idx
stringlengths 16
91
| question
stringlengths 32
127
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
| targets
list | paragraphs
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
/wiki/Vern_Ehlers#P69#2
|
Where was Vern Ehlers educated after Sep 1960?
|
Vern Ehlers Vernon James Ehlers ( February 6 , 1934 – August 15 , 2017 ) was an American physicist and politician who represented Michigan in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1993 until his retirement in 2011 . A Republican , he also served eight years in the Michigan Senate and two in the Michigan House of Representatives . Ehlers was the first research physicist to be elected to Congress ; he was later joined by Rush Holt , Jr . ( D-NJ ) and Bill Foster ( D-IL ) . Early life , education , and academic career . Born in Pipestone , Minnesota , Ehlers attended Calvin College in Grand Rapids for three years before transferring to the University of California , Berkeley , where he earned an undergraduate degree in physics and , in 1960 , a Ph.D . in nuclear physics . His doctoral dissertation , The nuclear spins and moments of several radioactive gallium isotopes , is available from University Microfilms International as document number 0227304 . After six years of teaching and research at Berkeley , he moved back to Michigan and took employment at Calvin College in 1966 , where he taught physics for 16 years and later served as chairman of the Physics Department . Ehlers died on August 15 , 2017 at the age of 83 . Early political career . Ehlers served on the Kent County Board of Commissioners from 1975 to 1982 . Ehlers served from 1983 to 1985 in the Michigan House of Representatives and then served from 1985 to 1993 in the Michigan Senate . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Education and Labor - Subcommittee on Early Childhood , Elementary and Secondary Education - Subcommittee on Higher Education , Lifelong Learning , and Competitiveness - Committee on House Administration ( Chairman and Ranking Member ) - Committee on Science and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy and Environment - Subcommittee on Research and Science Education ( Ranking Member ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment Caucus memberships . - Co-chair of the STEM ( science , technology , engineering and mathematics ) Ed Caucus - Peak Oil Caucus Ehlers served as chairman of the House Administration Committee in the 109th Congress after Bob Ney resigned from the position . A portrait of Ehlers during his service as chairman of the Administration Committee is in the House collection . Political positions . Ehlers was a moderate Republican . According to the National Journal , in 2006 his votes split 50-50 between liberal and conservative . While strongly anti-abortion and supportive of lowering taxes , he was willing to break with his party on environmental and government spending issues . He was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and Republicans for Environmental Protection . He was the only member of the Michigan Congressional delegation of either party to vote to raise fuel economy standards for automobiles in 2001 and 2005 . Ehlers was a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 he cosponsored H.R . 4411 , the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act and H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act . Owing to his votes in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in both 2004 and 2006 , as well as his votes against hate crimes legislation and prohibiting job discrimination based on sexual orientation , Ehlers was given a 0% rating by the Human Rights Campaign , indicating a voting record generally opposed to gay rights . However , in December 2010 , Ehlers was one of fifteen Republican House members to vote in favor of repealing the United States militarys Dont Ask , Dont Tell ban on openly gay service members , and one of eight Republicans to vote for the DREAM Act . Political campaigns . In 1993 Ehlers won a special election for the 3rd District , which had been vacant since Congressman Paul B . Henry died six months into his fifth term . He won a full term in 1994 and was re-elected six times with little significant Democratic opposition . Ehlers retired from Congress in 2010 . External links . - Vern Ehlers for U.S . Congress official campaign site
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Vernon James Ehlers ( February 6 , 1934 – August 15 , 2017 ) was an American physicist and politician who represented Michigan in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1993 until his retirement in 2011 . A Republican , he also served eight years in the Michigan Senate and two in the Michigan House of Representatives . Ehlers was the first research physicist to be elected to Congress ; he was later joined by Rush Holt , Jr . ( D-NJ ) and Bill Foster ( D-IL ) .",
"title": "Vern Ehlers"
},
{
"text": "Early life , education , and academic career .",
"title": "Vern Ehlers"
},
{
"text": "Born in Pipestone , Minnesota , Ehlers attended Calvin College in Grand Rapids for three years before transferring to the University of California , Berkeley , where he earned an undergraduate degree in physics and , in 1960 , a Ph.D . in nuclear physics . His doctoral dissertation , The nuclear spins and moments of several radioactive gallium isotopes , is available from University Microfilms International as document number 0227304 . After six years of teaching and research at Berkeley , he moved back to Michigan and took employment at Calvin College in 1966 , where he taught physics",
"title": "Vern Ehlers"
},
{
"text": "for 16 years and later served as chairman of the Physics Department .",
"title": "Vern Ehlers"
},
{
"text": " Ehlers served on the Kent County Board of Commissioners from 1975 to 1982 . Ehlers served from 1983 to 1985 in the Michigan House of Representatives and then served from 1985 to 1993 in the Michigan Senate . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Education and Labor - Subcommittee on Early Childhood , Elementary and Secondary Education - Subcommittee on Higher Education , Lifelong Learning , and Competitiveness - Committee on House Administration ( Chairman and Ranking Member ) - Committee on Science and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy and Environment - Subcommittee on Research and Science Education ( Ranking Member ) - Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure - Subcommittee on Aviation - Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation - Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " - Co-chair of the STEM ( science , technology , engineering and mathematics ) Ed Caucus - Peak Oil Caucus Ehlers served as chairman of the House Administration Committee in the 109th Congress after Bob Ney resigned from the position . A portrait of Ehlers during his service as chairman of the Administration Committee is in the House collection .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " Ehlers was a moderate Republican . According to the National Journal , in 2006 his votes split 50-50 between liberal and conservative . While strongly anti-abortion and supportive of lowering taxes , he was willing to break with his party on environmental and government spending issues . He was a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and Republicans for Environmental Protection . He was the only member of the Michigan Congressional delegation of either party to vote to raise fuel economy standards for automobiles in 2001 and 2005 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ehlers was a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker . In 2006 he cosponsored H.R . 4411 , the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act and H.R . 4777 , the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Owing to his votes in favor of the Federal Marriage Amendment in both 2004 and 2006 , as well as his votes against hate crimes legislation and prohibiting job discrimination based on sexual orientation , Ehlers was given a 0% rating by the Human Rights Campaign , indicating a voting record generally opposed to gay rights . However , in December 2010 , Ehlers was one of fifteen Republican House members to vote in favor of repealing the United States militarys Dont Ask , Dont Tell ban on openly gay service members , and one of eight Republicans to vote",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "for the DREAM Act .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 Ehlers won a special election for the 3rd District , which had been vacant since Congressman Paul B . Henry died six months into his fifth term . He won a full term in 1994 and was re-elected six times with little significant Democratic opposition . Ehlers retired from Congress in 2010 .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " - Vern Ehlers for U.S . Congress official campaign site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Bill_McCollum#P69#0
|
Which school did Bill McCollum go to in Jan 1961?
|
Bill McCollum Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal . He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott . Early life . Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key . McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 . Congressional career . In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary . While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime . While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections . Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career . McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat . McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute . Florida Attorney General . In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud . While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court . He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate . McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option for health insurance . On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott . Private sector . McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .
|
[
"Hernando High School"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": "leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "for health insurance .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .",
"title": "Private sector"
}
] |
/wiki/Bill_McCollum#P69#1
|
Which school did Bill McCollum go to after May 1962?
|
Bill McCollum Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal . He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott . Early life . Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key . McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 . Congressional career . In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary . While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime . While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections . Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career . McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat . McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute . Florida Attorney General . In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud . While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court . He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate . McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option for health insurance . On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott . Private sector . McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .
|
[
"University of Florida"
] |
[
{
"text": "Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": "leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "for health insurance .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .",
"title": "Private sector"
}
] |
/wiki/Bill_McCollum#P69#2
|
Which school did Bill McCollum go to in early 1970s?
|
Bill McCollum Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal . He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott . Early life . Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key . McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 . Congressional career . In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary . While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime . While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections . Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career . McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat . McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute . Florida Attorney General . In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud . While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court . He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate . McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option for health insurance . On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott . Private sector . McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Ira William McCollum Jr . ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and member of the Republican Party . He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001 , representing Floridas 5th congressional district , which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993 . As a member of the House , McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference , the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership . He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": "leadership role in managing Clintons trial in the Senate , which ended in acquittal .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " He was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in 2000 , hoping to replace the retiring Republican Connie Mack III , losing to Democratic nominee Bill Nelson . McCollum ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate again in 2004 but lost to Mel Martínez . In 2006 he was elected Florida Attorney General and in 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor of Florida , losing to businessman Rick Scott .",
"title": "Bill McCollum"
},
{
"text": " Born and raised in Brooksville , Florida , McCollum graduated from Hernando High School and earned his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Florida . While at the University of Florida , he was inducted into the University of Florida Hall of Fame , the most prestigious honor a student leader could receive , was a member of The Board , and served as president of Florida Blue Key .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "McCollums professional career began in 1969 with the United States Navys Judge Advocate General Corps where he served on active duty until 1972 . McCollum was an officer for more than 23 years before retiring from the United States Naval Reserve as a Commander ( O-5 ) in the JAG Corps in 1992 . In 1973 , he entered private practice in Orlando and became involved in local politics , serving as Chairman of the Seminole County Republican Party from 1976 to 1980 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " In 1980 McCollum was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from a district including Walt Disney World and most of Orlando . He defeated incumbent Representative Richard Kelly in the Republican primary .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "While in Congress , McCollum founded the House Republican Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare , chairing it for six years . He also served three terms on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , two of which as Chairman of its Subcommittee on Human Intelligence , Analysis , and Counterintelligence . Additionally , McCollum served as Vice Chairman of the House Banking Committee and served on the Judiciary Committee , where he was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " While serving the House , McCollum was also selected for a variety of Republican leadership positions , including three terms as Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference . McCollum gained national attention as one of 15 members selected to serve on the House Committee to Investigate the Iran-Contra Affair , and , in 1998–1999 , as one of the House Managers of President Bill Clintons impeachment trial . U.S . Senate elections .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "Rather than seek reelection to the House in 2000 , McCollum ran unsuccessfully for an open United States Senate seat , bringing to an end his 20-year Congressional career .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " McCollum ran again in 2004 , seeking the Republican nomination for the U.S . Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Bob Graham . He was defeated in the Republican primary by HUD Secretary Mel Martinez , who went on to win the seat .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": "McCollum served as a partner with the Baker & Hostetler LLP law firm , practicing in the federal policy area . In addition to his duties as the states chief legal officer , he serves as President and Chairman of the Healthy Florida Foundation , chartered in 2002 to find consensus on long-term solutions to the nations health care system . He is a member of the North Florida Committee on Foreign Relations . He is also a board member of the James Madison Institute .",
"title": "Congressional career"
},
{
"text": " In 2006 , McCollum ran for Florida Attorney General , defeating State Senator Skip Campbell in the general election . McCollum led a group of Attorneys General in filing a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Obamacare . He also filed a brief in support of Arizonas immigration law . McCollum opposed the federal Stimulus bill , as well as the $20 billion federal oil fund that limited his offices ability to pursue claims against BP , and requested additional authority from the federal government to address Medicaid fraud .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "While Attorney General , McCollum defended Floridas ban of adoptions by homosexuals from a lawsuit , challenging the ban . McCollum hired Dr . George Rekers , a controversial clinical psychologist , to testify during the trial that heterosexual parents provide a better environment for children . The trial resulted in the overturning of the ban . When an appellate court upheld the lower court ruling , McCollum declined to appeal the case to the Supreme Court .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " He was also the Florida Chairman for Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign in 2008 . 2010 gubernatorial candidacy . On May 18 , 2009 , McCollum announced his candidacy for Governor of Florida . The election determined the successor of Charlie Crist who later lost his bid for a seat in the U.S . Senate .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "McCollum opposed federal health care mandates in Florida , decrying them as an unconstitutional tax on living , and joined with 13 other state attorneys general in filing a federal lawsuit . The majority of Florida voters opposed such a lawsuit according to polling in April 2010 . He has advocated a state constitutional amendment that would opt Florida out of Washington mandates on health care , although questions about whether such an amendment would be constitutional have been raised . On September 8 , 2009 McCollum said he supported Medicare and Medicaid programs but opposed a government-run public option",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": "for health insurance .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " On August 24 , 2010 , McCollum lost the Republican primary election to Rick Scott .",
"title": "Florida Attorney General"
},
{
"text": " McCollum is currently a Director of AML Superconductivity & Magnetics , a privately held company that develops magnet-based and superconducting applications , located in Melbourne , Florida .",
"title": "Private sector"
}
] |
/wiki/Mika_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#0
|
Mika (footballer, born 1991) played for which team before Dec 2010?
|
Mika ( footballer , born 1991 ) Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra . Club career . Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick . The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica . On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga . On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation . Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract . Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract . Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD . International career . Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament . Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round . Honours . International . Portugal U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up : 2011 Individual . - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Glove : 2011 Orders . - Knight of the Order of Prince Henry External links . - National team data
|
[
"Primeira Liga",
"main squad",
"Portugals starter"
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra .",
"title": "Mika ( footballer , born 1991 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - National team data",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mika_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#1
|
Mika (footballer, born 1991) played for which team in Jun 2011?
|
Mika ( footballer , born 1991 ) Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra . Club career . Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick . The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica . On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga . On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation . Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract . Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract . Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD . International career . Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament . Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round . Honours . International . Portugal U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up : 2011 Individual . - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Glove : 2011 Orders . - Knight of the Order of Prince Henry External links . - National team data
|
[
"Benfica"
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra .",
"title": "Mika ( footballer , born 1991 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - National team data",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mika_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#2
|
Mika (footballer, born 1991) played for which team between Oct 2012 and Feb 2013?
|
Mika ( footballer , born 1991 ) Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra . Club career . Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick . The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica . On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga . On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation . Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract . Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract . Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD . International career . Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament . Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round . Honours . International . Portugal U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up : 2011 Individual . - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Glove : 2011 Orders . - Knight of the Order of Prince Henry External links . - National team data
|
[
"B team in the Segunda Liga"
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra .",
"title": "Mika ( footballer , born 1991 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - National team data",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Mika_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#3
|
Mika (footballer, born 1991) played for which team between Aug 2014 and Dec 2014?
|
Mika ( footballer , born 1991 ) Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra . Club career . Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick . The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica . On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga . On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation . Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract . Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract . Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD . International career . Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament . Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round . Honours . International . Portugal U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up : 2011 Individual . - FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Glove : 2011 Orders . - Knight of the Order of Prince Henry External links . - National team data
|
[
"Boavista FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Michael Simões Domingues ( born 8 March 1991 ) , known as Mika , is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Associação Académica de Coimbra .",
"title": "Mika ( footballer , born 1991 )"
},
{
"text": "Born in Yverdon-les-Bains , Switzerland to Portuguese parents , Mika joined U.D . Leirias youth ranks in 2006 , aged 15 . He was promoted to the main squad for the 2009–10 season , as third choice . On 26 February 2010 , in a home match against Vitória de Guimarães , he made his Primeira Liga debut , coming on as a substitute for Carlão after Hélder Godinho received a red card for committing a foul inside the box – he was not able to prevent Andrezinho from scoring the games only goal in the subsequent penalty kick .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "The following campaign he was still a backup , but two of his three appearances were against Sporting CP and S.L . Benfica .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 7 July 2011 , whilst on international duty with the Portuguese under-20s , Mika signed a five-year contract with Benfica for €500,000 . He played no official matches during 2011–12 , playing understudy to experienced Artur and Eduardo , and went on to spend the following two seasons with the B team in the Segunda Liga .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 January 2014 , Mika cut ties with the Lisbon club . He signed for two years with second division side Atlético Clube de Portugal the same day , being first choice during his short tenure but not being able to help prevent relegation .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to the top flight in summer 2014 , penning a three-year deal with Boavista FC . During the 2016 off-season , he gained interest from Premier League clubs Leicester City and Sunderland : initial reports stated he agreed a move to the latter on transfer deadline day , but the deal was not finalised as the transfer window had already closed . The reason for the delayed transfer was a technical fault at the Portuguese end , but after an appeal to FIFA he was granted permission to join and signed a two-year contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "Mika played no competitive games in his first season , serving as backup to Jordan Pickford and Vito Mannone . On 12 January 2018 , player and the club mutually agreed to terminate his contract .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika returned to União de Leiria on 8 March 2018 , with the team now competing in the third tier . He moved back to his countrys top flight in the ensuing June , signing a one-year deal with Belenenses SAD .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Mika was Portugals starter at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia . He helped the national team reach the final without conceding a single goal , before losing to Brazil 2–3 in the decisive match . In the quarter-finals against Argentina he saved three penalties in the shootout and , in the following game , against France , he broke the record for number of minutes without conceding a goal in U-20 World Cup history in a 2–0 win ; eventually , he was voted as best goalkeeper in the tournament .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Subsequently , Mika was chosen by under-21 manager Rui Jorge for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying campaign . He played in half of the games , with Portugal just missing out on the play-off round .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - National team data",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sweden_Democrats#P488#0
|
Who was the chair of Sweden Democrats in Jun 1988?
