paratroopers , with whom he fought in",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "the First Indochina War .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " After taking a masters degree at Institut détudes politiques de Paris and subsequently completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne , he gained another masters in Arab and Islamic studies at Lebanese University of Beirut . Work as a Journalist . In 1948 he enrolled as a voluntary trainee with the Saarbrücker Zeitung and traveled to America , Africa , the Middle East and large parts of Southeast and East Asia .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In the years 1954 and 1955 he was the speaker of the government of the state of Saarland under its governor Johannes Hoffmann . In 1956 he definitely opted for journalism and traveled to Africa and Southeast Asia . From 1960 to 1963 he was permanent correspondent for Africa with the ARD . From 1963 to 1983 he was head of the Paris bureau of both the ARD and the ZDF . From 1969 to 1971 he was executive director and programming director of the WDR .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " From Paris he regularly traveled the world , as special correspondent to Vietnam , where he and his camera team were taken prisoner by the Vietcong in 1973 . During that week of imprisonment he was allowed to film a documentary about his experience , which would be called 8 Days with the Viet Cong . Further trips included again Vietnam in 1976 , Canada in 1978 , Cambodia in 1980 as well as Afghanistan and China in 1981 .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "In 1983 Scholl-Latour became Editor in Chief of the magazine Stern and member of the board of Gruner + Jahr . As of 1984 he was a member of the board of advisors of the UFA Film- und Fernsehen GmbH . From 1988 Scholl-Latour worked as a free author publishing a great number of books , producing reports and appearing as speaker or Expert on various TV and Radio shows .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " In 1978 Scholl-Latour had contact with Ayatollah Khomeini , who was in exile in Paris at that time . He was one of the few privileged journalists who were allowed to travel with the revolutionary leader on the plane upon Khomeinis return to Iran . In 1985 Scholl-Latour became a member of the German-Arabian Association ; since 2007 its chairman .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": "Despite his old age , he continued writing and traveling the world . In 2008 he visited East-Timor , the only country on the planet he hadnt visited before . In the years after 9/11 he published at least one book annually , all of them bestsellers . According to Scholl-Latour , he was the best selling non-fiction author in Germany for the last 25 years .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " He was critical of immigration into Europe , saying He who half-absorbs Calcutta does not save Calcutta , but becomes Calcutta himself .",
"title": "Youth and Education"
},
{
"text": " - Goldene Kamera ( 1969 ) - Aristide-Briand-Preis ( 1971 ) - Bambi Award ( 1974 ) - Grimme Award ( 1977 ) - Elsie-Kühn-Leitz-Preis ( 1989 ) - Bavarian TV Award ( 1991 ) - Telestar ( 1991 ) - Straßburger Goldmedaille für deutsch-französische Annäherung - Sonderpreis Deutsch-Französischer Kulturrat ( 1992 ) - Hildegard-von-Bingen-Preis für Publizistik ( 1999 ) - Honorary professor ( Ruhr University Bochum , 1999 ) - Ehrenpreis des Deutschen Fernsehpreises ( 2001 ) - Hermann-Sinsheimer-Preis ( 2007 ) - Nannen Prize ( 2005 ) - Member of the Legion of Honor since 2005",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "- Karl-Carstens Prize ( 2006 )",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany , First Class ( 2006 ) - Steiger Award ( 2007 ) - Honorary Professor ( University of Duisburg-Essen , 2009 ) Publications ( Excerpt ) .",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Among his most successful books are the best-sellers Der Tod im Reisfeld [ Death in the Rice-fields ] ( 1980 ) , Allah ist mit den Standhaften [ Allah is with the Steadfast ] ( 1983 ) , Mord am grossen Fluss [ Murder at the Great River ] ( 1986 ) , Mit Frankreich leben [ Living with France ] ( 1988 ) , Der Wahn vom Himmlischen Frieden [ The Delusion of Heavenly Peace ] ( 1990 ) , Das Schwert des Islam [ The Sword of Islam ] ( 1990 ) , Den Gottlosen die Hölle [",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "Hell to the Godless ] ( 1991 ) , Unter Kreuz und Knute [ Under cross and knout ] ( 1992 ) , Eine Welt in Auflösung [ A world in dissolution ] ( 1993 ) , Im Fadenkreuz der Mächte [ In the crosshairs of the Powers ] ( 1994 ) , Schlaglichter der Weltpolitik [ Highlights of International Politics ] ( 1995 ) , Das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft [ The Battlefield of the Future ] ( 1996 ) , Lügen im Heiligen Land [ Lies in the Holy Land ] ( 1998 ) , Allahs Schatten über Atatürk",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Allahs Shadow Over Atatürk ] ( 1999 ) . His 2001 book , Afrikanische Totenklage [ African Dirge ] , was on the Spiegel bestseller list from 2001 to 2004 . His 2002 book Kampf dem Terror - Kampf dem Islam ? Chronik eines unbegrenzten Krieges [ Fight against Terror - fight against the Islam ? Chronicle of a Never Ending War ] , is a sovereign and poignant in-depth account of the bizar lines via which both exotic history and Western politics move , according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . His last book was Russland im Zangengriff",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": "[ Russia Surrounded ] ( 2007 ) , Der Weg in den neuen Kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " Documentaries and Interviews ( Excerpt ) . In 2006 he broadcast the TV documentary Russia Surrounded : Putins Empire faces NATO , China and Islam Junge Freiheit , Schleichende Islamisierung Peter Scholl-Latour über die Geiselnahme von Jolo , den Bürgerkrieg auf den Philippinen und die drohende Islamisierung Interview with FOCUS magazine printed in : Der Weg in den neuen kalten Krieg [ The road to the new cold war ] , 2008",