|
Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 . The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism . Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament . History . Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February . According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970 , banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty . The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement . Moderation and growth ( 1995–2010 ) . In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats . During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 . Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 . In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail : Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure . Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair . He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel . Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group . In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North & East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas . Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media . Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower . Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group . In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality . Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government . In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality . Ideology and political positions . The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties . Immigration . The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere . Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration . SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter naturalisation laws . The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden . Foreign policy . The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership via a referendum . The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture . SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism . In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g . Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context . The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change . The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting . The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood . Economy and welfare . The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics . Family and LGBT . The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state . SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child . Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people . An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them . In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence . Gender equality and social justice . SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market . The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure . Environment . The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security . The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes . SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS . Defense . SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP . Monarchy . The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne . Other public policies . SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets . The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament , which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others . International relations . In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party . Reception and controversies . During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections . Isolation in parliament . Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD . Media boycotts . The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity . Muhammad cartoon debate . After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) . The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions . This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) . The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests . The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event . Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives . In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys . In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 . In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal servers , for instance contained phrases that named black football players from the team Landskrona BoIS as niggers whilst also picturing Romani people as thieves . The email was meant to be playful and ironic , Herrstedt told Aftonbladet . Between 2015 and 2016 various members of the party were expelled from the SD for expressing extremist or racist views , or because of disagreement with the partys shift towards moderation and social conservatism . In April 2015 , the Sweden Democratic Youth leaders were also expelled for these reasons , and the organisation was dissolved shortly after . In December 2016 , the parliamentarian Anna Hagwall was thrown out of the party after using arguments associated with antisemitism to argue for a bill that she introduced in parliament intended to reduce concentration of media ownership in Sweden . In September 2017 , a report from Dagens ETC found that 14 former municipal representatives of the party had infiltrated the SD in order to financially support the Nordic Resistance Movement , a neo-Nazi organisation , through financial transactions , memberships , or purchases of antisemitic and racist literature or souvenirs . In August 2018 , 2 members were kicked out due to purchases of Nazi memorabilia online ; following the expulsions , Michael Erlandsson , one of the SD spokesmen , publicly stated that people who have these types of views and share these types of materials have no place in the party . 14 candidates were expelled from the party as well after being exposed as former members of neo-Nazi organisations . Referring to the latest expulsions , SD leader Jimmie Åkesson declared that the party works extremely hard to keep clean . Researcher on Nordic nationalism Benjamin R . Teitelbaum described the present day version Sweden Democrats as paradoxical compared to other European nationalist parties on the issues of racism and radicalism . Teitelbaum notes that in contrast to other Nordic and wider European populist parties , the SD differs by having a past rooted in white nationalism and extremism , but in the present day is comparably more proactive in rejecting ethno-nationalism and expelling members who make racist statements to the point where he considers the SD to be on the softer side of national-populism . Similar observations were made by British conservative author Douglas Murray who described the SD as undergoing one of the most significant transformations on the European political right from a party on the fringes that openly pushed extreme tendencies to a more mainstream movement that draws on diverse support . Ashley Fox , leader of the British Conservative MEPs , praised the Sweden Democrats regarding the partys policy decisions on the expulsion of extremist and racist members : Over the past decade the Sweden Democrats have made progress in reforming themselves , expelling any members displaying unacceptable views or behaviour and diversifying their party base . Lobbying . The Sweden Democrats came under fire in 2015 for changing their position on profits made by private welfare companies . Before the election in 2014 they favored having restrictions on the amount of profit that welfare companies could take and use for their own gain . Since the election , they have favored the approach of the Alliance parties , that is higher and more restrictive quality standards . This has been suspected to be because of extensive lobbying done by the organisation Svenskt Näringsliv among others . The story was discovered by the Swedish newspaper Dagens Industri on 14 September 2015 . SD has denied all accusations of corruption . Leadership . Party leader . - Anders Klarström ( 19891995 ) - Mikael Jansson ( 19952005 ) - Jimmie Åkesson ( 2005present ) First Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20062015 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 20152019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Second Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20052006 ) - Anna Hagwall ( 20062009 ) - Carina Ståhl Herrstedt ( 20092019 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 2019present ) Secretary . - Jakob Eriksson ( 19982001 ) - Jimmy Windeskog ( 20012003 ) - Torbjörn Kastell ( 20032004 ) - Jan Milld ( 20042005 ) - David Lång ( 2005 ) - Björn Söder ( 20052015 ) - Richard Jomshof ( 2015present ) Parliamentary group leader . - Björn Söder ( 20102014 ) - Mattias Karlsson ( 20142019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Party spokesmen . - Leif Zeilon and Jonny Berg ( 19881989 ; spokespersons ) - Ola Sundberg and Anders Klarström ( 19891990 ; spokespersons ) - Anders Klarström and Madeleine Larsson ( 19901992 ; spokespersons ) Other prominent party members . - Sten Andersson ( 28 February 194316 August 2010 ) - Tommy Funebo - Dragan Klaric Voter demography . According to the Statistiska Centralbyrån ( SCB ) 2017 party preference survey the Sweden Democrats ( SD ) have a stronger support among men than among women . There is no noticeable difference in support for the party among different age groups . The support for SD is greater among native born than among foreign born . Since 2014 the SD has substantially increased its support among both foreign-born and foreign-background voters , becoming the third largest party in Sweden also among this demographic by 2017 . Sympathies are greater for the party among persons with primary and secondary education than among those with a higher education . The 2018 party preference survey of the SCB show that SD has twice as much support among men than among women . According to Aftonbladet , 14%of SD members are of immigrant origin , which matches the share of foreign-born inhabitants of Sweden . For the 2010 election in the municipality of Södertälje ( Stockholm County ) , SDwas the only party with a majority of immigrants on its electoral list , mostly Assyrians from the Middle East . Polling7.31% ( 3,447 votes ) , SDsmunicipal list in Södertälje got 5of the65 municipal seats . Nader Helawi and four other Swedes of immigrant origin will sit as municipal councilors . Since 2014 , the SD has seen growing support from foreign-born Swedish voters , and was estimated to have become the third most popular party for voters of immigrant backgrounds by 2017 . External links . - Jimmie Åkessons website - SD-Kuriren - Sweden Democratic Youth
|
[
"Leif Zeilon"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": " Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North &",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "naturalisation laws .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "via a referendum .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics .",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Gender equality and social justice .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP .",
"title": "Defense"
},
{
"text": " The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne .",
"title": "Monarchy"
},
{
"text": " SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": ", which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party .",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections .",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD .",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity .",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
}
] |
/wiki/Sweden_Democrats#P488#1
|
Who was the chair of Sweden Democrats in Jul 1994?
|
Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 . The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism . Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament . History . Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February . According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970 , banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty . The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement . Moderation and growth ( 1995–2010 ) . In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats . During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 . Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 . In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail : Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure . Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair . He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel . Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group . In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North & East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas . Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media . Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower . Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group . In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality . Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government . In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality . Ideology and political positions . The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties . Immigration . The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere . Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration . SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter naturalisation laws . The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden . Foreign policy . The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership via a referendum . The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture . SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism . In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g . Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context . The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change . The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting . The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood . Economy and welfare . The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics . Family and LGBT . The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state . SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child . Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people . An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them . In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence . Gender equality and social justice . SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market . The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure . Environment . The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security . The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes . SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS . Defense . SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP . Monarchy . The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne . Other public policies . SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets . The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament , which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others . International relations . In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party . Reception and controversies . During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections . Isolation in parliament . Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD . Media boycotts . The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity . Muhammad cartoon debate . After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) . The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions . This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) . The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests . The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event . Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives . In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys . In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 . In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal servers , for instance contained phrases that named black football players from the team Landskrona BoIS as niggers whilst also picturing Romani people as thieves . The email was meant to be playful and ironic , Herrstedt told Aftonbladet . Between 2015 and 2016 various members of the party were expelled from the SD for expressing extremist or racist views , or because of disagreement with the partys shift towards moderation and social conservatism . In April 2015 , the Sweden Democratic Youth leaders were also expelled for these reasons , and the organisation was dissolved shortly after . In December 2016 , the parliamentarian Anna Hagwall was thrown out of the party after using arguments associated with antisemitism to argue for a bill that she introduced in parliament intended to reduce concentration of media ownership in Sweden . In September 2017 , a report from Dagens ETC found that 14 former municipal representatives of the party had infiltrated the SD in order to financially support the Nordic Resistance Movement , a neo-Nazi organisation , through financial transactions , memberships , or purchases of antisemitic and racist literature or souvenirs . In August 2018 , 2 members were kicked out due to purchases of Nazi memorabilia online ; following the expulsions , Michael Erlandsson , one of the SD spokesmen , publicly stated that people who have these types of views and share these types of materials have no place in the party . 14 candidates were expelled from the party as well after being exposed as former members of neo-Nazi organisations . Referring to the latest expulsions , SD leader Jimmie Åkesson declared that the party works extremely hard to keep clean . Researcher on Nordic nationalism Benjamin R . Teitelbaum described the present day version Sweden Democrats as paradoxical compared to other European nationalist parties on the issues of racism and radicalism . Teitelbaum notes that in contrast to other Nordic and wider European populist parties , the SD differs by having a past rooted in white nationalism and extremism , but in the present day is comparably more proactive in rejecting ethno-nationalism and expelling members who make racist statements to the point where he considers the SD to be on the softer side of national-populism . Similar observations were made by British conservative author Douglas Murray who described the SD as undergoing one of the most significant transformations on the European political right from a party on the fringes that openly pushed extreme tendencies to a more mainstream movement that draws on diverse support . Ashley Fox , leader of the British Conservative MEPs , praised the Sweden Democrats regarding the partys policy decisions on the expulsion of extremist and racist members : Over the past decade the Sweden Democrats have made progress in reforming themselves , expelling any members displaying unacceptable views or behaviour and diversifying their party base . Lobbying . The Sweden Democrats came under fire in 2015 for changing their position on profits made by private welfare companies . Before the election in 2014 they favored having restrictions on the amount of profit that welfare companies could take and use for their own gain . Since the election , they have favored the approach of the Alliance parties , that is higher and more restrictive quality standards . This has been suspected to be because of extensive lobbying done by the organisation Svenskt Näringsliv among others . The story was discovered by the Swedish newspaper Dagens Industri on 14 September 2015 . SD has denied all accusations of corruption . Leadership . Party leader . - Anders Klarström ( 19891995 ) - Mikael Jansson ( 19952005 ) - Jimmie Åkesson ( 2005present ) First Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20062015 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 20152019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Second Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20052006 ) - Anna Hagwall ( 20062009 ) - Carina Ståhl Herrstedt ( 20092019 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 2019present ) Secretary . - Jakob Eriksson ( 19982001 ) - Jimmy Windeskog ( 20012003 ) - Torbjörn Kastell ( 20032004 ) - Jan Milld ( 20042005 ) - David Lång ( 2005 ) - Björn Söder ( 20052015 ) - Richard Jomshof ( 2015present ) Parliamentary group leader . - Björn Söder ( 20102014 ) - Mattias Karlsson ( 20142019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Party spokesmen . - Leif Zeilon and Jonny Berg ( 19881989 ; spokespersons ) - Ola Sundberg and Anders Klarström ( 19891990 ; spokespersons ) - Anders Klarström and Madeleine Larsson ( 19901992 ; spokespersons ) Other prominent party members . - Sten Andersson ( 28 February 194316 August 2010 ) - Tommy Funebo - Dragan Klaric Voter demography . According to the Statistiska Centralbyrån ( SCB ) 2017 party preference survey the Sweden Democrats ( SD ) have a stronger support among men than among women . There is no noticeable difference in support for the party among different age groups . The support for SD is greater among native born than among foreign born . Since 2014 the SD has substantially increased its support among both foreign-born and foreign-background voters , becoming the third largest party in Sweden also among this demographic by 2017 . Sympathies are greater for the party among persons with primary and secondary education than among those with a higher education . The 2018 party preference survey of the SCB show that SD has twice as much support among men than among women . According to Aftonbladet , 14%of SD members are of immigrant origin , which matches the share of foreign-born inhabitants of Sweden . For the 2010 election in the municipality of Södertälje ( Stockholm County ) , SDwas the only party with a majority of immigrants on its electoral list , mostly Assyrians from the Middle East . Polling7.31% ( 3,447 votes ) , SDsmunicipal list in Södertälje got 5of the65 municipal seats . Nader Helawi and four other Swedes of immigrant origin will sit as municipal councilors . Since 2014 , the SD has seen growing support from foreign-born Swedish voters , and was estimated to have become the third most popular party for voters of immigrant backgrounds by 2017 . External links . - Jimmie Åkessons website - SD-Kuriren - Sweden Democratic Youth
|
[
"Anders Klarström"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": " Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North &",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "naturalisation laws .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "via a referendum .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics .",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Gender equality and social justice .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP .",
"title": "Defense"
},
{
"text": " The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne .",
"title": "Monarchy"
},
{
"text": " SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": ", which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party .",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections .",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD .",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity .",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
}
] |
/wiki/Sweden_Democrats#P488#2
|
Who was the chair of Sweden Democrats between Aug 1997 and Jan 1999?
|
Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 . The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism . Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament . History . Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February . According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970 , banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty . The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement . Moderation and growth ( 1995–2010 ) . In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats . During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 . Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 . In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail : Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure . Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair . He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel . Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group . In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North & East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas . Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media . Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower . Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group . In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality . Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government . In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality . Ideology and political positions . The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties . Immigration . The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere . Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration . SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter naturalisation laws . The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden . Foreign policy . The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership via a referendum . The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture . SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism . In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g . Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context . The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change . The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting . The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood . Economy and welfare . The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics . Family and LGBT . The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state . SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child . Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people . An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them . In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence . Gender equality and social justice . SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market . The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure . Environment . The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security . The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes . SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS . Defense . SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP . Monarchy . The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne . Other public policies . SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets . The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament , which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others . International relations . In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party . Reception and controversies . During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections . Isolation in parliament . Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD . Media boycotts . The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity . Muhammad cartoon debate . After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) . The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions . This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) . The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests . The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event . Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives . In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys . In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 . In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal servers , for instance contained phrases that named black football players from the team Landskrona BoIS as niggers whilst also picturing Romani people as thieves . The email was meant to be playful and ironic , Herrstedt told Aftonbladet . Between 2015 and 2016 various members of the party were expelled from the SD for expressing extremist or racist views , or because of disagreement with the partys shift towards moderation and social conservatism . In April 2015 , the Sweden Democratic Youth leaders were also expelled for these reasons , and the organisation was dissolved shortly after . In December 2016 , the parliamentarian Anna Hagwall was thrown out of the party after using arguments associated with antisemitism to argue for a bill that she introduced in parliament intended to reduce concentration of media ownership in Sweden . In September 2017 , a report from Dagens ETC found that 14 former municipal representatives of the party had infiltrated the SD in order to financially support the Nordic Resistance Movement , a neo-Nazi organisation , through financial transactions , memberships , or purchases of antisemitic and racist literature or souvenirs . In August 2018 , 2 members were kicked out due to purchases of Nazi memorabilia online ; following the expulsions , Michael Erlandsson , one of the SD spokesmen , publicly stated that people who have these types of views and share these types of materials have no place in the party . 14 candidates were expelled from the party as well after being exposed as former members of neo-Nazi organisations . Referring to the latest expulsions , SD leader Jimmie Åkesson declared that the party works extremely hard to keep clean . Researcher on Nordic nationalism Benjamin R . Teitelbaum described the present day version Sweden Democrats as paradoxical compared to other European nationalist parties on the issues of racism and radicalism . Teitelbaum notes that in contrast to other Nordic and wider European populist parties , the SD differs by having a past rooted in white nationalism and extremism , but in the present day is comparably more proactive in rejecting ethno-nationalism and expelling members who make racist statements to the point where he considers the SD to be on the softer side of national-populism . Similar observations were made by British conservative author Douglas Murray who described the SD as undergoing one of the most significant transformations on the European political right from a party on the fringes that openly pushed extreme tendencies to a more mainstream movement that draws on diverse support . Ashley Fox , leader of the British Conservative MEPs , praised the Sweden Democrats regarding the partys policy decisions on the expulsion of extremist and racist members : Over the past decade the Sweden Democrats have made progress in reforming themselves , expelling any members displaying unacceptable views or behaviour and diversifying their party base . Lobbying . The Sweden Democrats came under fire in 2015 for changing their position on profits made by private welfare companies . Before the election in 2014 they favored having restrictions on the amount of profit that welfare companies could take and use for their own gain . Since the election , they have favored the approach of the Alliance parties , that is higher and more restrictive quality standards . This has been suspected to be because of extensive lobbying done by the organisation Svenskt Näringsliv among others . The story was discovered by the Swedish newspaper Dagens Industri on 14 September 2015 . SD has denied all accusations of corruption . Leadership . Party leader . - Anders Klarström ( 19891995 ) - Mikael Jansson ( 19952005 ) - Jimmie Åkesson ( 2005present ) First Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20062015 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 20152019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Second Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20052006 ) - Anna Hagwall ( 20062009 ) - Carina Ståhl Herrstedt ( 20092019 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 2019present ) Secretary . - Jakob Eriksson ( 19982001 ) - Jimmy Windeskog ( 20012003 ) - Torbjörn Kastell ( 20032004 ) - Jan Milld ( 20042005 ) - David Lång ( 2005 ) - Björn Söder ( 20052015 ) - Richard Jomshof ( 2015present ) Parliamentary group leader . - Björn Söder ( 20102014 ) - Mattias Karlsson ( 20142019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Party spokesmen . - Leif Zeilon and Jonny Berg ( 19881989 ; spokespersons ) - Ola Sundberg and Anders Klarström ( 19891990 ; spokespersons ) - Anders Klarström and Madeleine Larsson ( 19901992 ; spokespersons ) Other prominent party members . - Sten Andersson ( 28 February 194316 August 2010 ) - Tommy Funebo - Dragan Klaric Voter demography . According to the Statistiska Centralbyrån ( SCB ) 2017 party preference survey the Sweden Democrats ( SD ) have a stronger support among men than among women . There is no noticeable difference in support for the party among different age groups . The support for SD is greater among native born than among foreign born . Since 2014 the SD has substantially increased its support among both foreign-born and foreign-background voters , becoming the third largest party in Sweden also among this demographic by 2017 . Sympathies are greater for the party among persons with primary and secondary education than among those with a higher education . The 2018 party preference survey of the SCB show that SD has twice as much support among men than among women . According to Aftonbladet , 14%of SD members are of immigrant origin , which matches the share of foreign-born inhabitants of Sweden . For the 2010 election in the municipality of Södertälje ( Stockholm County ) , SDwas the only party with a majority of immigrants on its electoral list , mostly Assyrians from the Middle East . Polling7.31% ( 3,447 votes ) , SDsmunicipal list in Södertälje got 5of the65 municipal seats . Nader Helawi and four other Swedes of immigrant origin will sit as municipal councilors . Since 2014 , the SD has seen growing support from foreign-born Swedish voters , and was estimated to have become the third most popular party for voters of immigrant backgrounds by 2017 . External links . - Jimmie Åkessons website - SD-Kuriren - Sweden Democratic Youth
|
[
"Mikael Jansson"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": " Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North &",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "naturalisation laws .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "via a referendum .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics .",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Gender equality and social justice .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP .",
"title": "Defense"
},
{
"text": " The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne .",
"title": "Monarchy"
},
{
"text": " SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": ", which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party .",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections .",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD .",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity .",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
}
] |
/wiki/Sweden_Democrats#P488#3
|
Who was the chair of Sweden Democrats in Jul 2005?