"title": "Rewards and Honors"
},
{
"text": " - Peter Scholl-Latour ranks at No . 147 on the Unsere Besten list of all-time greatest Germans .",
"title": "Trivia"
}
] |
/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn#P69#0
|
Where was Philip A. Kuhn educated in late 1940s?
|
Philip A . Kuhn Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University . Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation . Personal life . Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College . In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California . 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith . Academic career . Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship . In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies . Impact and evaluations . A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government . This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ? When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.” The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century . Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power . Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue . The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise . Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies . Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean , Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge . Selected works . In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 ) - Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank ) - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis . - Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 . References . - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . . External links . Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium
|
[
"Woodrow Wilson High School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": "Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ?",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.”",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ". Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ", Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn#P69#1
|
Where was Philip A. Kuhn educated in Aug 1950?
|
Philip A . Kuhn Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University . Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation . Personal life . Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College . In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California . 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith . Academic career . Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship . In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies . Impact and evaluations . A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government . This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ? When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.” The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century . Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power . Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue . The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise . Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies . Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean , Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge . Selected works . In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 ) - Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank ) - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis . - Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 . References . - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . . External links . Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium
|
[
"Harvard College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": "Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ?",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.”",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ". Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ", Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn#P69#2
|
Where was Philip A. Kuhn educated between Jan 1958 and Oct 1958?
|
Philip A . Kuhn Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University . Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation . Personal life . Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College . In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California . 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith . Academic career . Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship . In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies . Impact and evaluations . A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government . This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ? When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.” The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century . Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power . Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue . The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise . Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies . Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean , Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge . Selected works . In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 ) - Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank ) - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis . - Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 . References . - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . . External links . Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium
|
[
"Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": "Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ?",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.”",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ". Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ", Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Philip_A._Kuhn#P69#3
|
Where was Philip A. Kuhn educated in Feb 1962?
|
Philip A . Kuhn Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University . Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation . Personal life . Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College . In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California . 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith . Academic career . Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship . In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies . Impact and evaluations . A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government . This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ? When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.” The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century . Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power . Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue . The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise . Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies . Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean , Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge . Selected works . In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 ) - Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank ) - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis . - Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 . References . - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . . External links . Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium
|
[
"Harvard University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Philip A . Kuhn ( September 9 , 1933 – February 11 , 2016 ) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": "Kuhn was praised by his colleagues . Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as one of the Wests premier China historians . Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahn added that “Every twenty years , like clockwork , Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read . What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation .",
"title": "Philip A . Kuhn"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn was born on September 9 , 1933 in London . He was the elder son of Ferdinand and Delia Kuhn , to whom he dedicated his first book . His father had been bureau chief of the London Office of the New York Times and later served at the Washington Post . His mother was a writer who served as information director of the Office of Community War Services during World War II . Kuhn attended Woodrow Wilson High School and then received his A.B . from Harvard College .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Kuhn studied Japanese and Japanese history at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London . He enlisted in the United States Army , serving from 1955 to 1958 . During this period , he studied Chinese and Chinese characters at the Defense Language Institute in California .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " 1958 , Kuhn received his M.A . from Georgetown University , and 1959 , Ph.D . in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University , where his dissertation advisor was John K . Fairbank . He married Sally Cheng ( ) in the 1960s and had one son , Anthony Kuhn , a journalist . That marriage dissolved in 1980 . He also had a daughter , Deborah W . Kuhn , with his second wife Mary L . Smith .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Kuhn taught at the University of Chicago from 1963 to 1978 where he attained the rank of Associate Professor in the Department of History . While at Chicago , Kuhn published in 1970 Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China : Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 as part of the Harvard East Asian monograph series , which led to his being granted tenure and a full professorship .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 Kuhn returned to Harvard , where he succeeded his mentor John King Fairbank . From 1980 to 1986 , Kuhn served as director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "A pioneer of social history in Chinese history , Kuhn helped re-evaluate the impact-response school of Western scholarship on China associated with his mentor , John Fairbank . Gong Yongmei , a researcher at the Center for China Studies Abroad at East China Normal University , observed that in his early work , Kuhn followed in the steps of his mentors , Fairbank and Benjamin I . Schwartz , but where they saw the modern history of China as a story of decline and stagnation , he stressed the new social and political forms that were created internally , not",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "imported from the west , and that progressed toward modernization . That is , he did not favor either the traditional Chinese framework of the dynastic cycle or the Cold War American framework of Western impact and Chinas response . Kuhns dissertation research started with local militarization that put power in the hands of local gentry at the expense of the central government .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "This doctoral research resulted in book-length chapters on the Taiping Rebellion in the Cambridge History of China , and his initial book , Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China ; Militarization and Social Structure , 1796-1864 , published by Harvard University Press in 1970 . In his influential analysis of American historians of China , Paul A . Cohen says that Rebellion and Its Enemies is a landmark study which begins to modify the line of interpretation which sees Chinas modernization as brought from outside China and outside Chinese tradition and that Kuhn instead addresses the nature of",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "change taking place before the coming of the West . His question is not response to Western imperialism but what was happening in eighteenth century China ?",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "When the Beijing archives of the Qing dynasty became open to American scholars , Kuhn was among the first to spend extended time exploring them . His second monograph , Soulstealers : The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 ( 1990 ) was centered on an incident of alleged shamanic witchcraft – “soul stealing” – that took place in the spring of 1768 . Reports reached the Qianlong Emperor that wandering sorcerers were stealing the souls of children , laborers , fishmongers , landlords , and the wives of grain transporters by cutting their queues or lapels , igniting panic in",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "the countryside . Outsiders who were suspected of this witchcraft were arrested and tortured , and some were lynched . When skeptical mid-level or provincial bureaucrats initially resisted this local response because they regarded local beliefs as superstitious , the emperor threatened them with punishment or even death if they didn’t find the alleged sorcerers and eradicate this menace to his imperial order . Kuhn uses detailed reports filed by officials at all levels to describe local society and bureaucratic tensions between local , mid-level and central bureaucrats in response to the emperors paranoid demands . Kuhn shows how the",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Qing bureaucracy worked in order to shed light on the theoretical question first posed by Max Weber on the nature of political power in China .