|
Sweden Democrats The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 . The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism . Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament . History . Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February . According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970 , banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty . The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement . Moderation and growth ( 1995–2010 ) . In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats . During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 . Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 . In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail : Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure . Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair . He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel . Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group . In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North & East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas . Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media . Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower . Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group . In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality . Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government . In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality . Ideology and political positions . The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties . Immigration . The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere . Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration . SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter naturalisation laws . The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden . Foreign policy . The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership via a referendum . The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture . SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism . In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g . Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context . The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change . The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting . The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood . Economy and welfare . The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics . Family and LGBT . The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state . SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child . Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people . An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them . In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence . Gender equality and social justice . SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market . The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure . Environment . The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security . The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes . SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS . Defense . SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP . Monarchy . The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne . Other public policies . SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets . The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament , which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others . International relations . In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party . Reception and controversies . During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections . Isolation in parliament . Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD . Media boycotts . The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity . Muhammad cartoon debate . After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) . The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions . This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) . The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests . The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event . Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives . In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys . In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 . In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal servers , for instance contained phrases that named black football players from the team Landskrona BoIS as niggers whilst also picturing Romani people as thieves . The email was meant to be playful and ironic , Herrstedt told Aftonbladet . Between 2015 and 2016 various members of the party were expelled from the SD for expressing extremist or racist views , or because of disagreement with the partys shift towards moderation and social conservatism . In April 2015 , the Sweden Democratic Youth leaders were also expelled for these reasons , and the organisation was dissolved shortly after . In December 2016 , the parliamentarian Anna Hagwall was thrown out of the party after using arguments associated with antisemitism to argue for a bill that she introduced in parliament intended to reduce concentration of media ownership in Sweden . In September 2017 , a report from Dagens ETC found that 14 former municipal representatives of the party had infiltrated the SD in order to financially support the Nordic Resistance Movement , a neo-Nazi organisation , through financial transactions , memberships , or purchases of antisemitic and racist literature or souvenirs . In August 2018 , 2 members were kicked out due to purchases of Nazi memorabilia online ; following the expulsions , Michael Erlandsson , one of the SD spokesmen , publicly stated that people who have these types of views and share these types of materials have no place in the party . 14 candidates were expelled from the party as well after being exposed as former members of neo-Nazi organisations . Referring to the latest expulsions , SD leader Jimmie Åkesson declared that the party works extremely hard to keep clean . Researcher on Nordic nationalism Benjamin R . Teitelbaum described the present day version Sweden Democrats as paradoxical compared to other European nationalist parties on the issues of racism and radicalism . Teitelbaum notes that in contrast to other Nordic and wider European populist parties , the SD differs by having a past rooted in white nationalism and extremism , but in the present day is comparably more proactive in rejecting ethno-nationalism and expelling members who make racist statements to the point where he considers the SD to be on the softer side of national-populism . Similar observations were made by British conservative author Douglas Murray who described the SD as undergoing one of the most significant transformations on the European political right from a party on the fringes that openly pushed extreme tendencies to a more mainstream movement that draws on diverse support . Ashley Fox , leader of the British Conservative MEPs , praised the Sweden Democrats regarding the partys policy decisions on the expulsion of extremist and racist members : Over the past decade the Sweden Democrats have made progress in reforming themselves , expelling any members displaying unacceptable views or behaviour and diversifying their party base . Lobbying . The Sweden Democrats came under fire in 2015 for changing their position on profits made by private welfare companies . Before the election in 2014 they favored having restrictions on the amount of profit that welfare companies could take and use for their own gain . Since the election , they have favored the approach of the Alliance parties , that is higher and more restrictive quality standards . This has been suspected to be because of extensive lobbying done by the organisation Svenskt Näringsliv among others . The story was discovered by the Swedish newspaper Dagens Industri on 14 September 2015 . SD has denied all accusations of corruption . Leadership . Party leader . - Anders Klarström ( 19891995 ) - Mikael Jansson ( 19952005 ) - Jimmie Åkesson ( 2005present ) First Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20062015 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 20152019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Second Deputy Party leader . - Jonas Åkerlund ( 20052006 ) - Anna Hagwall ( 20062009 ) - Carina Ståhl Herrstedt ( 20092019 ) - Julia Kronlid ( 2019present ) Secretary . - Jakob Eriksson ( 19982001 ) - Jimmy Windeskog ( 20012003 ) - Torbjörn Kastell ( 20032004 ) - Jan Milld ( 20042005 ) - David Lång ( 2005 ) - Björn Söder ( 20052015 ) - Richard Jomshof ( 2015present ) Parliamentary group leader . - Björn Söder ( 20102014 ) - Mattias Karlsson ( 20142019 ) - Henrik Vinge ( 2019present ) Party spokesmen . - Leif Zeilon and Jonny Berg ( 19881989 ; spokespersons ) - Ola Sundberg and Anders Klarström ( 19891990 ; spokespersons ) - Anders Klarström and Madeleine Larsson ( 19901992 ; spokespersons ) Other prominent party members . - Sten Andersson ( 28 February 194316 August 2010 ) - Tommy Funebo - Dragan Klaric Voter demography . According to the Statistiska Centralbyrån ( SCB ) 2017 party preference survey the Sweden Democrats ( SD ) have a stronger support among men than among women . There is no noticeable difference in support for the party among different age groups . The support for SD is greater among native born than among foreign born . Since 2014 the SD has substantially increased its support among both foreign-born and foreign-background voters , becoming the third largest party in Sweden also among this demographic by 2017 . Sympathies are greater for the party among persons with primary and secondary education than among those with a higher education . The 2018 party preference survey of the SCB show that SD has twice as much support among men than among women . According to Aftonbladet , 14%of SD members are of immigrant origin , which matches the share of foreign-born inhabitants of Sweden . For the 2010 election in the municipality of Södertälje ( Stockholm County ) , SDwas the only party with a majority of immigrants on its electoral list , mostly Assyrians from the Middle East . Polling7.31% ( 3,447 votes ) , SDsmunicipal list in Södertälje got 5of the65 municipal seats . Nader Helawi and four other Swedes of immigrant origin will sit as municipal councilors . Since 2014 , the SD has seen growing support from foreign-born Swedish voters , and was estimated to have become the third most popular party for voters of immigrant backgrounds by 2017 . External links . - Jimmie Åkessons website - SD-Kuriren - Sweden Democratic Youth
|
[
"Jimmie Åkesson"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats or Swedish Democrats ( , SD ) is a nationalist and right-wing populist political party in Sweden founded in 1988 . The party describes itself as social conservative with a nationalist foundation . The party has been variously characterised by academics , political commentators and the media as national-conservative , anti-immigration , eurosceptic or far-right . Jimmie Åkesson has been party leader since 2005 .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "The party originally had its roots in Swedish fascism and white nationalism , but began distancing itself from its past during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Under the leadership of Jimmie Åkesson , the SD underwent a process of reform by expelling hard-line members and moderating its platform . Today , the Sweden Democrats officially reject both fascism and Nazism .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "Support for the Sweden Democrats has grown steadily since the 1990s and the party crossed the 4% threshold necessary for parliamentary representation for the first time during the 2010 general election , polling 5.7% and gaining 20 seats in the Riksdag . This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigration movements in Europe . The party received increased support in the 2018 Swedish general election , when it polled 17.5% and secured 62 seats in parliament , becoming the third largest party in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats remained isolated in the Riksdag for",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": "a long time because the other parties staunchly maintained a policy of refusing cooperation with them . However , in March 2019 , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was ready to start negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag and since 2018 , the SD has formed governing coalitions in municipal councils with the Moderate Party . The Sweden Democrats are a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament .",
"title": "Sweden Democrats"
},
{
"text": " Early years ( 1988–1995 ) . The Sweden Democrats party was founded in 1988 as a direct successor to the Sweden Party , which in turn had been formed in 1986 by the merger of ( BSS , in English : Keep Sweden Swedish ) and a faction of the Swedish Progress Party . SD claims 6 February 1988 as the date of its foundation , although observers tend to see the partys foundation as part of a complex decade-long series of events , with some even calling into question whether a meeting took place on 6 February .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "According to Expo , it is generally agreed that the Sweden Democrats has never been a Nazi party , although some of the SDs early members had previously held connections to Swedish fascist and white nationalist groups . The partys first auditor , Gustaf Ekström , was a Waffen-SS veteran and had been a member of the national socialist party Svensk Socialistisk Samling in the1940s . In 1989 , Ekström was a member of the Sweden Democrats national board . The SDs first chairman Anders Klarström had been briefly active in the neo-Nazi ( Nordic Realm Party ) . The",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SDs logo from the 1990s until 2006 was a version of the torch used by the British National Front . Academic Duncan McDonnell has argued that it is debated as to whether the SD itself was ever explicitly a neo-Nazi movement , but it was widely known to publicly align itself with extreme fringe politics and faced criticism in late 1980s and early 1990s for attracting skinheads to its public events . The SD also encountered controversy for some its early policy ideas before 1990 , which included a proposal to repatriate most immigrants who came to Sweden from 1970",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ", banning adoption of foreign born children and reinstating the death pentalty .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The party promoted concerts by the Swedish offshoot of Rock Against Communism and sponsored music of the nationalist Viking rock band Ultima Thule . Various party officials today acknowledge that being fans of Ultima Thules music factored prominently in their decision to become politically engaged . Early on , the party recommended international connections to its members such as the National Democratic Party of Germany , the American National Association for the Advancement of White People ( founded by David Duke ) and publications like the Nazi Nation Europa and , a newspaper that advocates racial biology and the British",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "neo-Nazi Combat 18 movement .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1995 , Klarström was replaced as party chairman by Mikael Jansson , a former member of the Centre Party . Jansson strove to make the party more respectable and , after skinheads started to impose on party meetings , the wearing of any kind of political uniform was formally banned in 1996 . Also in 1996 it was revealed that a party member , Tina Hallgren , had been to a party meeting of National Socialist Front posing in a Nazi uniform . Opposition to the party have mistakenly mixed these two events together and falsely claim that she",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "was wearing the uniform at a rally of the Sweden Democrats and that it was because of this that the uniform ban came about . During the early 1990s , the party became more influenced by the French National Front , as well as the Freedom Party of Austria , the Danish Peoples Party , German The Republicans and Italian National Alliance . SDreceived economic support for the 1998 election from the French National Front , and became active in Le Pens Euronat from the same time . By the end of the decade , the party took further steps",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to moderate itself by softening its policies on immigration and capital punishment . In 1999 , the SD left Euronat although the youth wing remained affiliated until 2002 . In 2001 the most extreme faction was expelled from the party , leading to the formation of the more radical National Democrats .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the 2000s the so-called Scania gang , also known as the Gang of Four or Fantastic Four , which consisted of the youth wing chairman Jimmie Åkesson , as well as Björn Söder , Mattias Karlsson and Richard Jomshof continued and expanded the moderation policy , which included ousting openly extremist members , banning both foreign and Swedish extreme-right activists from attending party events and obtaining membership , and further revising the SDs policy platform . Before the 2002 election , former Moderate Party MP Sten Christer Andersson defected to SD , citing that the party had gotten rid",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of its extreme-right elements . In 2003 the party declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a cornerstone of its policies . In 2005 , Akesson defeated Jansson in a leadership contest . Shortly after , the party changed its logo from the flaming torch to one featuring an Anemone hepatica , reminiscent of the partys very first , but short-lived , logo ( a stylised Myosotis scorpioides ) . The party also formally introduced a charter against racism and extremism in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entrance into parliament ( 2010–2014 ) . In the 2010 general election , SDwon representation in the Swedish Riksdag for the first time , with5.7% of the vote and 20MPs . Sweden Democrat MP William Petzäll was persuaded to leave the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat . This was done because of Petzälls substance abuse and the problems this might cause for SDspublic image . Petzäll later died of an overdose and his seat was turned over to Stellan Bojerud in September 2012 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , videos from August 2010 were released , in segments , over the course of three days by Swedish newspaper Expressen ( a year earlier , Expressen had released the same videos without making much noise ) . This came to be known as the Iron pipe scandal , although the same videos had already been released on YouTube by Erik Almqvist in 2010 . The videos , recorded by MP Kent Ekeroth , featured him along with fellow Sweden Democrats MP Erik Almqvist and Christian Westling . The videos show Almqvist arguing with comedian Soran Ismail",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ": Almqvist is referring to Sweden as my country , not your country , as an insult to Ismail . They are also shown arguing with a drunken man . A woman can also be seen approaching Kent Ekeroth while filming ; he calls her a whore and pushes her out of the way . A few minutes later they are seen picking up iron bars . Coming only a month after party leader Åkesson had instated a zero-tolerance policy towards racism in the party , the release of the video caused Almqvist to leave his position as the partys",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "economic policy spokesperson and his place in the executive committee on 14 November . He excused himself as having been under a lot of pressure and threats of violence at the time . As more segments of the video were released , revealing the other two mens involvement , the party announced on 15 November that Ekeroth would take a break from his position as the partys justice policy spokesman . Almqvist and Ekeroth both took time off from their parliament seats . Sweden Democratic Youth president Gustav Kasselstrand and vice president William Hahne criticised the decision to remove Almqvist",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and Ekeroth in an op-ed in Dagens Nyheter , arguing that the party should not give in to media pressure .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Only two weeks after Almqvist and Ekeroth were forced to step down , fellow MP Lars Isovaara reported being robbed of his backpack and pushed out of his wheelchair by two unknown men of an immigrant background . When trying to get into the Riksdag , Isovaara was himself reported by the police for racial abuse against safety guards . The Sweden Democrats initially defended Isovaara , but backed down when Expressen revealed that Isovaara had actually forgotten his backpack at a restaurant , and that the two men had helped him when he fell out of his wheelchair .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "He left his seat in the Riksdag on 29 November , and was replaced by Markus Wiechel .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Rise in national support ( 2014–2018 ) . In the European election of 2014 SD received 9.67% of votes , winning two seats in the European Parliament and becoming the fifth party of the country . The party later joined the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe and the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014 election the Sweden Democrats received 12.9%of the votes , doubling their support and becoming the third-largest party . The party remained big in Scania and Blekinge ; for example in Malmö the party received 14% of the votes , in Landskrona it received 19% of the votes and in Sjöbo a total of 30% rendering the party the largest in that municipality . Other parties , however , remained firm in their decision to isolate them from exerting influence . Out of 29 constituencies electing parliamentarians , the party was the second largest in Scania North &",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "East while being the third largest party in 25 . Although relying heavily on rural areas and the deep south , the party also made strong inroads and results above 15% in some medium-sized central Sweden cities such as Norrköping , Eskilstuna and Gävle , indicating a widening of its voter base in all areas .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some time after that , Åkesson announced he would go on sick leave due to burnout . Mattias Karlsson was appointed to temporarily take over Åkessons duties as party leader . On Monday , 23 March 2015 , it was announced that Åkesson would return from his leave of absence to resume his duties as party leader following an interview to be broadcast on the Friday , 27 March instalment of the Skavlan program on SVT , and a subsequent press conference with the Swedish media .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Amid media coverage regarding the high immigration figures and the European migrant crisis , the Sweden Democrats soared in all opinion polls during the summer of 2015 , even topping web-based polls from YouGov and Sentio in late summer , with a little over a quarter of the vote . The party also saw rising support in phone-based polls , although the swing was lower .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Entering mainstream politics ( 2018–present ) . On 2 July 2018 the two Sweden Democrats MEPs left the EFDD group and moved to the European Conservatives and Reformists group .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018 general election , the SD increased its support to 17.5% of the vote , though it did not grow as much as most polls had predicted . According to Emily Schultheis of Foreign Policy , the SD won an ideological victory , as it effectively set the terms for debate and forced its rivals to adopt immigration policies similar to its own , and other reporters made similar observations . The SD performed particularly well in Skåne County , having the highest number of voters in 21 out of the countys 33 municipalities . An SVT analysis",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the results found that at least 22 seats in 17 city councils would be empty as the Sweden Democrats won more seats than the number of candidates it had . The party also received its first mayor , in Hörby Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the election , Christian Democratic leader Ebba Busch announced that her party was willing to enter negotiations with the Sweden Democrats in the Riksdag . In December 2019 , Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson held an official meeting with the Sweden Democrat leadership for the first time , despite having previously ruled out negotiating with the party . This led to speculation that the SD could be included in a new centre-right grouping to replace the Alliance which had collapsed after the Centre Party and the Liberal Party left to support the Social Democratic led government .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In October 2018 , the Sweden Democrats went into a governing coalition with the Moderate Party for the first time in Staffanstorp Municipality .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats party programme is based on democratic nationalism and social conservatism . Nordic Studies scholar Benjamin R . Teitelbaum has called them radical nationalist and in 2018 said the party has since evolved to the softer side of European populist parties . The party has been described by sociologist Jens Rydgren and others as xenophobic , racist and right-wing populist . In 2013 , a Sveriges Radio journalist called the party xenophobic , which resulted in a complaint lodged to the broadcasting regulator . The Swedish Broadcasting Commission determined that this description was acceptable to use . Oscar",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Sjöstedt , the partys financial spokesperson , places the party around the centre on the left-right poitical spectrum while Jimmie Åkesson has stated that they are parallel with the Moderate Party . The party formally rejects Nazism and in recent years has increasingly distanced itself from other European ultra-nationalist or far-right parties .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a national failure . In a statement filed before the Riksdag Committee on Migration in August 2020 , SD claims that Swedens irresponsible immigration and asylum policies have subjected Sweden to an on-going long-term , albeit low-intensive crisis . Their official policy brief states that the party welcomes those who contribute to our [ Swedens ] society , who follow our laws and respect our customs . On the other hand , anyone who comes here and exploits our systems , commits crimes or exposes our",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "citizens to danger is not welcome . When handling asylum seekers , the party supports protecting national sovereignty in regards to Swedens decisions on migration and border control , as well as the principle of first safe country , meaning that asylum seekers should only be able to seek asylum in the first safe country that they arrive in . Until such legislation is realized , SD supports setting limits on the right to welfare and making cultural integration mandatory . The party opposes offering permanent residency to asylum seekers , believing that temporary residency should be the standard for",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "those who claim asylum in Sweden . SD supports Sweden eventually accepting refugees exclusively through the UNHCR resettlement programme in accordance with a quota based on each municipalitys capacity . The party also supports giving priority to persecuted secular , Christian , former Muslim and other religious or sexual minorities fleeing war or death for apostasy believing that such individuals are less likely to be offered refuge elsewhere .