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Stanford University historian Harold L . Kahns review in Journal of Asian Studies said that Kuhns mastery of ( and profound affection for ) archival documents-confessions , trial records , court letters , secret ( and not-so-secret ) memorials , above all the vermillion rescripts of the emperor- and his anthropological rummaging in law codes and ritual permit us to follow him into local ecologies of uncertainty in an age of affluence , into an understanding of the fragile , busy , often embattled inner life of the popular soul , into the insecurities of Manchu ethnic sensibility and imperial",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "loathing of the south and its soft blandishments.” Kuhn “constructs a social history of contagion at one level , an operational history of power at another , and then watches with benign irony as the subjects of both intersect at ever-ascending levels of victimization.”",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The books central theme is the relation between the power of the monarch and the restraining power of the bureaucracy . Pamela Kyle Crossley calls it “certainly one of the most thoughtful , and may well be one of the last , ruminations on the implications of Weberian concepts for studies of the Chinese state.” Kuhn sees the emperorship “locked in uneasy partnership with the bureaucracy,” resisting Webers characterization of Chinese monarchy as a “genuinely autocratic institution,” and argues that the monarchy was able to reposition itself against the bureaucracy until it permanently lost this advantage in the 19th century",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ". Kahn comments that the book shows autocratic power and bureaucratic complacency “fed on each other” and so “reinforced the sinews of the ancien regime,” a position that ran counter to Weber’s notion of mutual incompatibility in a zero-sum battle for power .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " Jonathan Spences review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies also praises Kuhn for drawing attention to the often neglected role of shamanism and sorcery in late imperial China . He lauded Kuhns treatment of hair and magic , especially in the thinking of the Manchu emperors , making the stealing of the queue an especially sensitive issue .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "The Chinese translation of Soulstealers sold more than 100,000 copies . Some readers saw contemporary relevance . One of the books translators , a history professor at East China Normal University , wrote in a postscript to the 2011 edition that the mass hysteria described in the book has often recurred in China , and that this hysteria reached a peak in the 1960s and 1970s in the unprecedented Great Revolution . One online discussion drew 10,000 comments . One wrote On the rare occasions when a rebellion was successful , that success merely produced another imperial court , and",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "quoted Kuhns book as an explanation : Because the empowerment of ordinary people remains , even now , an unmet promise .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns last book , Chinese among Others : Emigration in Modern Times ( 2008 ) is a comprehensive study of the Chinese diaspora , that is , the historic movement of Chinese out of China . Gong Yongmei notes that a distinctive feature of Philip Kuhn’s scholarship is the importance of interpreting history from a theoretical paradigm... , a characteristic typical of American Chinese studies . In general , advanced theory and interpretative models are two remarkable advantages of American Chinese studies , and these are reflected in the analytical tools Kuhn draws on and the disciplines he borrows from",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "in his research on Chinese immigrants : historical ecology , anthropology , sociology and religious studies .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": "Kuhns students hold professorships at universities in Asia , North America , and Europe , among them : Cynthia Brokaw , Professor of History , Brown University ; Timothy Brook , the Principal of St . Johns College at University of British Columbia ; Timothy Cheek , Louis Cha Chair in Chinese Research and Director , Centre for Chinese Research at University of British Columbia ; Prasenjit Duara , Duke University ; Karl Gerth , Professor of History and Hwei-Chih and Julia Hsiu Endowed Chair in Chinese Studies at UC San Diego ; William C . Kirby , former Dean",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": ", Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences ; Li Hsiao-ti , Head of the Department of Chinese and History , City University of Hong Kong , Man-houng Lin , first female president of Academia Historica and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Modern History , Academia Sinica ; Hans van de Ven , head of the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge .",
"title": "Impact and evaluations"
},
{
"text": " In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Philip Kuhn , OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 30+ works in 90+ publications in 7 languages and 2,900+ library holdings . Kuhn published numerous articles and five books , as well as chapters in Cambridge History of China . - edited , Chinese Local Institutions , The Center for Chinese Studies Select Papers Volume I ( pdf. , EPUB , Kindle online - , Chinese : 中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人 : 1796-1864年的军事化与社会結构 )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Introduction to Chʻing Documents ( Cambridge , MA : East Asian Research Center , Harvard University , 1986 ) A study guide and handbook used to train Chinese historians to read documents from Chinas late imperial period . ( With John K . Fairbank )",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - . Winner of the 1990 Joseph Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies，Chinese：叫魂：1768年中国妖术大恐慌 - National Polity and Local Power : The Transformation of Late Imperial China ( 1990 ) , with Timothy Brook and Min Tu-ki - The Homeland : Thinking About the History of Chinese Overseas The Fifty-eighth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1997 . - Translated from a series of lectures given in Paris . Chinese Version ( 2013 ) :《中国现代国家的起源》三联书店 . - . The Liu Kuang-ching Lecture , 2004 . Delivered at the University of California , Davis .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": "- Chinese version ( 2016 ) : 《他者中的华人：中国近现代移民史》 . 江苏人民出版社 .",
"title": "Selected works"
},
{
"text": " - online - Suleski , Ronald Stanley . ( 2005 ) . The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University : a Fifty Year History , 1955-2005 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " Eileen Chow , In Memoriam . Professor Philip A . Kuhn ( 1933–2016 ) , ( February 16 , 2016 ) Medium",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to in Mar 2002?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Antalyaspor"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to in May 2006?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Beşiktaş"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to between Nov 2008 and Dec 2008?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Fenerbahçe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to between Feb 2009 and Sep 2009?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Trabzonspor"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to in Aug 2010?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to between Sep 2015 and Oct 2015?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Galatasaray"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Burak_Yılmaz#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Burak Yılmaz belong to between Dec 2016 and 2017?