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "Historically , SD sought to repatriate most immigrants and ban immigration entirely , however these policies were moderated in the 1990s before being scrapped altogether . Presently , SD wishes to strongly restrict and control immigration , and instead give generous support to immigrants who dont want to assimilate into Swedish society to emigrate back to their country of origin . As more state funds are made free from funding mass immigration , SD believes that Sweden will be better able to help refugees and economic migrants in their home areas . SD also favours assimilation over integration of immigrants",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "from non-European backgrounds , arguing that integration is a meet in the middle approach and that Swedes should not have to bear the burden over what the party claims have been reckless immigration policies . SD calls for compulsory measures for immigrants to be employed , learn the Swedish language and be subject to a language and social skills test before becoming eligible for citizenship . The party also supports increased spending on border patrol forces , expulsion of illegal immigrants and foreign-born criminals , repatriations of Schengen area migrants who move to Sweden to make a living from street",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "begging , changes in the law to enable the government to strip foreign-born Swedish nationals of their citizenship if found guilty of a serious crime , penalties against employers who use foreign and undocumented labor to circumvent Swedish working conditions and stricter laws against family migration .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "SD has referred to the recommendations from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) which state that the return of refugees should be the solution to refugee problems . Torbjörn Kastell ( former party secretary from 2003 to 2004 ) said in 2002 that the party wanted a multicultural world , not a multicultural society . In recent years SDhas tried to approach the immigration policy of the Danish Peoples Party , which from 2001 to 2011 provided parliamentary support for the former Danish liberal/conservative government in return for a tightening of Danish immigration policies and stricter",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "naturalisation laws .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " The SD wants European governments to construct a security wall along the European border with Turkey in response to illegal immigration , terrorism and incursions by the Grey Wolves into Greece . It also calls on Europe to commonly adopt a migration system based on the Australian model to prevent human trafficking across the Mediterranean which the party states enables illegal immigrants and would-be terrorists to reach Sweden .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are against further EU integration and cession of Swedish sovereignty to the European Union . The party is opposed to EU regulations on Swedish tax and domestic affairs , calls for EU influence over domestic political decision making of member states to be minimized and for the national sovereignty and cultural identity of European nations to be prioritized over the EUs political ambitions . SD rejects joining the Economic and Monetary Union by opposing the Euro currency and favors keeping the krona . They also seek to reduce Swedish financial contributions to Brussels , renegotiate Swedish membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "of the Schengen Agreement , protect the free access to the internet from EU copyright bills , and are against the accession of Turkey to the European Union . The SD states that it supports pan-European political cooperation to combat cross-border organized crime , illegal immigration , Islamism , terrorism and environmental challenges but opposes creating a fully combined EU army or policies that could lead to the creation of a Federal European Superstate . The SD states that if the EU cannot be reformed and tries to transform itself into a Superstate , Sweden should immediately reconsider its membership",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "via a referendum .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats are supportive of Israel and favors recognising Jerusalem as Israels capital and proposes moving the Swedish embassy there . The party also supports closer military cooperation with neighboring Nordic countries and an alignment with NATO without full membership . SD also supports the creation of an independent Kurdish state and for the Armenian genocide to be formally recognised by the international community . National identity and culture .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "SD values a strong , common national and cultural identity , believing this to be one of the most basic cornerstones of a functioning democracy . Minimizing linguistic , cultural and religious differences in society has a positive effect on societal cohesion , according to the party . The Swedish nation is defined in terms of loyalty , a common language and common culture . A requirement for becoming a member of the Swedish nation is to either be born in it or [ ... ] by actively choosing to be a part of it . For these reasons among",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "others , SDfirmly rejects multiculturalism .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "In an interview for Dagens Nyheter , Second Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag and then-party secretary Björn Söder elaborated on the SDparty programme with respect to its views on national identity by saying that he personally did not think people with dual national identities in Sweden would necessarily identify themselves as Swedish . Although an immigrant of any ethnic background in theory can become a Swedish citizen , they would have to adapt and be assimilated in order to be considered Swedish in the cultural sense . Björn Söder stated that the officially recognised Swedish minority peoples ( e.g .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Sami , Tornedalians and Jews ) in many cases have dual cultural identities and that they probably would be proud of both heritages . It was widely interpreted that Söder had stated in the interview that Jews cannot be Swedish unless they abandon their Jewish identity . Söders comments were understood to be anti-semitic and caused Swedish parliamentary groups and party leaders to call for Björn Söders resignation . The Simon Wiesenthal Center listed the statement as number six on their list of the top ten most anti-semitic events of 2014 . Söder responded in the Jerusalem Post , denying",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "the charges of anti-semitism and claiming Dagens Nyheter had taken his statements out of context .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats advocates a cultural policy that would strip funding for multicultural initiatives and strengthen support for traditional Swedish culture . This agenda has often manifested itself as opposition to state funding of immigrant cultural organisations and festivals , and support for traditional Swedish craft , folk music , and folk dance groups . The party also tends to oppose state support for cultural initiatives deemed provocative or elitist . A 2014 letter signed by 52Swedish anthropologists , criticised the Sweden Democrats use of the terms culture ( kultur ) and anthropology ( antropologi ) , claiming their views",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "on culture were essentialist and obsolete , clarifying that culture is dynamic and in constant change .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats criticise modern art and have accused local councils of wasting public money on what it calls provocative art . The SD want citizens to be able to vote in local referendums on public art displayed near schools , public transport stations and town centres . The important thing is that what is expressed in the public environment is anchored to the citizens and especially the local residents who are most often in the environment so that they feel an identification , says the partys cultural spokesperson Aron Emilsson . Sweden Democrats mayor in Sölvesborg Louise Erixon claimed",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "Theres a big division between what the general public thinks is beautiful and interesting and what a tiny cultural elite thinks is exciting .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats also support a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places , are against proposals to publicly broadcast the Islamic call to prayer from minarets , and want tougher enforcement of existing laws against female genital mutilation , honor violence and social segregation . The SD also want Swedish to remain Swedens sole official language in state funded schools , government agencies and public funded media . It also supports prohibiting the hijab in primary schools , arguing that while it is not opposed to hijabs in general , the choice to wear it should be",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "made on an individual basis when a child reaches adulthood .",
"title": "Foreign policy"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have described themselves as supporters of the Swedish welfare state , labour rights and the public sector , but argue that welfare should be restricted to Swedish citizens and permanent residents . In its platform , the SD claims that its economic policies are neither left or right-wing , but designed to improve conditions for small and medium-sized companies , self-employed citizens and entrepreneurs to boost employment and stimulate the economy , as opposed to what it describes as constructed jobs created by the government to reduce unemployment but hold no long term benefits for the Swedish",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "economy or for the people who work them . SD wants to abolish the Swedish Employment Service in its current form and replace it with a new authority for the supervision and close regulation of private employment services to ensure large corporations do not exploit or undercut Swedish workers . The party also supports affordable and free access to public healthcare for Swedish nationals . Anders Backlund described the party as economically centrist , leaning towards economic nationalism ( in contrast to the other Swedish conservative parties who tend to favour open free markets and global cosmopolitan philosophies ) and",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": "supporting a mixed market economy combining centre-left and centre-right ideas , as well as promoting welfare chauvinist policies which blend national-populism with socio-economics .",
"title": "Economy and welfare"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats considers children raised in a traditional nuclear family as the preferred option for the childs development . Those not raised by their biological parents should have the right to associate with or at least find out who they were . SD has been critical of adoption and artificial insemination for same-sex couples and polyamorous people . The party now supports same-sex marriage and civil partnerships for gay couples but believes the ultimate decision to perform ceremonies should be decided by the individual religious institution rather than the state .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "SD previously opposed government sanctioned adoption to single people , same-sex couples and polyamorous relationships unless the adopting party are close relatives or already have a close relationship with the child .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Although SDhistorically criticised what it calls a Homosex Lobby , the party claims that it is not hostile to homosexuals . Party leader Jimmie Åkesson expressed concern that what he describes as islamisation of Sweden will eventually lead to the rights of sexual minorities being violated . SD-Kuriren ( the official SD party newspaper ) regularly published articles attacking LGBT events and describing homosexuality as perversion throughout the early 2000s before moderating itself . A blog post claiming Stockholm Pride sexualised young children and equating homosexuality with pedophilia titled Botten måste snart vara nådd ( Soon enough well hit rock",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "bottom ) was published by SD Party secretary Björn Söder on 1 August 2007 . The post was widely criticised in the Swedish media as an attack on LGBT people .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "An unofficial gay pride parade called Pride Järva was organised by SD member and former party magazine editor Jan Sjunnesson in the Stockholm suburbs of Tensta and Husby , two areas with large immigrant populations . The event was disavowed by the official Stockholm Pride organisation and the Swedish Federation for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Rights ; in a joint statement both organisations called Sjunnesson a person whos spreading hatred towards Muslims on social media [ and ] whos not supporting LGBT rights . Approximately 30 people participated in Pride Järva , with a larger amount of",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "LGBT and heterosexual anti-racist counter protestors arriving to oppose them .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " In recent years , the SD has softened its stances on LGBT rights and same-sex parenting through updating its policies on LGBT issues . In its current platform , the SD states everyone must be treated equally , regardless of sexual orientation , and discrimination must be combated . In a 2018 interview , SD member of the Riksdag and gender-equality spokesperson Paula Bieler stated that homophobes are not welcome in our party . The party also calls for a ban on child , polygamous and forced marriages , as well as harsher penalties for honor violence .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "Gender equality and social justice .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " SD opposes any negative or positive special treatment on the basis of gender , age , sexual orientation , nationality or ethnic origin in the labour market .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": "The party maintains that , collectively , there are biological differences between men and women , some of which that cannot be observed with the naked eye . Perceived differences between men and women in regards to preference , behaviour and life choices exist due to each individuals choices and does not necessarily have to be problematic , the result of discrimination nor the result of an oppressive gender power structure .",
"title": "Family and LGBT"
},
{
"text": " The party argues that other countries should reduce their emissions instead of Sweden which they believe is already doing enough on that front . The party advocates keeping nuclear power plants as a prominent energy source in Sweden , believing it to be an efficient way to combat climate change . They also advocate in investing in climate research internationally and funding climate action on a global scale . Law and order and security .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats support generally increased minimum sentences as well as increased resources and personnel for the police . SD wishes to instate the possibility of life imprisonment without parole for the worst crimes and to repatriate foreign citizens found guilty of serious crimes . SD also wants to establish a public register of individuals convicted for certain sexual crimes .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD previously supported the reinstatement of capital punishment before dropping it as an official policy after the party program was updated in 1998 , although individuals within the party continue to support the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder and infanticide . The SD is also opposed to repatriating and offering state funded assistance to Swedish citizens who joined ISIS .",
"title": "Environment"
},
{
"text": " SD wants to increase the number of Swedish Army brigades to seven from todays two . The party has stated that it would seek to raise Swedens defence spending to 2-2.5% of GDP .",
"title": "Defense"
},
{
"text": " The party is a supporter of the Swedish monarchy but also supports an amendment to the constitution that obligates the Riksdag to elect a new monarch in the event of there being no heir to the throne .",
"title": "Monarchy"
},
{
"text": " SD wishes to lower the tax rate for the elderly , as well as increase subsidised housing for the elderly . SD also wishes to allocate additional resources to municipalities in order to provide seniors with greater food assistance and , in general , improve their quality of life . SD has also emphasised a desire to crack down on abuses and crimes of which the elderly are particular targets .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats are critical of the special rights given to the indigenous Sami people of northern Sweden . In 2008 the party accepted a motion against the rights to reindeer husbandry . They have argued that those who do not involve themselves with reindeer husbandry are treated as second class citizens and that the privileges the herders have are undemocratic . They want to restructure the councils and funds that are used to benefit the Sami population , so that they are used regardless of ethnic identity and business operations . They also want to abolish the Sami Parliament",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": ", which claims special privileges for an ethnic minority while the society claims equal rights for others .",
"title": "Other public policies"
},
{
"text": "In its early , days the Sweden Democrats was known to associate itself with both native Swedish and wider European extreme-right activist groups and parties . During the 1990s , the Sweden Democrats began distancing itself from such groups and made connections with the French National Front and Jean Marie Le Pen through his Euronat initiative , but otherwise the party did not actively seek formal relationships outside of Sweden . After party left Euronat , it became more influenced by the neighboring Danish Peoples Party . The SD also had some contacts with other European nationalist parties such as",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "the Austrian FPÖ and the Flemish Vlaams Belang party prior to 2014 . The Danish Peoples Party was initially reluctant to collaborate with the SD until 2010 when Pia Kjærsgaard travelled to Sweden to help with the partys general election campaign . Following the European election of 2014 there was some speculation that the SD would enter a grouping with other European nationalist parties led by Marine Le Pen . However , the party began to distance itself from other European far-right parties and elected to become a member of the more moderate right-wing Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "group with the UK Independence Party . In 2015 , SD began forging closer relations with the Danish Peoples Party and in 2018 announced an official cooperation pact with the Finns Party . All three parties are members of the Nordic Freedom group . In 2018 , SD joined both the European Conservatives and Reformists group and the European Conservatives and Reformists Party in which it sits alongside the British Conservative Party .",
"title": "International relations"
},
{
"text": "During the 1980s and early 1990s , many outspoken far-right and Nazi advocates were involved with the party . It was founded by , among others , the Swedish Waffen-SS veteran Gustaf Ekström and members of both older Nazi and neo-Nazi organisations . In its early days , the SD also had a reputation for attracting biker and skinhead gangs to its rallies . The party had flyers printed by the French National Front in the 1998 general election , and was financially backed for the 2004 European election by Belgian Bernard Mengal . The party was a member of",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "the Euronat initiative which was set up by Jean-Marie Le Pen . However , as part of the moderation process , the Sweden Democrats have subsequently sought to distance themselves from far-right parties in Europe , including turning down an invitation to join a grouping in the European parliament with the National Front in 2014 and choosing to ally themselves with more moderate parties during the 2014 and 2019 European elections .",
"title": "Reception and controversies"
},
{
"text": "Both before and after the 2010 Swedish general election all the major parties , including the Swedish Social Democrats and the Moderate Party , declared they would not collaborate or work with the Sweden Democrats . The move was described by international pundits as an unofficial cordon sanitaire . The policy of non-cooperation was kept in place for the 2014 Swedish general election . However , at a local level other parties from the Moderates to the Left Party have collaborated or voted in favour of SD initiatives . Following the 2018 general election , which saw the disintegration of",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "the centre-right Alliance , Christian Democrats leader Ebba Busch and Moderates leader Ulf Kristersson signaled an end to the non-cooperation policy and began talks with the SD .",
"title": "Isolation in parliament"
},
{
"text": "The Sweden Democrats have complained about difficulties buying advertising space due to the media banning the party from advertisement and have accused media outlets of trying to censor or limit the partys campaign messages during elections . which has been criticised by free speech organisations . On 16 June 2006 , Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet decided to stop their boycott . Expressen , however , still retains a ban on Sweden Democrat advertising . During the 2010 Swedish general election , broadcaster TV4 refused to air a Sweden Democrats campaign video which depicted a Swedish pensioner being outrun by",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "burka-clad women with prams . TV4s decision was criticized by both free speech advocates and politicians from Demnmark , including by Danish Peoples Party leader Pia Kjærsgaard , Venstre and the Conservative Peoples Party ( who reacted to TV4s decision to ban the video by calling for international election observers to be sent to Sweden ) , and by members of the Norwegian Progress Party who called the decision a violation of democratic rules . Journalist Hanne Kjöller argued that attempts to censor the SD in 2010 ended up emboldening their support by giving them more publicity .",
"title": "Media boycotts"
},
{
"text": "After the Danish daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons depicting Muhammad and ignited a controversy during the2005 autumn and winter , the Sweden Democrats gave their unreserved support to the publication with reference to the freedom of speech . SDstated that it saw no reason why a Danish newspaper should be forced to abide by Muslim rules and prohibitions regarding expression . When the boycott of Danish products was launched in the Middle East , SDlaunched a Buy Danish campaign in support of Danish workers . In 2006 SD entered the Muhammad cartoon debate by publishing a cartoon depicting Muhammad",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "on its youth league ( SDU ) and SD-Kuriren websites . The cartoon showed Muhammad from behind holding a mirror in front of his face . However , instead of any facial features , the mirror showed only a blank head . The cartoon was captioned Muhammads Face ( ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The publication attracted the attention of the Swedish government , which informed internet service provider Levonline about the SDs publications . Subsequently , Levonline shut down SDs web page . The Minister for Foreign Affairs , Laila Freivalds , denied any direct interference . However , at the same time , Laila Freivalds condemned the publication as a provocation . Freivalds then resigned from the Persson Cabinet after being accused of interference with press freedom and lying about such actions .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "This event spurred debate on government censorship in Sweden . The Sweden Democrats also had a hate speech charge filed against them due to the posted caricature . Similar hate speech charges were filed against other Swedish publishers who had depicted Muhammad . However , these charges were immediately deemed to be unfounded by the Swedish Chancellor of Justice ( Justitiekanslern ) .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " The Sweden Democrats originally planned to publish a set of cartoons in their newspaper SD-Kuriren . However , after the controversy erupted , Jimmie Åkesson issued a statement on SDs website on 9 February 2006 , stating that they would refrain from further publications online and in print , due to concerns that publishing might spur hostile actions against Swedes and Swedish interests .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "The shutdown of the Sweden Democrats websites was reported to the Committee on the Constitution by the Liberal Peoples Party leader Lars Leijonborg . SD filed charges against the Security Service ( Säpo ) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs with the Justitiekansler and Justitieombudsmannen , alleging that the governments interference was unconstitutional . The spokesperson of the Green Party , Peter Eriksson , also expressed concern over possible government involvement in the event .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": " Racist incidents and expulsions . The Sweden Democrats have , among all Swedish parliamentary parties , had the largest share of elected municipal representatives resign since the 2010 elections ( 27.8% ) . Many of these resignations were brought on by racist statements or actions by these representatives .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2012 , party spokesperson Erik Almqvist resigned after he had been caught on tape making racist and sexist statements . Another video later surfaced , showing how Almqvist , in addition to party spokesperson Kent Ekeroth and party official Christian Westling were arming themselves with iron pipes before they sought out a confrontation with Soran Ismail , a Swedish comedian of Kurdish descent . In November 2012 , parliamentarian Lars Isovaara resigned after accusing two people of foreign origin of stealing his bag ( which Isovaara had left at a restaurant ) and then proceeding to verbally abuse",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "a security guard of a foreign background . Isovaaras replacement in parliament , Markus Wiechel , was found in April 2013 to have referred to a group of black people as monkeys .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In March 2013 , 12 individuals were thrown out of the party for their involvement in neo-Nazi or other extremist movements . In November 2013 , parliamentarian and then vice party leader Jonas Åkerlund gained attention for having called immigrants parasites during a broadcast on SDs own radio station in 2002 , after the recording was publicly rediscovered . In his defence , Åkerlund stated that he only said it to provoke people . In September 2014 , a few weeks before the general election , the party chairman of the local Stockholm branch , Christoffer Dulny , resigned from",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "his position . He had been posting mocking comments about immigrants , calling them shameless liars on alternative media sites . He also resigned from his newly won position in parliament on the same day he was elected , 29 September 2014 .",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
},
{
"text": "In October 2016 , a video of the parliamentarian and economic policy spokesperson Oscar Sjöstedt making antisemitic jokes was released . Whilst at a party , believed to have taken place in 2011 , he laughingly told a story about former co-workers with Nazi sympathies mocking Jews and comparing them to sheep . During the same month , the parliamentarian and second vice party leader Carina Herrstedt was confronted with having sent an allegedly racist , antisemitic , homophobic and anti-romanyist email to her then spouse in 2011 . The email , which had been leaked from the partys internal",
"title": "Muhammad cartoon debate"
}
] |
/wiki/Tommy_Flowers#P800#0
|
Tommy Flowers published which notable work in Dec 1942?