|
Burak Yılmaz Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın . Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season . Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years . Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür . Club career . Antalyaspor . Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total . Beşiktaş . Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 . Fenerbahçe . On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season . Trabzonspor . In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club . In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season . Galatasaray . In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win . Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders . On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League , becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in the quarter-finals . On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win . Beijing Guoan . On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement . Return to Trabzonspor . On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season . Return Beşiktaş . Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş . Lille . Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior . International career . On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification . Personal life . Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried . Honours . Club . Beşiktaş - Turkish Cup : 2006–07 - Turkish Super Cup : 2006 Trabzonspor - Turkish Cup : 2009–10 - Turkish Super Cup : 2010 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015 Lille - Ligue 1 : 2020–21 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21
|
[
"Beijing Guoan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Burak Yılmaz ( born 15 July 1985 ) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ligue 1 club Lille and captains the Turkey national team . Yılmaz is one of nine players to play for each of the Big Three clubs of Turkey , and one of only two players who have played for these three clubs as well as Trabzonspor ( also referred as the Big Four ) , along with Sergen Yalçın .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Born in Antalya , Turkey , son of former Antalyaspor goalkeeper Fikret Yılmaz , Burak Yılmaz started to play football at Antalyaspor , where he signed his first professional contract in July 2002 and made his professional debut in the 2002–03 season of the TFF First League . Following four seasons at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş prior to the 2006–07 season , where he played one and a half seasons and was primarily deployed as a winger . Yılmaz had a short spell in Manisaspor before he joined Fenerbahçe for the 2008–09 Süper Lig season . Loaned out to",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Eskişehirspor for the following season , Yılmaz was transferred to Trabzonspor in the winter transfer window of 2009–10 season , where he made his major career breakthrough under the management of Şenol Güneş , becoming Süper Lig top scorer with 33 goals in the 2011–12 season .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Following three seasons spent in Trabzonspor , where he won a Turkish Cup and Turkish Super Cup , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray , staying for four seasons and winning two Süper Lig titles in 2012–13 and 2014–15 , as well as being Süper Lig top scorer for the second time in his career in the 2012–13 season . In 2016 , Yılmaz joined Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for two seasons , where he scored 28 goals in total . Yılmaz then returned to Trabzonspor for a second spell which lasted two seasons . For the 2018–19 season , Yılmaz",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "returned to Beşiktaş for another spell , scoring eleven and thirteen goals respectively in his two seasons back , before joining French Ligue 1 club Lille in 2020 , helping the side win its first league title for ten years .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": " Representing Turkey in different youth age groups between 2001 and 2006 , Yılmaz made his senior debut in a friendly game against Azerbaijan in 2006 . With 28 goals as of 2021 , Yılmaz is Turkeys second all-time highest goalscorer after Hakan Şükür .",
"title": "Burak Yılmaz"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz started his professional career in Antalyaspor , where he was promoted to senior team at the age of 16 . He scored his first two goals at professional level in 2004–05 season against Karşıyaka at Izmir Alsancak Stadium on 29 August 2004 . In same season , Yılmaz played at 29 league matches , scoring 8 goals , thus helping his team avoid relegation . He contributed to the success of the teams promotion to the Süper Lig after finishing second in Division 1 in the 2005–06 season , scoring 9 goals in 24 matches . During his stint",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "at Antalyaspor , Yılmaz played 70 league games and scored 17 league goals in total .",
"title": "Antalyaspor"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz joined Beşiktaş at 2006–07 summer transfer window . He made his Süper Lig debut on 6 August 2006 against Manisaspor , and scored his first goal against Konyaspor in a 3–1 win for Beşiktaş . He also scored against Trabzonspor . In his first season , he scored 5 goals in 30 league appearances as Beşiktaş finished the season on 2nd spot . In same season , he had 7 appearance at Turkish Cup , scoring once . Playing form of Yılmaz dropped dramatically during the 2007–08 season . In January 2008 , Yılmaz joined Manisaspor as part of",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "an exchange deal , and later to Fenerbahçe on 29 June 2008 .",
"title": "Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": " On 29 June 2008 , Yılmaz was transferred to Fenerbahçe and was presented at a news conference wearing the number 7 shirt . On the contrary to his promising youngster image in Manisaspor and Beşiktaş , he had been a disappointment during his spell in Fenerbahçe , only playing six games and failing to score in the 2008–09 season .",
"title": "Fenerbahçe"
},
{
"text": "In February 2010 , Yılmaz joined Trabzonspor on a permanent deal . Following the arrival of Şenol Güneş as team manager , Yılmaz made his Trabzonspor debut on 15 February 2010 , playing last 15 minutes against Bursaspor on a 1–1 draw . On 26 February 2013 , he scored against his previous team Antalyaspor . Yılmaz played at Turkish Cup final where Trabzonspor defeated Fenerbahçe by 3–1 , on 5 May 2010 . Ten days later , Trabzonspor played against Fenerbahçe again in lask week of Süper Lig fixtures in which Yılmaz scored in 23rd minute , as parties",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": "shared points after a 1–1 draw , causing Fenerbahçe to jeopardise their title chances in contention with Bursaspor . Yılmaz became leading goalscorer of Trabzonspor with 19 goals in 30 league games and July 2011 he signed a new four-year contract with the club .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In 2010–11 season , Yılmaz displayed a high-level attacking attributes , scoring the winners against Beşiktaş and Galatasaray and Bursaspor , where Trabzonspor finalised the fixtures on 2nd spot . In 2011–12 season , where a play-off stage applied after 34-weeks-regular-fixtures , Yılmaz scored 33 goals in 34 appearances at regular season , setting a new club record previously held by Fatih Tekke who scored 31 goals in the 2004–05 season .",
"title": "Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " In July 2012 , Yılmaz joined Galatasaray from Trabzonspor for €5m transfer fee , with a four-year-contract with an additional one-season-option . His contract consisted of €2.3 million seasonal wage with a €20,000 bonus per-appearance . On 2 September 2012 , he scored his first goal for Galatasaray against Bursaspor , as the game finished 3–2 , making it Galatasarays historic 1000th league win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "Yılmaz scored the only goal for Galatasaray as the game ended in a 1–1 home draw against Eskişehirspor . On 23 October 2012 , he scored a goal from a header against CFR Cluj as the game ended in a 1–1 draw at third match-week in Group H of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 28 October 2012 , Yılmaz scored his 100th career goal , during a 3–0 win against Kayserispor , maintaining their position as league leaders .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 7 November 2012 , Burak netted a hat-trick in a 3–1 away win over CFR Cluj in the Champions League ,",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "becoming the first Turkish player to score three goals in a Champions League game since Tuncay Şanlı . At Champions League group stage , he scored once again , this time against Manchester United in which Galatasaray won 1–0 . Yılmaz finished group stage of the as top scorer with 6 goals in total 501 minutes played , ahead of Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored the same number of goals in 540 minutes . In the Champions League round of 16 , he scored in both legs against Schalke 04 , before his team was eliminated by Real Madrid in",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": "the quarter-finals .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 23 November 2013 , Burak scored his 100th Süper Lig goal against Sivasspor in a 2–1 home win .",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " On 5 February 2016 , Galatasaray announced the transfer of Yılmaz to Chinese Super League club Beijing Guoan for €8 million transfer fee . Trabzonspor was to receive €2 million from Galatasaray , following the transaction agreement .",
"title": "Beijing Guoan"
},
{
"text": " On 2 August 2017 , Yılmaz returned to Trabzonspor , for family reasons . He managed to score 23 goals in 25 matches at 2017–18 season .",
"title": "Return to Trabzonspor"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz scored 25 goals in 40 official games during his second period at Beşiktaş .",