|
Tommy Flowers Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages . Early life . Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer . Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth . From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs . World War II . Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine . Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it . Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs . Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine . In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed . Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park . Post-war work and retirement . After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 , he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 . In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer . Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit . In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive . On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name . On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei , Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA . In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .
|
[
"Heath Robinson"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages .",
"title": "Tommy Flowers"
},
{
"text": " Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Tommy_Flowers#P800#1
|
Tommy Flowers published which notable work between Dec 1949 and Aug 1952?
|
Tommy Flowers Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages . Early life . Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer . Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth . From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs . World War II . Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine . Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it . Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs . Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine . In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed . Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park . Post-war work and retirement . After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 , he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 . In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer . Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit . In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive . On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name . On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei , Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA . In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .
|
[
"Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages .",
"title": "Tommy Flowers"
},
{
"text": " Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Tommy_Flowers#P800#2
|
Tommy Flowers published which notable work after Aug 1957?
|
Tommy Flowers Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages . Early life . Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer . Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth . From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs . World War II . Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine . Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it . Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs . Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine . In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed . Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park . Post-war work and retirement . After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 , he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 . In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer . Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit . In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive . On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name . On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei , Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA . In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .
|
[
"ERNIE"
] |
[
{
"text": " Thomas Harold Flowers , BSc , DSc , OBE ( 22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998 ) was an English engineer with the British General Post Office . During World War II , Flowers designed and built Colossus , the worlds first programmable electronic computer , to help solve encrypted German messages .",
"title": "Tommy Flowers"
},
{
"text": " Flowers was born at 160 Abbott Road , Poplar in Londons East End on 22 December 1905 , the son of a bricklayer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Whilst undertaking an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , he took evening classes at the University of London to earn a degree in electrical engineering . In 1926 , he joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office ( GPO ) , moving to work at the research station at Dollis Hill in north-west London in 1930 . In 1935 , he married Eileen Margaret Green and the couple later had two children , John and Kenneth .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " From 1935 onward , he explored the use of electronics for telephone exchanges and by 1939 , he was convinced that an all-electronic system was possible . A background in switching electronics would prove crucial for his computer designs .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Flowers first contact with wartime codebreaking came in February 1941 when his director , W . Gordon Radley , was asked for help by Alan Turing , who was working at Bletchley Park the government codebreaking establishment , north west of London in Buckinghamshire . Turing wanted Flowers to build a decoder for the relay-based Bombe machine , which Turing had developed to help decrypt German Enigma codes . The decoder project was abandoned but Turing was impressed with Flowerss work , and in February 1943 introduced him to Max Newman who was leading the effort to automate part of",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher . This was a high-level German code generated by a teletypewriter in-line cipher machine , the Lorenz SZ40/42 , one of their ( secret writer ) systems , called Tunny ( tuna fish ) by the British . It was a much more complex system than Enigma ; the decoding procedure involved trying so many possibilities that it was impractical to do by hand . Flowers and Frank Morrell ( also at Dollis Hill ) designed the Heath Robinson , in an attempt to automate the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz SZ-40/42 cipher machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers proposed a more sophisticated alternative , using an electronic system , which his staff called Colossus , using perhaps 1,800 thermionic valves ( vacuum tubes ) instead of 150 and having only one paper tape instead of two ( which required synchronisation ) by generating the wheel patterns electronically . Because the most complicated previous electronic device had used about 150 valves , some were sceptical that the system would be reliable . Flowers countered that the British telephone system used thousands of valves and was reliable because the electronics were operated in a stable environment with the circuitry",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "on all the time . The Bletchley management were not convinced and merely encouraged Flowers to proceed on his own . He did so at the Post Office Research Labs , using some of his own funds to build it .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " Despite the success of Colossus , the Heath Robinson approach was still valuable for solving certain problems . The final development of the concept was a machine called Super Robinson that was designed by Tommy Flowers . This one could run four tapes and was used for running depths and cribs or known-plaintext attack runs .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers gained full backing for his project from the director of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill , W . G . Radley . With the highest priority for acquisition of parts , Flowerss team at Dollis Hill built the first machine in eleven months . It was immediately dubbed Colossus by the Bletchley Park staff for its immense proportions . The Mark 1 Colossus operated five times faster and was more flexible than the previous system , named Heath Robinson , which used electro-mechanical switches . The first Mark 1 , with 1500 valves , ran at",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Dollis Hill in November 1943 ; it was delivered to Bletchley Park in January 1944 where it was assembled and began operation in early February . The algorithms used by Colossus were developed by W . T . Tutte and his team of mathematicians . Colossus proved to be efficient and quick against the twelve-rotor Lorenz cipher SZ42 machine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "In anticipation of a need for additional computers , Flowers was already working on Colossus Mark 2 which would employ 2,400 valves . The first Mark 2 went into service at Bletchley Park on 1 June 1944 and immediately produced vital information for the imminent D-Day landings planned for Monday 5 June ( postponed 24 hours by bad weather ) . Flowers later described a crucial meeting between Dwight D . Eisenhower and his staff on 5 June , during which a courier entered and handed Eisenhower a note summarising a Colossus decrypt . This confirmed that Adolf Hitler wanted",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "no additional troops moved to Normandy , as he was still convinced that the preparations for the Normandy landings were a feint . Handing back the decrypt , Eisenhower announced to his staff , We go tomorrow . Earlier , a report from Field Marshal Erwin Rommel on the western defences was decoded by Colossus and revealed that one of the sites chosen as the drop site for a US parachute division was the base for a German tank division , so the site was changed .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Years later , Flowers described the design and construction of the computers . Ten Colossi were completed and used during the Second World War in British decoding efforts and an eleventh was ready for commissioning at the end of the war . All but two were dismantled at the end of the war , The remaining two were moved to a British Intelligence department , GCHQ in Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , where they may have played a significant part in the codebreaking operations of the Cold War . They were finally decommissioned in 1959 and 1960 . A functioning Colossus",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Mark II was rebuilt by a team of volunteers led by Tony Sale between 1993 and 2008 . It is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "After the war , Flowers received little recognition for his contribution to cryptanalysis . The government granted him £1,000 payment which did not cover Flowers personal investment in the equipment ; he shared much of the money amongst the staff who had helped him build and test Colossus . Flowers applied for a loan from the Bank of England to build another machine like Colossus but was denied the loan because the bank did not believe that such a machine could work . He could not argue that he had already designed and built many of these machines because his",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "work on Colossus was covered by the Official Secrets Act . It was not until the 1970s that Flowers work in computing was fully acknowledged . His family had known only that he had done some secret and important work . He remained at the Post Office Research Station where he was Head of the Switching Division . He and his group pioneered work on all-electronic telephone exchanges , completing a basic design by about 1950 , which led on to the Highgate Wood Telephone Exchange . He was also involved in the development of ERNIE . In 1964 ,",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "he became head of the advanced development at Standard Telephones and Cables Ltd. , where he continued to develop electronic telephone switching including a pulse amplitude modulation exchange , retiring in 1969 .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 1976 , he published Introduction to Exchange Systems , a book on the engineering principles of telephone exchanges . In 1977 , Flowers was made an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he was the first winner of the Martlesham Medal in recognition of his achievements in computing . In 1993 , he received a certificate from , having completed a basic course in information processing on a personal computer .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Flowers died in 1998 aged 92 , leaving a wife and two sons . He is commemorated at the Post Office Research Station site , which became a housing development , with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road called Flowers Close . He was honoured by London Borough of Tower Hamlets , where he was born . An Information and Communications Technology ( ICT ) centre for young people , the Tommy Flowers Centre , opened there in November 2010 . The centre has closed but the building is now the Tommy Flowers",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "Centre , part of the Tower Hamlets Pupil Referral Unit .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In September 2012 , his wartime diary was put on display at Bletchley Park . A road in Kesgrave , near the current BT Research Laboratories , is named Tommy Flowers Drive .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 12 December 2013 , 70 years after he created Colossus , his legacy was honoured with a memorial commissioned by BT , successor to Post Office Telephones . The life-size bronze bust , designed by James Butler , was unveiled by Trevor Baylis at Adastral Park , BTs research and development centre in Martlesham Heath , near Ipswich , Suffolk . BT also began a computer science scholarship and award in his name .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "On 29 September 2016 , BT opened the Tommy Flowers Institute for ICT training at Adastral Park to support the development of postgraduates transferring into industry . The institute focuses on bringing ICT-sector organisations together with academic researchers to solve some of the challenges facing UK businesses , exploring areas such as cybersecurity , big data , autonomics and converged networks . The launch event was attended by professors from Cambridge , Oxford , East Anglia , Essex , Imperial , UCL , Southampton , Surrey , and Lancaster as well as representatives from the National Physical Laboratory , Huawei",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": ", Ericsson , CISCO , ARM and ADVA .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , a room in the newly refurbished Institution of Engineering and Technology in London was named the Flowers Room .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Eyres#P54#0
|
David Eyres played for which team before Jun 1992?
|
David Eyres David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer . Career . A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November , in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals . In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 . Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 . During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December . Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley . In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club Post-retirement . After retiring , Eyres became a match summariser for BBC Radio Lancashire . Honours . Blackpool - Division Four play-off winner : 1991–92 Burnley - Division Two play-off winner : 1993–94 Preston North End - Division Two champions : 1999–2000 External links . - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile
|
[
"Blackpool"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer .",
"title": "David Eyres"
},
{
"text": "A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Eyres#P54#1
|
David Eyres played for which team between Jan 1993 and Mar 1996?
|
David Eyres David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer . Career . A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November , in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals . In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 . Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 . During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December . Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley . In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club Post-retirement . After retiring , Eyres became a match summariser for BBC Radio Lancashire . Honours . Blackpool - Division Four play-off winner : 1991–92 Burnley - Division Two play-off winner : 1993–94 Preston North End - Division Two champions : 1999–2000 External links . - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile
|
[
"Burnley"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer .",
"title": "David Eyres"
},
{
"text": "A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Eyres#P54#2
|
David Eyres played for which team between Oct 1999 and Nov 1999?
|
David Eyres David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer . Career . A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November , in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals . In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 . Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 . During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December . Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley . In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club Post-retirement . After retiring , Eyres became a match summariser for BBC Radio Lancashire . Honours . Blackpool - Division Four play-off winner : 1991–92 Burnley - Division Two play-off winner : 1993–94 Preston North End - Division Two champions : 1999–2000 External links . - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile
|
[
"Preston North End"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer .",
"title": "David Eyres"
},
{
"text": "A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Eyres#P54#3
|
David Eyres played for which team in Feb 2001?
|
David Eyres David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer . Career . A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November , in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals . In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 . Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 . During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December . Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley . In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club Post-retirement . After retiring , Eyres became a match summariser for BBC Radio Lancashire . Honours . Blackpool - Division Four play-off winner : 1991–92 Burnley - Division Two play-off winner : 1993–94 Preston North End - Division Two champions : 1999–2000 External links . - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile
|
[
"Oldham"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer .",
"title": "David Eyres"
},
{
"text": "A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/David_Eyres#P54#4
|
David Eyres played for which team in Oct 2006?
|
David Eyres David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer . Career . A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November , in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals . In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 . Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 . During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December . Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley . In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club Post-retirement . After retiring , Eyres became a match summariser for BBC Radio Lancashire . Honours . Blackpool - Division Four play-off winner : 1991–92 Burnley - Division Two play-off winner : 1993–94 Preston North End - Division Two champions : 1999–2000 External links . - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile
|
[
"Mossley"
] |
[
{
"text": " David Eyres ( born 26 February 1964 in Liverpool , Lancashire ) is an English former professional footballer .",
"title": "David Eyres"
},
{
"text": "A relative latecomer to the professional game , Eyres began his career at then Northern Premier League side Morecambe going on to represent both Southport and Rhyl at the same level before signing professional terms with Blackpool in 1989 who paid a fee of £10,000 to the Belle Vue-based North Wales club for his services . He subsequently made his debut for Blackpool on 22 August 1989 , in a 2–2 draw at Burnley in the League Cup first round , first leg . He scored his first goal for the club three months later , on 11 November ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "in a 4–0 League victory over Brentford at Bloomfield Road . He spent four seasons with the Seasiders , two of which ended with appearances at Wembley in the play-off finals ( achieving promotion in 1991–92 ) . He also finished as the clubs top league goalscorer in 1992–93 , with sixteen goals .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1993 , Burnley and Jimmy Mullen ( Eyres former manager at Blackpool ) came in for his services with an offer of £90,000 . I know the fans wont forgive me , said Eyres nine years later , but things had gone a bit stale at Blackpool and I decided it was the right time to go . Eyres remained at Turf Moor for four years , and then continued his tour of Lancashire by signing for Blackpools arch-rivals Preston North End in 1997 for £80,000 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres moved to Oldham in 2000 on a free transfer and signed a one-year extension to his contract the following January , which would keep him at the club until June 2002 . He subsequently signed two more contracts , which tied him to the club until 2006 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During the 2003–04 season , Eyres and teammate John Sheridan took on joint caretaker-manager roles after Iain Dowies departure from the Latics hotseat . Earlier in the season , Eyres fractured a bone in his foot , which put him out of action between October and December .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Eyres , who was voted Oldham fans player of the season in 2001–02 , scored in his 234th and final appearance for Oldham in a 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe to close out the 2005–06 season and his 18-year professional career at the age of 42 . He then joined Conference North side Hyde United in August 2006 , but left the club by mutual consent two months later . On 13 October 2006 , Eyres signed for Northern Premier League side Mossley .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In May 2007 , Eyres made a return to Burnley to play at Turf Moor in the testimonial of another ex-Claret , Graham Branch . After leaving Mossley , Eyres joined the Everton academy in a bid to stay fit , even at 43 years old . In January 2008 Eyres signed for Northern Premier League club Hednesford Town . He made his debut at left-back in an away game at Eastwood Town , but only made two further appearances for the Pitmen before his registration was cancelled by the club",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " - Eyres profile at soccerbase.com - Eyres gutted to be released by Latics - Hyde United Player Statistics : David Eyres - Mossley F.C . profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#0
|
Henri Sellier took which position before Dec 1909?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"elected to the Puteaux municipal council"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#1
|
Henri Sellier took which position in Sep 1914?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#2
|
Henri Sellier took which position in early 1920s?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"mayor of Suresnes",
"general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#3
|
Henri Sellier took which position in May 1925?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"elected to represent the 2nd district",
"mayor of Suresnes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#4
|
Henri Sellier took which position between Mar 1927 and Jun 1927?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"president of the general council",
"mayor of Suresnes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#5
|
Henri Sellier took which position in early 1930s?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"senator for the Seine",
"mayor of Suresnes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Henri_Sellier#P39#6
|
Henri Sellier took which position between May 1937 and Jun 1937?
|
Henri Sellier Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 . Life . Early years . Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 . In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas . Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief . In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl . Political career . Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris . In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry . He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 . He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 . Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 . Urban planning . Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine . Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 . In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes . He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role . He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man . He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning . As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities . They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace . Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine . In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) . World War II . During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine . A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .
|
[
"Minister of Health",
"mayor of Suresnes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier ( 22 December 1883 – 24 November 1943 ) was a French administrator , urban planner and Socialist politician . He did much to develop garden cities in the Paris region . He was Minister of Health in 1936–37 .",
"title": "Henri Sellier"
},
{
"text": " Henri Charles Sellier was born on 22 December 1883 in Bourges , Cher . His father was a skilled metalworker who became a foreman in the cannon foundry of the Bourges arsenal . His mother , who came from a prosperous farming family , ran a small watch and jewelry shop . Sellier won a scholarship to the lycée in Bourges . He was a brilliant pupil , and won a state scholarship to study at the École des Hautes Études Commerciales ( HEC ) business school , where he gained a diploma in 1901 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1902 the HEC sent Sellier to work in the Siemens plant in Hamburg as secretary to Walther Rathenau , where he first met Albert Thomas .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was influenced by the socialists Édouard Vaillant and Jules-Louis Breton . He joined the Blanquist Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party in 1898 . Due to his left-wing political views he had difficulty finding a permanent job . From 1902 to 1906 he worked in various financial and commercial enterprises while studying in his spare time . In 1906 he graduated with a degree in Law from the Faculty of Paris . That year he joined the Ministry of Labor as a rédacteur , and in a few years became a bureau chief .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1907 Sellier married Jessa Guitton , a seamstress and then shop worker . They had two children , a boy and a girl .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Sellier remained an active socialist and collaborated with Jean Jaurès and Albert Thomas . He voted with the majority to join the Communist Third International at the Tours Congress in November 1920 , but in October 1921 was expelled from the French Communist Party and joined the Socialist French Section of the Workers International ( SFIO ) . He remained a member of the SFIO for the rest of his life . In 1909 Sellier was elected to the Puteaux municipal council in the western suburbs of Paris .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1910 he was elected to represent the canton of Puteaux in the general council of the Seine department , and resigned from the Ministry .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " He was reelected to the general council in 1912 and 1919 . He was elected mayor of Suresnes in 1919 , and held office until 1940 . His electoral program highlighted improvements to health , housing and urban renewal . In 1925 the canton of Puteaux was divided , and Sellier was elected to represent the 2nd district , Suresnes and Nanterre-Sud , in the general council of the Seine . He was reelected in 1929 and 1935 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was general rapporteur of the budget of the Seine department from 1917 to 1920 , and president of the general council in 1927–28 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier ran unsuccessfully for election to the senate in January 1927 . He was elected senator for the Seine in the first round in the elections of 20 October 1935 on the Popular Front list . He was Minister of Health in the first cabinet of Léon Blum from 4 June 1936 to 21 June 1937 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Sellier was appointed managing director of the Office des Habitations à Bon Marché ( Office of Affordable Housing ) of the Seine department when it was created in 1915 , and dedicated himself to urban issues and public housing . He moved to Suresnes that year , and would do much to improve the municipal facilities . In 1918 Sellier and Marcel Poëte founded the École des hautes études urbaines ( EHEU , School of Advanced Urban Studies ) and the review La Vie Urbaine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "Sellier helped found the Union internationale des villes ( International Union of Towns ) , of which he was vice president from 1920 .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 he was one of the founders of the Union amicale des maires de banlieue ( Friendly Union of Suburban Mayors ) . Sellier became a role model for Social-Democratic city leaders in the inter-war period . He aimed for a system in which efficient teams of specialists would regulate urban agglomérations to maximize the welfare and individual potential of the inhabitants . These agglomérations would not necessarily reflect traditional administrative boundaries , but would be natural units for planning purposes .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He said , The tentacular city is a fact . Its advantages and disadvantages may be discussed , but it would be stupid to deny it and reckless to hinder its social role .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " He saw the old administrative structure of Paris and its surrounding communes as an outdated obstacle to healthy evolution of the overall urban area , in which unregulated capitalist expansion would inevitably cause social evils . Sellier proposed a ring of garden cities surrounding Paris . Over the years Selliers views evolved from emphasizing local political responsibility to an approach based more on social sciences and cost effectiveness . Sellier wanted Suresnes to become a city at whose gates the prospective inhabitant ceases to be a worker and becomes once more a man .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "He became hugely popular as he transformed Suresnes into a model of modernist and rationalist urban planning .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " As soon as he took office as mayor of Suresnes in 1919 Sellier began to establish a system of social services with a special emphasis on the health of children . One of his first steps was to restructure the colonie de vacances through which children from the city were given vacations of eight or more weeks with country families in the Nièvre . The children would be freed from the collective discipline of the city , one of the major causes of mental exhaustion among children in our great cities .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "They would gain a living link to the countryside , a sort of adopted birthplace .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " Sellier organized health protection from infancy , created institutions for education at all ages , built many public facilities and was innovative in providing housing that was comfortable and hygienic . He inspired the creation of fifteen garden cities between 1920 and 1945 : Boulogne-Billancourt , Champigny-sur-Marne , Charenton-le-Pont , Châtenay-Malabry , Drancy , Drancy Cité de la Muette , Gennevilliers , Les Lilas , Maisons-Alfort , Le Plessis-Robinson , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais/Pantin , Stains , Vanves and Vitry-sur-Seine .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": "In 1937 Sellier and Poëte founded the Fédération Internationale de l’habitation et de l’urbanisme ( International Federation of Housing and Urban Planning ) .",
"title": "Urban planning"
},
{
"text": " During World War II ( 1939–45 ) Sellier refrained from voting on the constitutional change that gave full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain . He was removed from office on 22 June 1941 by the Vichy authorities , arrested by the Gestapo and detained in the camp at Compiègne for almost a month . He refused to work with collaborationist socialists and founded a socialist action committee , which became part of the French Resistance . He died at the age of 59 on 24 November 1943 in Suresnes , Seine .",
"title": "World War II"
},
{
"text": "A large crowd defied a ban and attended his funeral .",
"title": "World War II"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralston_Hall#P1435#0
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Ralston Hall before May 1971?
|
Ralston Hall Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University . The mansion . Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace . A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball . The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings . The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion . After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium . Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was open for public tours . A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins History . Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) . In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain . After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” . Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 . In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 . Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) . After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today . In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark . Pending renovation . In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation . Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million . As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin . Historical Significance . In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture . External links . - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University
|
[
"National Historic Landmark"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University .",
"title": "Ralston Hall"
},
{
"text": "Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "open for public tours .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": "Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture .",
"title": "Historical Significance"
},
{
"text": " - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralston_Hall#P1435#1
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Ralston Hall in Mar 1973?
|
Ralston Hall Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University . The mansion . Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace . A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball . The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings . The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion . After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium . Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was open for public tours . A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins History . Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) . In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain . After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” . Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 . In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 . Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) . After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today . In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark . Pending renovation . In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation . Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million . As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin . Historical Significance . In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture . External links . - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University
|
[
"California registered Historic Landmark"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University .",
"title": "Ralston Hall"
},
{
"text": "Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "open for public tours .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": "Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture .",
"title": "Historical Significance"
},
{
"text": " - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Ralston_Hall#P1435#2
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Ralston Hall in Jul 1982?
|
Ralston Hall Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University . The mansion . Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace . A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball . The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings . The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion . After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium . Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was open for public tours . A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins History . Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) . In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain . After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” . Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 . In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 . Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) . After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today . In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark . Pending renovation . In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation . Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million . As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin . Historical Significance . In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture . External links . - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ralston Hall Mansion located in Belmont , California , was the country house of William Chapman Ralston , a San Francisco businessman , a founder of the Bank of California , and a financier of the Comstock Lode . It is an opulent Italianate Villa , modified with touches of Steamboat Gothic and Victorian details . It is a California Historical Landmark and is designated a National Historic Landmark . It is now part of Notre Dame de Namur University .",
"title": "Ralston Hall"
},
{
"text": "Ralston Hall Mansion is situated on the campus of Notre Dame de Namur University , on the San Francisco Peninsula . The mansion has been built around the villa of Count Leonetto Cipriani , the former owner of the estate . Taking three years to build , it was completed in 1867 , when San Franciscos leaders and first citizens had large summer homes on the Peninsula , an integral part of San Francisco high society . Architect John Painter Gaynor , who later worked with Ralston on the Palace Hotel in San Francisco , is thought to have worked",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "on it . Several of the design elements of Ralston Hall Mansion were copied in the design of the Palace .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A history of San Francisco speaks of the palatial grandeur of Ralston Hall : In a domed wing was the oval ballroom . Its walls were mirrored , and from the frescoed ceiling hung a great crystal chandelier whose reflected lights and sparkle filled the room . I have never seen a more effective setting for a ball .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "The Hall is a four-floor , mansion , with a stately dining room , a mirrored ballroom in the Versailles tradition , an opera box modelled after the Opéra Garnier in Paris , a grand staircase , 23 crystal chandeliers , and inlaid wood floors . Ralston greatly admired the Palace of Versailles , and incorporated several of the palaces elements in his design of the mansion . The mansion has a number of elegant sitting rooms and parlours . The Oriental Music Room has a set of Chinese high-tea chairs and buffets . Ralston Hall houses a collection of",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "antiques accumulated by Ralston , including some valuable Thomas Hill paintings .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " The grounds of the mansion contain numerous gardens , a stoney grotto , and a garden of 150-year-old bamboo trees . Uses of the mansion .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "After Ralstons death , the estate passed to his former business partner , United States Senator from Nevada William Sharon , whose family lived in the house . Sharons daughter Floras wedding to Englishman Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh , 7th Baronet , of Rufford was one of the last elaborate social events of the time , taking place in the mansions ballroom . After Senator Sharons death in 1885 , the mansion became Radcliffe Hall , a girls finishing school . From 1900 to 1922 , it was the Gardner Sanitarium .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "Since 1922 , Ralston Hall has been on the campus Notre Dame de Namur University , formerly the College of Notre Dame . Prior to its closure in 2012 , the mansion contained some of the university’s administrative and faculty offices , such as the admissions office . It was also used for some of the university’s events , such as “drama productions , concerts , recitals , guest lectures , student , faculty and staff meetings and forums” . The mansion was also used for weddings , galas , and other various events . In addition , it was",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": "open for public tours .",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " A few of the notable persons who have been entertained at Ralston Hall include : - President Ulysses S . Grant - Admiral David Farragut - Leland Stanford - Mark Hopkins",
"title": "The mansion"
},
{
"text": " Cipriani Period ( 1853 - 1864 ) . Originally , the mansion was built for Count Leonetto Cipriani in 1853 . The original house was a “two-story Italian Villa-style house , featuring asymmetrical massing , Italianate cave brackets , lacy bargeboards , and a tower” . Some of the original house remains in the east wing . In 1864 , Cipriani sold the building to William Chapman Ralston . William Chapman Ralston Period ( 1864 - 1875 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1864 , William Chapman Ralston bought the villa . Ralston was a San Francisco businessman and entrepreneur who created the Bank of California . For the next few years , Ralston added to the building and grounds , and created one of the “first palatial home on the Peninsula” . He hosted many guests at the mansion , including Admiral David Farragut , Vice President Schuyler Colfax , Leland Stanford , Mark Hopkins , Anson Burlingame , James Flood , and Mark Twain .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After Ralston finished expanding the mansion , it “resembled a hotel with extensive High Victorian architectural interiors ; grand entertainment spaces on the main floor ; European Renaissance designed pilasters , moldings , columns , interior arches , staircases , and furnishings ; a remodeled ballroom , reception hall , and dining room ; state-of-the-art ventilation system ; imported embossed glass in skylights , doors , and windows ; and decoratively painted rooms” .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Ralston called the estate “Belmont” , and this eventually became the name for the town surrounding the estate . Outside of the mansion , the estate had a “ stone carriage house , barns , a bowling alley , greenhouses , servants’ quarters , and a gymnasium with Turkish baths” . The estate was built to be self sufficient , with innovative gas and water systems . A reservoir was constructed on the property in 1870 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1875 when Ralston himself died , and the Ralston era of the estate ended . Before his death , Ralston gave the estate to Senator William Sharon , his business partner . Senator William Sharon Period ( 1875 - 1895 ) . Sharon inherited the mansion in 1875 . He did not live in the mansion , but maintained it and used it for entertaining . Ulysses S . Grant visited during this time in 1879 , two years after his presidency . In 1885 , Sharon died . His family kept the mansion until 1895 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Institutional Period ( 1895 - 1922 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " After the Sharon family , the mansion was used as a girls finishing school from 1895 to 1898 , called Radcliffe Hall . It was then a sanitarium from 1900 to 1918 , called Gardner Sanitarium . Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur ( 1922 - present ) . The sanitarium closed after World War I . Then , in1922 , the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur bought the mansion as a location for their college . The mansion is still owned by the Notre Dame de Namur University today .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Ralston Hall was designate a National Historic Landmark and in 1972 , it became a California registered Historic Landmark .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 an engineering firm advised Notre Dame de Namur University ( NDNU ) that in spite of the homes relatively good condition “it could not guarantee the safety of the building’s occupants in the event of an earthquake on the San Andreas Fault” . As of April 2012 , the building has been closed , pending renovation .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": "Among the required work - which indeed is substantial - is “replacement or retrofit , as necessary , of the entire masonry foundation” , and the re-roofing , removal and replacement of existing siding and localized replacement of the flooring” of the upper floors . The repairs are estimated to cost at least $12 million .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " As of February 2019 , NDNU has decided to place the Ralston Hall renovation project “on hold” to focus on fundraising for the school . The project has been “placed on an ‘indefinite’ hold” , although it is possible that retrofitting will resume sometime . The structure will be preserved until renovation can begin .",
"title": "Pending renovation"
},
{
"text": " In order to help assure its preservation , the City of Belmont commissioned an architectural historian in 2016 to conduct an assessment of the Ralston Halls historical significance . Among his findings were that the mansion “retains its historic integrity , location , design , setting , materials , workmanship , feeling , and association” ( with William Chapman Ralston from 1864 to 1875 ) . One of the first palatial homes on the peninsula , it is also noted for its architecture .",
"title": "Historical Significance"
},
{
"text": " - Ralston Hall - Notre Dame de Namur University",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne#P641#0
|
What sport did Stoffel Vandoorne participate before Jul 2011?
|
Stoffel Vandoorne Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) . Early life . Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart . Career . Karting . Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 . Formula Renault . In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy . In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums . For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium in a sixth race . In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps . GP2 Series . In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer . Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi . Super Formula . On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season . Formula One . In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 . On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix . On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 . In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore . On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 . In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However , the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings . It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries . Formula E . It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E . In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points . Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans . In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .
|
[
"Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) .",
"title": "Stoffel Vandoorne"
},
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 .",
"title": "Karting"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "in a sixth race .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": "Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": " On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season .",
"title": "Super Formula"
},
{
"text": " In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However ,",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .",
"title": "Racing career summary"
}
] |
/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne#P641#1
|
What sport did Stoffel Vandoorne participate in Jun 2014?
|
Stoffel Vandoorne Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) . Early life . Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart . Career . Karting . Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 . Formula Renault . In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy . In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums . For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium in a sixth race . In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps . GP2 Series . In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer . Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi . Super Formula . On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season . Formula One . In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 . On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix . On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 . In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore . On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 . In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However , the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings . It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries . Formula E . It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E . In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points . Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans . In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .
|
[
"Formula One",
"GP2"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) .",
"title": "Stoffel Vandoorne"
},
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 .",
"title": "Karting"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "in a sixth race .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": "Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": " On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season .",
"title": "Super Formula"
},
{
"text": " In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However ,",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .",
"title": "Racing career summary"
}
] |
/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne#P641#2
|
What sport did Stoffel Vandoorne participate between Dec 2017 and Dec 2017?
|
Stoffel Vandoorne Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) . Early life . Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart . Career . Karting . Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 . Formula Renault . In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy . In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums . For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium in a sixth race . In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps . GP2 Series . In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer . Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi . Super Formula . On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season . Formula One . In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 . On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix . On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 . In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore . On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 . In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However , the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings . It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries . Formula E . It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E . In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points . Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans . In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place . Racing record . Racing career summary . As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne ( born 26 March 1992 ) is a Belgian professional racing driver who is currently competing for Mercedes-EQ in Formula E . He had previously competed in Formula One for McLaren until 2018 . He is currently a test driver of Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team . Vandoorne currently resides in both Monte Carlo ( Monaco ) and Roeselare ( Belgium ) .",
"title": "Stoffel Vandoorne"
},
{
"text": " Stoffel Vandoorne was born in Kortrijk , West Flanders . Vandoorne was introduced to motorsport at the age of six during a visit to the kart track of World Karts in Kortrijk in Flanders , Belgium , with his father . Vandoorne started karting after the owner of the track gave him a mini-kart .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Initially , lack of funding restricted Vandoorne to race 3 to 4 races per year . By age 16 he was Belgian KF2 Champion . In 2009 he finished as runner-up in the CIK-FIA World Cup in the KF2 category . The same year he won the steering wheel competition held by the Royal Automobile Club of Belgium . The prize money of 45,000 euros helped him start his car racing career in F4 Eurocup 1.6 .",
"title": "Karting"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 , Vandoorne moved up to single-seater racing , joining the F4 Eurocup 1.6 series . He went on to win the series on his first attempt , finishing the season with six wins and three further podium finishes . The prize from winning the series helped him to move up to the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 the following year . He also earned a place in the FIA Driver Academy .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , he graduated to competing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with Kurt Mollekens KTR team . He finished fifth overall , with one podium at the Hungaroring and another eight-point-scoring finishes throughout the season . He also participated in Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup , where he finished third in the series standings with eight podiums .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "For the 2012 season Vandoorne remained in the Eurocup , but left KTR to join Josef Kaufmann Racing . He won the championship by ten points after a tight battle between himself and Red Bull-backed Daniil Kvyat . Between them they won 11 of the 14 races and finished over 100 points ahead of their nearest challenger . Vandoorne finished the season with four wins and six podiums to his name . He also contested selected events in the Northern European Cup , where he won five of the seven races that he started , and finished on the podium",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": "in a sixth race .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Vandoorne raced in Formula Renault 3.5 , where he replaced 2012 champion Robin Frijns at Fortec Motorsport . He finished runner-up Kevin Magnussen with four wins and 10 podiums , including a victory at his home track of Spa-Francorchamps .",
"title": "Formula Renault"
},
{
"text": " In January 2014 , it was confirmed that Vandoorne would make his debut in GP2 , racing with ART . In the opening race at Bahrain , Vandoorne claimed his first victory of the season in the feature race . He followed this up with four consecutive pole positions , three more wins at the Hungaroring , Monza and Yas Marina and six additional podiums . Despite being a rookie , he finished runner-up to 2014 champion Jolyon Palmer .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": "Vandoorne reunited with ART for 2015 , as well as was considered the main title contender . He was partnered by 2014 Japanese Formula Three champion Nobuharu Matsushita . After five feature race wins , twelve podiums and four pole positions , Vandoorne took the title in Sochi , 108 points over his nearest rival Alexander Rossi .",
"title": "GP2 Series"
},
{
"text": " On 12 February 2016 , it was announced that Vandoorne would race a Honda in Super Formula for Dandelion Racing . He finished fourth overall , the highest ranking among Honda engine users , with two wins and one pole position at Fuji Speedway in wet conditions throughout the season .",
"title": "Super Formula"
},
{
"text": " In February 2013 , Vandoorne joined McLarens Young Driver Programme , under the tutelage of his then manager Richard Goddard , in collaboration with the teams sporting director Sam Michael and its head of communications Matt Bishop , to whom Vandoorne had been introduced in 2011 by Alex Wurz . In January 2014 , he was announced as a third driver for McLaren F1 also taking up driving duties in the GP2 Series for ART Grand Prix . McLaren ( 2016–2018 ) . 2016 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "On 31 March 2016 , it was announced Vandoorne would be replacing regular driver Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain Grand Prix after the Spaniard was ruled unfit to drive following a major accident in the previous round . After qualifying 12th ahead of Jenson Button , Vandoorne finished 10th and became the first reserve driver to score points on debut since Sebastian Vettel at the 2007 United States Grand Prix .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 3 September 2016 , ahead of the Italian Grand Prix , it was announced by McLaren that Jenson Button would not be racing in 2017 , and that Vandoorne would be replacing him to partner Alonso for the season . 2017 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In his debut full season at McLaren , Vandoorne established himself as a considerable rookie next to veteran F1 Champion , Fernando Alonso . With the uncompetitive McLaren , Vandoorne racked up 13 points compared to Alonsos 17 . The key issues lay in the reliability and performance of the car which resulted in 1 DNS and 5 DNFs throughout the 20 race season . Nevertheless , he managed to crack into the top 10 in Hungary , Malaysia and Singapore .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " On 23 August 2017 , it was announced that Vandoorne would be retained for the season . 2018 .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "In the new McLaren Renault partnership , Vandoorne enjoyed a good start to the season with 3 points finishes in the first 4 races . However , as the season progressed , he struggled to maintain this momentum which left him with 8 points by the Japanese Grand Prix . Moreover , the lack of a competitive package in the McLaren resulted in a long drought in points finishes between the 2018 Azerbaijan Grand Prix and the 2018 Mexican Grand Prix . Vandoorne ended the season in 16th ahead of 4 other drivers in the drivers championship . However ,",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "the last few Grands Prix saw Vandoorne in some impressive battles , particularly in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with Esteban Ocon and Romain Grosjean , which led him to finish 8th on the Formula 1 Power Rankings .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": " It was announced on 3 September 2018 that Vandoorne would leave McLaren at the end of the 2018 season . Mercedes ( 2019–present ) . Vandoorne was the simulator driver for the Mercedes team in 2019 and was named as one of the teams reserve drivers in 2020 , but in the end was not chosen as the driver for the 2020 Sakhir Grand Prix after Hamilton tested positive for COVID-19 . Vandoorne drove for Mercedes in the season-ending 2020 Abu Dhabi Young Drivers Test alongside Formula E teammate Nyck de Vries .",
"title": "Formula One"
},
{
"text": "It was confirmed on 15 October 2018 that Vandoorne would drive for HWA Racelab for the 2018–19 Formula E season . He would be joining Britains Gary Paffett to complete the driver lineup for HWA Racelab . Vandoorne would go on and start his Formula E debut just 3 weeks after leaving Formula 1 and would come 17th in his first race . He has also achieved his first qualifying pole position in Formula E at a wet 2019 Hong Kong ePrix . He came third in the 2019 Rome ePrix and booked his first podium in Formula E .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019-20 season , Vandoorne drove for Mercedes-Benz EQ with 2019 Formula 2 Champion , Nyck de Vries . Vandoorne took 2 consecutive podiums in the two first races . The E-Prix of Mexico and Marrakesh saw a series of poor finishes , and at the time of the seasons suspension due to the COVID-19 Pandemic , he sat 29 points below the championship leader , António Félix da Costa . Following the resumption of the season for six races in Berlin , he finished in the points in four of the six races , including his first win",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "in the season finale . He ultimately finished 2nd in the standings , though behind Félix da Costa by 71 points .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " Vandoorne continued to drive for the renamed Mercedes-EQ team for the 2020–21 season , again partnering Nyck de Vries . FIA WEC Super Season . In April 2019 , it was announced that Stoffel Vandoorne will compete for two races in the WEC for 2018-2019 for SMP Racing . He will drive the Russian BR1 No.11 prototype along with Vitaly Petrov and Mikhail Aleshin in the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and the 24 hours of Le Mans .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": "In the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps , Vandoorne , alongside Petrov and Aleshin , finished 3rd place in the LMP1 Class . Vandoorne drove the first stint during weather conditions of snow , hail and rain . At the 24 hour of Le Mans he finished 3rd place .",
"title": "Formula E"
},
{
"text": " As Vandoorne was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points. Complete Formula One results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress . Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results . Season still in progress .",
"title": "Racing career summary"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#0
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for between Aug 1999 and Sep 2000?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Sydney Olympic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#1
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for between Aug 2002 and Nov 2002?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Northern Spirit"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#2
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for between Dec 2004 and 2005?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"SK Brann"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#3
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for in Mar 2008?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Central Coast Mariners"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#4
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for in Sep 2010?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Wellington Phoenix"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#5
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for in Aug 2011?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Breiðablik",
"Gold Coast United",
"Rockdale City Suns"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Dylan_Macallister#P54#6
|
Which team did Dylan Macallister play for after Nov 2012?
|
Dylan Macallister Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon . Club career . Sydney Olympic . As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance . Northern Spirit . Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 . SK Brann . After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks . FC Lyn . Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular . Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season . Sparta Sarpsborg . During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals . Central Coast Mariners . His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar . Wellington Phoenix . On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club . Breiðablik . Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg . Gold Coast United . On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season . Rockdale City Suns . On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games . Melbourne Heart . Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard Eastern Salon . Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister ! Return to Rockdale . Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup . International career . Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches . Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 . Honours . Club . - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14 International . - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up ) External links . - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile
|
[
"Melbourne Heart",
"Eastern Salon"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dylan Jacob Macallister ( born 17 May 1982 in Manly , New South Wales ) is a retired Australian football ( soccer ) player who currently coaches for Manly United FC in the National Premier League . He previously played for Australian clubs Sydney Olympic , Northern Spirit , Central Coast Mariners and Melbourne Heart , New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix , Norwegian clubs SK Brann , Lyn and Sparta Sarpsborg , and Hong Kong club Eastern Salon .",
"title": "Dylan Macallister"
},
{
"text": " As a youth , Macallister played for his local Manly Warringah Dolphins before moving on to Sydney Olympic ( then known as the Olympic Sharks ) . He marked his professional debut for the club in 1999 by scoring in his first appearance .",
"title": "Sydney Olympic"
},
{
"text": " Having won the 2001–02 National Soccer League with the Sharks , Macallister proceeded to join another club from Sydney , the now defunct Northern Spirit . Macallister was then supposed to have left for Switzerland and FC Aarau in August , but immediately regretted signing the contract . The transfer was eventually called off and Macallister instead continued playing for Northern Spirit until he was bought by the Norwegian club Brann in February 2004 .",
"title": "Northern Spirit"
},
{
"text": " After some initial success – he scored two goals against Molde in the second round of the 2004 season – Dylan figured mostly as a substitute . He scored 10 goals in 38 appearances which equates to approximately 20 matches in terms of playing time . Macallisters first season was blighted by a fatigue injury and after a good start to his second season he suffered a training injury , sidelining him for eight weeks .",
"title": "SK Brann"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was sold to Lyn on 29 March 2006 and debuted in the season opener against Start . He appeared in the starting line-up in his third and fourth matches , scoring a fine goal in the fourth , but failed to become a regular .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": "Following the end of the transfer dispute over John Obi Mikel and subsequent return of Lyns other Nigerian players , Chinedu Ogbuke and Ezekiel Bala , Dylan Macallister was one of three non-EU players on the team at a time when Norwegian clubs were only allowed two non-EU players in their matchday squads . He was therefore loaned out to the First Division club Sparta Sarpsborg , from 16 August until the end of the season .",
"title": "FC Lyn"
},
{
"text": " During his stay at Sparta he made nine appearances , scoring two goals . Sparta retained their spot in the league , but Macallisters season ended on a dull note as he was sent off in his last game . He returned to Lyn for the 2007 season , but made just five league appearances for the club , scoring no goals .",
"title": "Sparta Sarpsborg"
},
{
"text": " His contract with Lyn originally lasted to the end of the 2008 season , but it was announced on 28 March that he was released of his contract , and had signed with Australian A-League club Central Coast Mariners . He scored two goals on debut for the Mariners against the Queensland Roar .",
"title": "Central Coast Mariners"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2010 , it was announced that he had signed a contract with the Wellington Phoenix in the Hyundai A league Australian Competition , bringing him to the capital to play as a target-man . In the highly publicised 2010 pre-season game v Argentinas Boca Juniors in the capital , Macallister scored the opening goal in the 24th minute . Phoenix went on to win 2–1 . He scored 7 league goals in 14 starts during his time with the club .",
"title": "Wellington Phoenix"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Icelandic champions Breiðablik on 16 May 2011 . He made his debut on 22 May in a 3–1 win against Fylkir . On 20 July 2011 , Macallister scored Breiðabliks first ever goal in a European Competition , in a 2–0 win against Norwegian champions Rosenborg .",
"title": "Breiðablik"
},
{
"text": " On 11 August 2011 it was announced he had signed a contract with A-League outfit Gold Coast United , scoring 5 goals in 15 appearances in the 2011/12 season .",
"title": "Gold Coast United"
},
{
"text": " On 25 May 2012 , Macallister joined the NSW Premier League side Rockdale City Suns to maintain match fitness before his next top level stint . He scored 4 goals in 5 games .",
"title": "Rockdale City Suns"
},
{
"text": " Macallister played for the A-League side Melbourne Heart in their opening game of the 2012/13 season against the Melbourne Victory , which they won 2–1 ; Macallister scored the winning goal in first half stoppage time . Now also runs a boys soccer team with former Albion Rovers legend Mark Leonard",
"title": "Melbourne Heart"
},
{
"text": " Macallister was released from Melbourne Heart and joined Eastern Salon in January 2014 . He has gained a cult like status in his short stint at Eastern Salon and is affectionately cheered on with the chant , Hes big , hes tall , hes going to score a goal , Macallister , Macallister !",
"title": "Eastern Salon"
},
{
"text": " Macallister signed for Rockdale City Suns in the National Premier Leagues NSW for the remainder of the 2015 NSW NPL season and the 2015 FFA Cup .",
"title": "Return to Rockdale"
},
{
"text": " Dylan Macallister has made several appearances for Australias various age-specific teams . He participated in the 1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship , scoring three goals for his national side . Australia would go on to finish as runners-up behind Brazil . He later played for the U-20 team in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . In the qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Football Tournament he became Australias top scorer with six goals in seven matches .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Macallister earned his first call-up to the Socceroo squad in 2009 . He was an unused substitute in an Asian Cup qualifier against Indonesia in Jakarta on 28 January 2009 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Sydney Olympic - NSL Championship ( 1 ) : 2001–2002 - Brann - Norwegian Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Eastern Sports Club - Hong Kong Senior Shield 2014–15 - Hong Kong FA Cup 2013–14",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " - Australia - FIFA U-17 World Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 ( Runners-up )",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - Wellington Phoenix profile - Profile at lynfotball.net - Oz Football profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Collins#P26#0
|
Who was Joan Collins 's spouse in Aug 1952?
|
Joan Collins Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for her charitable services . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox . Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1984 . In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) . Early life . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London . She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio . Acting career . 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) . She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) . In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio . Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role . MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) . The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s . In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) . As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) . In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever . 1970s . In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop , Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island . In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) . After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit . After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s . In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 , the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis . Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins : We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement . Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 , Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo . 1990s . When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation . In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) . On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly . In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s . In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005 , actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty . In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans . In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s . In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut . She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) . From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism . In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival . In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series . 2020s . In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late 2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 . Other ventures . Philanthropy . Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates . Writing . Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States . Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages . Personal life . Marriages and family . Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers . In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass . After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren . Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years . Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy . In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media . Political views . She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union . Honours . Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity . Bibliography . Memoir - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 ) Nonfiction - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 ) Fiction - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 ) By other authors - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 ) - Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 ) - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 ) Filmography . Theatre . - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester . - 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London . - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour . - 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York . - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990
|
[
"Maxwell Reed"
] |
[
{
"text": "Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Elizabeth II for her charitable services .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "in a Drama Series in 1984 .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ": We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": "Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": " Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 )",
"title": "Memoir"
},
{
"text": " - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 )",
"title": "Nonfiction"
},
{
"text": " - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 )",
"title": "Fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": "- Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Collins#P26#1
|
Who was Joan Collins 's spouse between Mar 1963 and Nov 1969?
|
Joan Collins Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for her charitable services . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox . Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1984 . In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) . Early life . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London . She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio . Acting career . 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) . She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) . In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio . Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role . MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) . The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s . In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) . As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) . In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever . 1970s . In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop , Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island . In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) . After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit . After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s . In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 , the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis . Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins : We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement . Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 , Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo . 1990s . When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation . In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) . On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly . In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s . In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005 , actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty . In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans . In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s . In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut . She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) . From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism . In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival . In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series . 2020s . In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late 2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 . Other ventures . Philanthropy . Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates . Writing . Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States . Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages . Personal life . Marriages and family . Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers . In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass . After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren . Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years . Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy . In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media . Political views . She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union . Honours . Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity . Bibliography . Memoir - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 ) Nonfiction - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 ) Fiction - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 ) By other authors - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 ) - Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 ) - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 ) Filmography . Theatre . - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester . - 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London . - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour . - 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York . - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990
|
[
"Anthony Newley"
] |
[
{
"text": "Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Elizabeth II for her charitable services .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "in a Drama Series in 1984 .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ": We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": "Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": " Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 )",
"title": "Memoir"
},
{
"text": " - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 )",
"title": "Nonfiction"
},
{
"text": " - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 )",
"title": "Fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": "- Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Collins#P26#2
|
Who was Joan Collins 's spouse between Dec 1974 and Sep 1977?
|
Joan Collins Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for her charitable services . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox . Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1984 . In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) . Early life . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London . She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio . Acting career . 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) . She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) . In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio . Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role . MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) . The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s . In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) . As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) . In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever . 1970s . In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop , Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island . In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) . After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit . After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s . In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 , the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis . Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins : We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement . Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 , Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo . 1990s . When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation . In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) . On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly . In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s . In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005 , actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty . In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans . In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s . In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut . She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) . From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism . In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival . In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series . 2020s . In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late 2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 . Other ventures . Philanthropy . Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates . Writing . Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States . Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages . Personal life . Marriages and family . Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers . In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass . After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren . Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years . Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy . In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media . Political views . She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union . Honours . Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity . Bibliography . Memoir - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 ) Nonfiction - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 ) Fiction - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 ) By other authors - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 ) - Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 ) - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 ) Filmography . Theatre . - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester . - 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London . - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour . - 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York . - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990
|
[
"Ron Kass"
] |
[
{
"text": "Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Elizabeth II for her charitable services .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "in a Drama Series in 1984 .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ": We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": "Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": " Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 )",
"title": "Memoir"
},
{
"text": " - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 )",
"title": "Nonfiction"
},
{
"text": " - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 )",
"title": "Fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": "- Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Joan_Collins#P26#3
|
Who was Joan Collins 's spouse between Apr 1986 and May 1986?