"title": "Return Beşiktaş"
},
{
"text": "Lille announced the arrival of Yılmaz on 1 August 2020 . The parties agreed upon a two-season-long contract . Substituted with Jonathan David in 64th minute , Yılmaz made his Ligue 1 debut against Rennes at first week encounter of 2020–21 season , ended 1–1 , held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy , on 22 August 2020 . On week 6 , Yılmaz scored his first league goal against Strasbourg as Lille beat their opponents with 3–0 being the final score , on 4 October 2020 . On 25 April 2021 , he scored a brace in a 3–2 comeback away win",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": "over fellow title challengers Lyon . On 23 May 2021 , he scored a penalty in a 2–1 away win over Angers , to secure the 4th Ligue 1 title for Lille in their history . He became the first player to score at least 15 goals in his first Ligue 1 season with Lille since Moussa Sow hit 25 in their title-winning campaign a decade prior .",
"title": "Lille"
},
{
"text": " On 12 April 2006 , Yılmaz made his international debut for Turkey under coach Fatih Terim in a 1–1 away draw with Azerbaijan in a friendly match . On 3 June 2011 , he scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Belgium during the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying . Later on , he was part of Turkey squad in the UEFA Euro 2016 . On 24 March 2021 , he scored his first international hat-trick in a 4–2 win over the Netherlands in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Yılmaz is the son of former professional footballer and current manager Fikret Yılmaz . Yılmaz has two daughters from his marriage to İstem Atilla , which lasted for four years between 2014 and 2018 . In 2020 , the couple decided to get together again and remarried .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Süper Lig : 2012–13 , 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 - Turkish Super Cup : 2013 , 2015",
"title": "Galatasaray"
},
{
"text": " - Gol Kralı : 2011–12 , 2012–13 - UNFP Player of the Month : April 2021 - Ligue 1 Goal of the Year : 2020–21",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Steve_Phillips_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#0
|
Which team did Steve Phillips (footballer, born 1978) play for before Nov 2000?
|
Steve Phillips ( footballer , born 1978 ) Steven John Phillips ( born 6 May 1978 in Bath , Somerset ) is an English football goalkeeper , who was most recently goalkeeping coach at Yeovil Town . Career . The West Country goalkeeper began his career playing for Coleford Athletic under 13s , he then moved into Non-League football with Paulton Rovers and then earned a big move to Bristol City where he went on to play 250 league appearances for the Ashton Gate outfit . However , after an alleged falling out with City boss Gary Johnson he was replaced from the first team by Adriano Basso early into the 2005–06 season . Despite being in his testimonial season Phillips never figured regularly again for City . In the summer of 2006 , Phillips moved across the city to bitter rivals Bristol Rovers F.C . This was after Phillips made a come and get me plea to Swindon Town manager Dennis Wise through ex-City teammate Lee Peacock . Wise chose to pursue Petr Brezovan instead . Phillips took over the number one jersey at Bristol Rovers , taking over from Scott Shearer and helped Rovers secure a play-off spot in the 2006/07 season with Phillips earning praise , and winning Player of the Year . Phillips won League Twos player of the month for November after not conceding any league goals during that month . He also won the Football Leagues Golden Glove competition after keeping the most clean sheets for the 2006–07 season . Steve was in Turkey hoping to sign a contract with Turkish Super League Division Three team Ankara Demirspor . There was also interest from Turkish side Ankaragücü who already have English influences with former Manchester City striker Darius Vassell and former Luton Town winger Ian Henderson on their books . However , a contract was rejected from both teams , and he has returned to Rovers . On 26 August 2009 , Phillips signed for Shrewsbury Town on a one-month loan deal , which was soon extended . In November 2009 , he joined League 2 side Crewe on a two-month loan with a view to make the move permanent . Phillips made his Crewe Alexandra debut against Morecambe in a 2–1 home loss . On 6 January 2010 , Phillips extended his loan with Crewe until the end of the season . He established himself as number one , but missed the last three games of the season through a shoulder injury . Along with 14 other players , he was released by Rovers at the end of the 2009–10 season , and , after his successful loan period , he was signed by Crewe . He quickly established himself in the Alex team and was part of the 2011–12 side promoted to League One . In an effort to keep hold of his first choice goalkeeper , Crewe manager Steve Davis offered Phillips a player/coach role in 2012 . After losing his first team place to youngster Ben Garratt , Phillips left the club at the end of the 2013–14 season to take up a coaching role with Shepton Mallet . He will also play non-league football with local club Nantwich Town . In June 2015 , he joined Bath City . In 2016 , he joined Mangotsfield United In September 2017 , Phillips joined League Two side Yeovil Town as interim goalkeeping coach following the departure of Sam Shulberg . Honours . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy winner 2003 - Bristol Rovers - Football League Trophy runner up 2007 - Football League Two play-off winner 2007 - Crewe Alexandra - Football League Two play-off Final winner 2012 - Football League Trophy winner 2013 External links . - Steve Phillips at aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk - Bristol Rovers Supporters Club Player of the Yea
|
[
"Bristol City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Steven John Phillips ( born 6 May 1978 in Bath , Somerset ) is an English football goalkeeper , who was most recently goalkeeping coach at Yeovil Town .",
"title": "Steve Phillips ( footballer , born 1978 )"
},
{
"text": " The West Country goalkeeper began his career playing for Coleford Athletic under 13s , he then moved into Non-League football with Paulton Rovers and then earned a big move to Bristol City where he went on to play 250 league appearances for the Ashton Gate outfit . However , after an alleged falling out with City boss Gary Johnson he was replaced from the first team by Adriano Basso early into the 2005–06 season . Despite being in his testimonial season Phillips never figured regularly again for City .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2006 , Phillips moved across the city to bitter rivals Bristol Rovers F.C . This was after Phillips made a come and get me plea to Swindon Town manager Dennis Wise through ex-City teammate Lee Peacock . Wise chose to pursue Petr Brezovan instead .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Phillips took over the number one jersey at Bristol Rovers , taking over from Scott Shearer and helped Rovers secure a play-off spot in the 2006/07 season with Phillips earning praise , and winning Player of the Year . Phillips won League Twos player of the month for November after not conceding any league goals during that month . He also won the Football Leagues Golden Glove competition after keeping the most clean sheets for the 2006–07 season .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Steve was in Turkey hoping to sign a contract with Turkish Super League Division Three team Ankara Demirspor . There was also interest from Turkish side Ankaragücü who already have English influences with former Manchester City striker Darius Vassell and former Luton Town winger Ian Henderson on their books . However , a contract was rejected from both teams , and he has returned to Rovers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On 26 August 2009 , Phillips signed for Shrewsbury Town on a one-month loan deal , which was soon extended . In November 2009 , he joined League 2 side Crewe on a two-month loan with a view to make the move permanent . Phillips made his Crewe Alexandra debut against Morecambe in a 2–1 home loss . On 6 January 2010 , Phillips extended his loan with Crewe until the end of the season . He established himself as number one , but missed the last three games of the season through a shoulder injury .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Along with 14 other players , he was released by Rovers at the end of the 2009–10 season , and , after his successful loan period , he was signed by Crewe . He quickly established himself in the Alex team and was part of the 2011–12 side promoted to League One . In an effort to keep hold of his first choice goalkeeper , Crewe manager Steve Davis offered Phillips a player/coach role in 2012 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After losing his first team place to youngster Ben Garratt , Phillips left the club at the end of the 2013–14 season to take up a coaching role with Shepton Mallet . He will also play non-league football with local club Nantwich Town . In June 2015 , he joined Bath City . In 2016 , he joined Mangotsfield United In September 2017 , Phillips joined League Two side Yeovil Town as interim goalkeeping coach following the departure of Sam Shulberg .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Bristol City - Football League Trophy winner 2003 - Bristol Rovers - Football League Trophy runner up 2007 - Football League Two play-off winner 2007 - Crewe Alexandra - Football League Two play-off Final winner 2012 - Football League Trophy winner 2013",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Steve Phillips at aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk - Bristol Rovers Supporters Club Player of the Yea",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
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