|
Joan Collins Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for her charitable services . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox . Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1984 . In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) . Early life . Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London . She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio . Acting career . 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) . She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) . In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio . Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role . MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) . The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s . In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) . As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) . In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever . 1970s . In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop , Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island . In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) . After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit . After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s . In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 , the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis . Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins : We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement . Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 , Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo . 1990s . When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation . In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) . On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly . In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s . In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005 , actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty . In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans . In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s . In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut . She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) . From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism . In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival . In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series . 2020s . In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late 2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 . Other ventures . Philanthropy . Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates . Writing . Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States . Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages . Personal life . Marriages and family . Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers . In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass . After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren . Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years . Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy . In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media . Political views . She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union . Honours . Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity . Bibliography . Memoir - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 ) Nonfiction - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 ) Fiction - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 ) By other authors - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 ) - Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 ) - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 ) Filmography . Theatre . - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester . - 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London . - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour . - 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York . - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990
|
[
"Peter Holm"
] |
[
{
"text": "Dame Joan Henrietta Collins ( born 23 May 1933 ) is an English actress , author , and columnist . Collins is the recipient of several accolades , including a Golden Globe Award , a Peoples Choice Award , two Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . In 1983 , she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She has been recognized for her philanthropy , particularly her advocacy towards causes relating to children , which has earned her many honours . In 2015 , she was made a Dame by Queen",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Elizabeth II for her charitable services .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and trained as an actress in her teens at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . She signed to The Rank Organisation at the age of 17 , and had small roles in the British films Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) and The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) before taking on a supporting role in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) . Collins went under contract to 20th Century Fox in 1955 , and in that same year starred as Elizabeth Throckmorton in The Virgin Queen and Princess Nellifer in Land",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "of the Pharaohs , the latter garnering a cult following . Collins continued to primarily take on film roles throughout the late 1950s , which include appearing in The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , and The Wayward Bus ( 1957 ) . After starring in the epic film Esther and the King ( 1960 ) , she was released on request from her contract with 20th Century Fox .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared only in a few film roles throughout the 1960s , notably starring in The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) , Warning Shot ( 1967 ) and Subterfuge ( 1968 ) . Collins began to take on local roles again back in Britain in the 1970s , appearing in the films Revenge ( 1971 ) , Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) and Dark Places ( 1973 ) , as well as Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , Empire of",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "the Ants ( 1977 ) , which earned her a Saturn Award nomination , The Stud ( 1978 ) , Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) , Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) and The Bitch ( 1979 ) . From 1981 to 1991 , she starred as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , which made her an international superstar and brought her critical acclaim , winning her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama in 1982 , and earning her a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "in a Drama Series in 1984 .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s and 2000s , Collins worked sporadically in acting . She took fewer film roles , most notably appearing in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) and These Old Broads ( 2001 ) . She made her comeback to mainstream television in the 2010s , taking on main roles in the series Happily Divorced ( 2011–2013 ) , The Royals ( 2014–2018 ) and recurring roles in Benidorm ( 2014—2017 ) and ( 2018 ) . Her first starring film role since the 1980s was The Time of Their Lives ( 2017 ) , and",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "she has also appeared in various independent films , which includes the critically-acclaimed Gerry ( 2018 ) .",
"title": "Joan Collins"
},
{
"text": "Collins was born in Paddington , London , and brought up in Maida Vale , the daughter of Elsa Collins ( née Bessant , 1906–1962 ) , a dance teacher , and Joseph William Collins ( 1902–1988 ) , a talent agent whose clients would later include Shirley Bassey , the Beatles and Tom Jones . Her father , a native of South Africa , was Jewish , and her British mother was Anglican . She had two younger siblings , Jackie ( 1937–2015 ) , a novelist , and Bill , a property agent . She was educated at",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "the Francis Holland School , an independent day school for girls in London .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She made her stage debut in the Henrik Ibsen play A Dolls House at the age of nine , and at the age of sixteen trained as an actress at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in London . At the age of 17 , Collins was signed to the Rank Organisation , a British film studio .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " 1950s . After signing with Rank , Collins appeared in many British films . Her feature debut was as a beauty contestant in Lady Godiva Rides Again ( 1951 ) followed by The Womans Angle ( 1952 ) in a minor role as a Greek maid . Next was a more significant role as a gangsters moll in Judgment Deferred ( 1952 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins big break came with a major , highly publicised role as a juvenile delinquent in I Believe in You ( 1952 ) . Her success in the part led to her initial stardom and the press nickname Britains Bad Girl . Her subsequent films whilst under contract to Rank included Decameron Nights ( 1953 ) with Joan Fontaine ; Englands first X certificate drama , Cosh Boy ( 1953 ) , directed by Lewis Gilbert ; Turn the Key Softly ( 1953 ) , a drama about three women released from prison on the same day ; and the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "boxing saga The Square Ring ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She was top-billed in the desert island comedy Our Girl Friday ( 1953 ) , co starring Kenneth More . She was directed again by Lewis Gilbert in The Good Die Young ( 1954 ) with Laurence Harvey and Gloria Grahame . Between films , she appeared in several plays in London including The Seventh Veil ( 1952 ) , Jassy ( 1952 ) , Claudia and David ( 1954 ) , and The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1954 ) , as well as a UK tour of The Praying Mantis ( 1953 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1954 , Collins was chosen by American director Howard Hawks to star as the scheming Princess Nellifer in a first international production , Land of the Pharaohs . The lavish Warner Brothers historical epic was unsuccessful upon release but has been lauded by Martin Scorsese and French critics supporting the auteur theory for numerous elements of its physical production . Danny Peary in his book Cult Movies ( 1981 ) , selected it as a cult classic . The films reputation continues to improve with the test of time . Collins sultry performance so impressed 20th Century Fox chief",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Darryl Zanuck that he signed the young star to a seven-year contract with the Hollywood studio .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Collins made her Hollywood film debut in the lavish historical drama The Virgin Queen ( 1955 ) . The British newcomer was given equal billing with established stars Bette Davis and Richard Todd . The same year , Collins was cast in the starring role of Evelyn Nesbitt in The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing with Ray Milland and Farley Granger . The part had originally been intended for Marilyn Monroe , however problems between Monroe and Fox led to Collins gaining the role .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "MGM borrowed Collins for The Opposite Sex ( 1956 ) , a musical remake of The Women ( 1939 ) in which she was cast as the gold digging Crystal , the role played by Joan Crawford in the original . She then starred as a young nun in Sea Wife ( 1956 ) , top-billed over co-star Richard Burton , followed by the all-star Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) , which was a major box-office success . The film earned $5,550,000 worldwide , and finished as the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1957 . In 1957 , she was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "top-billed over Jayne Mansfield in the film version of John Steinbecks The Wayward Bus , which despite disappointing reviews was nominated for the Golden Berlin Bear Award at the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . She then starred opposite Robert Wagner in the espionage thriller Stopover Tokyo ( 1957 ) , and was Gregory Pecks leading lady in the Western drama The Bravados ( 1958 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " The Leo McCarey comedy Rally Round the Flag , Boys ( 1958 ) cast Collins as a temptress out to seduce Paul Newman away from Joanne Woodward . Next came the tense crime caper Seven Thieves ( 1960 ) opposite Edward G . Robinson and Rod Steiger . 1960s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1960 , Collins became increasingly disillusioned with 20th Century Fox when , having been the original choice to play the title role in Cleopatra , the part went instead to Elizabeth Taylor . Collins withdrew from the studios production of Sons and Lovers , and requested a release from her contract , however she agreed to star in one last film for Fox , top-billed again in the biblical epic Esther and the King ( 1960 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As a freelance actress , Collins made only occasional films in the early 1960s , whilst raising her first two children ( she had married the actor/singer Anthony Newley in 1963 ) . In 1961 , she returned to London to star opposite Bing Crosby and Bob Hope in the last of that film duos road pictures , The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) . Former road leading lady Dorothy Lamour was relegated to a guest appearance in the film . In Italy , Collins starred in Hard Time for Princes ( 1965 ) ; back in the",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "US she played David Janssens wife in the detective thriller Warning Shot ( 1967 ) ; in the UK she was the leading lady in the spy caper Subterfuge ( 1968 ) ; and made a cameo appearance in the comedy If Its Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the US , Collins starred opposite her husband in Newleys autobiographical musical Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? ( 1969 ) . Then came the female lead in the Italian drama Lamore brave ( 1969 ) , The Executioner ( 1970 ) , a thriller with George Peppard , and Up in the Cellar ( 1970 ) , a quasisequel to Three in the Attic . Although she had made several appearances on interview and game shows in the late 1950s and early 1960s , Collins began her television dramatic career with a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "guest role in The Human Jungle in 1963 . Her notable appearances on American television during the 1960s included playing the villainous Siren in Batman , Run For Your Life , The Virginian , , The Man From U.N.C.L.E. , and ; in the latter , she played Edith Keeler in the critically acclaimed episode The City on the Edge of Forever .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1970s , Collins remained busy on television . She starred in the TV movies The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1972 ) with Orson Welles and Lee Remick , and Drive Hard , Drive Fast ( 1973 ) opposite Brian Kelly . Her many guest appearances during the decade included The Persuaders ! alongside Roger Moore and Tony Curtis , Fallen Angels with Susannah York , Space 1999 , Orson Welles Great Mysteries , Police Woman , The Moneychangers with Kirk Douglas and Christopher Plummer , Starsky and Hutch , Tattletales , Switch , Future Cop ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Ellery Queen , The Fantastic Journey , Baretta and three separate episodes of Tales of the Unexpected . She rounded off the decade playing Cleopatra in an episode of Aaron Spellings Fantasy Island .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1970 , Collins returned to Britain and starred in several films , mostly thrillers and horror films : Revenge ( 1971 ) , as the vengeance-seeking mother of murdered child ; Quest for Love ( 1971 ) , a romantic science-fiction piece ; Tales from the Crypt ( 1972 ) , a highly successful horror anthology ; Fear in the Night ( 1972 ) , a psychological horror from Jimmy Sangster ; Dark Places ( 1973 ) , a thriller with Christopher Lee ; and Tales That Witness Madness ( 1973 ) , another horror anthology . She went",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to Italy for the football-themed comedy Larbitro ( 1974 ) , to Spain for The Great Adventure opposite Jack Palance and returned to England for yet another horror , playing the mother of a murderous infant in I Dont Want to Be Born ( 1975 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After two comedies , Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones ( 1976 ) , Collins returned to the US to make what she now refers to as the nadir of her film career , the giant insect science-fiction piece Empire of the Ants ( 1977 ) . In Italy she was the leading lady in the thriller Fearless ( 1978 ) ; in the US made the lighthearted Zero to Sixty ( 1978 ) ; and back in the UK appeared with Robert Mitchum in The Big Sleep . In 1978 , Collins was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "catapulted back to major stardom in the UK when she starred in the film version of her sister Jackie Collinss racy novel The Stud . It was made for $600,000 and went on to gross over $20,000,000 internationally . At the same time she published her autobiography , Past Imperfect , which went to number 1 in the bestseller charts . The Stud was so successful that a sequel , The Bitch ( 1979 ) . was hastily arranged . It too was a hit .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " After shooting Game for Vultures ( 1979 ) opposite Richard Harris and Sunburn ( 1979 ) with Farrah Fawcett , Collins returned to the stage for the first time in many years to play the title role in The Last of Mrs . Cheyney ( 1980 ) in Londons West End . 1980s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1981 Collins accepted a role in the second season of the then-struggling soap opera Dynasty ( 1981–89 ) , as Alexis Colby , the beautiful and vengeful ex-wife of oil tycoon Blake Carrington ( John Forsythe ) . Dynasty was an enormous worldwide phenomenon , and by 1985 the programme was the number-one show in the United States , beating out CBS rival Dallas , which ranked number two . For her portrayal of Alexis , Collins was nominated six times for a Golden Globe Award ( every year from 1982 to 1987 ) , winning in 1983 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the same year she was nominated for an Emmy as Best Actress in a Drama Series . In accepting the award , Collins thanked Sophia Loren for turning down the part of Alexis .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance is generally credited as the chief factor in the fledgling shows subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings to a hit rivaling Dallas . In the 2001 E ! True Hollywood Story episode featuring Dynasty , former ABC executive Ted Harbert stated , The truth is we didnt really believe that we had this thing done as a hit until Joan Collins walked down that courtroom aisle . Co-star Al Corley noted that Collins just flew in the role that was tailor made...just spot on . In Dynasty producer Aaron Spellings final press interview , he said of Collins",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ": We didnt write Joan Collins . She played Joan Collins . Am I right ? We wrote a character , but the character could have been played by 50 people and 49 of them would have failed . She made it work . In recognition of her new status , in 1983 Collins was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for career achievement .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Whilst filming Dynasty , Collins starred in the feature film Nutcracker ( 1982 ) and the TV movies Paper Dolls ( 1982 ) , The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) , Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) with Jon-Erik Hexum , Her Life as a Man ( 1984 ) , and The Cartier Affair ( 1984 ) with David Hasselhoff . She made guest star appearances in The Love Boat and Faerie Tale Theatre , and co-hosted an ABC-TV special created for her , Blondes vs . Brunettes . At the age of 50 ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins appeared in a 12-page photo layout for Playboy magazine shot by George Hurrell . With Dynasty at the height of its success , Collins both produced and starred in the smash hit 1986 CBS miniseries Sins , and also in the same year , Monte Carlo .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "When Dynasty ended in 1989 , Collins began rehearsals for her Broadway stage debut , as Amanda in a successful revival of Noël Cowards Private Lives ( 1990 ) . She subsequently toured the US in the same play and also starred as Amanda in a production in Londons West End . In 1991 , she also starred for BBC Television in a series of eight individual Noël Coward plays under the title Tonight at 8.30 . In 1991 , Collins rejoined her co-stars for , a miniseries that concluded the cliffhanger ending left after the shows abrupt 1989 cancellation",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". In the 1990s , Collins continued to star in films including Decadence ( 1994 ) and In The Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "On American television she made the TV movies Hart to Hart – Two Harts in 3/4 Time ( 1995 ) , ( 1995 ) and Sweet Deception ( 1998 ) . She also made guest-star appearances on series such as Roseanne ( 1993 ) , The Nanny ( 1996 ) and Will & Grace ( 2000 ) , and played a recurring role in seven episodes of Pacific Palisades ( 1997 ) . She was selected as the cover star for the relaunch of the popular celebrity magazine OK ! when it changed from a monthly to a weekly .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Collins was cast in the film version of the musical theatre show Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , with Donny Osmond . She then starred opposite Nigel Hawthorne in the film The Clandestine Marriage ( 1999 ) , which she also co-produced . 2000s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2000 , Collins replaced Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma Flintstones mother , in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , a prequel to the Universal Studios live-action film The Flintstones ( 1994 , Taylor had originated the role in the first film ) . The following year , Collins co-starred with Taylor , Shirley MacLaine and Debbie Reynolds in the television film These Old Broads , written by Reynoldss daughter , Carrie Fisher . In 2002 , Collins returned to soap operas in a limited guest run on the American daytime soap Guiding Light . In 2005",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", actress Alice Krige impersonated Collins in , a fictionalised television film based on the creation and behind-the-scenes production of Dynasty .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In early 2006 , Collins toured the United Kingdom in An Evening with Joan Collins ( US title One Night With Joan ) , a one-woman show in which she related the highs and lows of her career and life . The show was directed by her husband Percy Gibson , whom she married in 2002 . She has continued to tour the world with the show and its sequel Joan Collins Unscripted ever since , including appearances in New York , Las Vegas , Dubai , Sydney , and twice at the London Palladium . In 2006—2007 she also",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "toured North America for 30 weeks in the play Legends ! with former Dynasty co-star Linda Evans .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-2000s , Collins television work included the hit British television series Footballers Wives ( 2005 ) , the BBC series Hotel Babylon ( 2006 ) and Dynasty Reunion : Catfights and Caviar , a 2006 special featuring several of her Dynasty co-stars reminiscing about the original series . Collins guest-starred in They Do It with Mirrors , a two-hour episode of the murder-mystery drama Marple in 2009 , as Ruth Van Rydock , a friend of detective Miss Jane Marple . 2010s .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 she joined the cast of the German soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) for a short run , playing an aristocratic British woman , Lady Joan , who takes a young German prince in tow . Famed for her double act with Leonard Rossiter in the Cinzano ads . In 2012 , she starred in a Europe-wide commercial for Snickers chocolate bars , alongside Stephanie Beacham . Within a short time the ad was re-edited and Beachams appearance cut .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " She made her first ( and , to date , only ) venture into pantomime as Queen Rat in Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome during the 2010 Christmas season , starring alongside Nigel Havers and Julian Clary . From 2012–2013 , she appeared as herself in the US sitcom Happily Divorced . She also lent her voice to the animated feature film Saving Santa ( 2013 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From 2013—2017 , Collins had a recurring guest role in the British sitcom Benidorm as Crystal Hennessy-Vass , the fierce CEO of the fictional Solana Hotel Group . From 2014–2018 , she played the Grand Duchess of Oxford , mother of fictional British Queen Helena ( Elizabeth Hurley ) in the E ! drama series The Royals . In June 2015 , Collins backed the childrens fairytales app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF , together with others such as Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Stephen Fry , Joanna Lumley , and Michael Caine . The same year she starred",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "in the fantasy film Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Collins made a cameo appearance as herself in . The following year she returned to the big screen with the starring role in the British comedy-drama The Time of Their Lives , playing a faded Hollywood star . In 2018 she appeared in a critically acclaimed short film , Gerry , for which she won the Best Actress award at the LA Shorts International Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , Ryan Murphy announced that Collins had joined the cast of American Horror Story for its eighth season . She first portrayed Evie Gallant , the glamorous and rich grandmother of Evan Peters character , and later portrayed witch actress Bubbles McGee . In March 2019 she guest-starred in an episode of the new Hawaii Five-O TV-series .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In October 2019 , she worked on the feature film The Loss Adjuster opposite Luke Goss and Martin Kemp , which was released in late 2020 . In 2021 , Collins appeared in a short comedy spoof for Comic Relief entitled 2020 : The Movie in which she played Maggie Keenan , the first person to receive a COVID-19 vaccination . Collins is set to star as Adelaide of Maurienne in the historical drama television series Glow and Darkness alongside Jane Seymour and Denise Richards for which she began filming in 2020 and is set to be released in late",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "2021 . In May 2021 , it was announced that Collins would have a role in the musical film Tomorrow Morning , based on the acclaimed musical play of the same name , with the film due to be released in Spring 2022 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Collins has publicly supported several charities for several decades . In 1982 , Collins spoke before the U.S . Congress about increasing funding for neurological research . In 1983 , she was named a patron of the International Foundation for Children with Learning Disabilities , earning the foundations highest honour in 1988 for her continuing support . Additionally , 1988 also saw the opening of the Joan Collins Wing of the Childrens Hospital of Michigan in Detroit . In 1990 , she was made an honorary founding member of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " In 1994 , Collins was awarded the lifetime achievement award from the Association of Breast Cancer Studies in Great Britain for her contribution to breast cancer awareness in the UK . Collins is patron of Fight for Sight ; in 2003 , she became a patron of the Shooting Star Chase Childrens Hospice in Great Britain , while continuing to support several foster children in India , something she has done for the past 35 years . Collins serves her former school , the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , as the Honorary President of the RADA Associates .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " Since the late 1990s , Collins has been a regular guest diarist for The Spectator . In 2008 , she had a weekly opinions column in The Sunday Telegraph . She continues to write occasionally for the Daily Mail , The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Lady in the United Kingdom , and Harpers Bazaar in the United States .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": "Collins has established herself as a successful author . In addition to her bestselling novels , including Prime Time and Love & Desire & Hate , she has also written six lifestyle books , including The Joan Collins Beauty Book , as well as memoirs , including Past Imperfect . To date , she has sold over 50 million copies of her books , which have been translated into 30 languages .",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"text": " Collins has been married five times , first to Northern Irish actor Maxwell Reed , whom she married on 24 May 1952 after he allegedly raped her . She divorced Reed in 1956 . In 1959 , Collins began a relationship with the then-unknown actor Warren Beatty . They became engaged in 1960 , but his infidelity led to their split . Collins revealed in her 1978 autobiography that she became pregnant by Beatty but had an abortion to avoid a scandal that at the time could have seriously damaged their careers .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , she married actor and singer-songwriter Anthony Newley with whom she had two children , Tara and Alexander . She wed her third husband , American businessman Ron Kass in 1972 , and the couple had a daughter , Katyana Kennedy Kass .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " After Collins marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983 , she married former singer Peter Holm on 3 November 1985 in a ceremony in Las Vegas . After a bitter separation they were divorced on 25 August 1987 . She married her fifth and current husband Percy Gibson , who is 31 years her junior , on 17 February 2002 at Claridges Hotel in London . As of 2019 , Collins has three grandchildren .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "Collins younger sister was Jackie Collins , a bestselling author , who died in September 2015 . Collins was informed only two weeks before her sisters death about the breast cancer Jackie had suffered from for over six years .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " Over the years , Collins has been named Englands most beautiful girl , the most beautiful woman in the world , and the worlds sexiest woman . Collins maintains residences in London , Los Angeles , New York City , and France , describing her life in 2010 as being that of a gypsy .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 , Collins and Gibson escaped a terrifying fire at her London flat in Eaton Place . Gibson was able to contain the blaze using a fire extinguisher before the emergency services arrived . Collins was treated for smoke inhalation but was otherwise unharmed and thanked the emergency response crews on social media .",
"title": "Marriages and family"
},
{
"text": " She was a supporter of the late Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , and was invited to attend Thatchers funeral on 17 April 2013 . Collins is also a staunch monarchist , stating Im a big monarchist and I love the Queen . Collins supported British withdrawal from the European Union .",
"title": "Political views"
},
{
"text": " Collins was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1997 New Year Honours for services to drama . She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to charity .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – UK version ( 1978 ) - Katy : A Fight for Life , A Memoir ( 1982 ) - Past Imperfect : An Autobiography – US version ( 1984 ) - Second Act : An Autobiography ( 1996 ) - The World According to Joan ( 2011 ) - Passion For Life : An Autobiography ( 2013 ) - The Uncensored and Unapologetic Diaries of Joan Collins ( 2021 )",
"title": "Memoir"
},
{
"text": " - The Joan Collins Beauty Book ( 1980 ) - My Secrets ( 1994 ) - Health , Youth and Happiness : My Secrets ( 1995 ) - My Friends Secrets ( 1999 ) - Joans Way : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2002 ) - The Art of Living Well : Looking Good , Feeling Great ( 2007 )",
"title": "Nonfiction"
},
{
"text": " - Prime Time , a novel ( 1988 ) - Love and Desire and Hate , a novel ( 1990 ) - Too Damn Famous , a novel ( 1995 ) retitled Infamous for US ( 1996 ) - Star Quality , a novel ( 2002 ) - Misfortunes Daughters , a novel ( 2005 ) - The St . Tropez Lonely Hearts Club , a novel ( 2015 )",
"title": "Fiction"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins by John Kercher , Gallery Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins : The Unauthorised Biography by Jeff Rovin , Bantam Books ( 1984 ) - Joan Collins , Superstar : A Biography by Robert Levine , Dell Publishing ( 1985 ) - A Touch of Collins by Joe Collins , Columbus Books ( 1986 ) - Portraits of a Star by Eddie Sanderson , Hodder & Stoughton ( 1987 ) - Inside Joan Collins : A Biography by Jay David , Carroll & Graf Publishers , Inc . ( 1988 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": "- Hollywood Sisters : Jackie and Joan Collins by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein , St . Martins Press ( 1989 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - Joan Collins : The Biography of an Icon by Graham Lord , Orion ( 2007 )",
"title": "By other authors"
},
{
"text": " - 1946 , A Dolls House at the Arts Theatre , London . - 1952 , The Seventh Veil at the Q Theatre , London . - 1952 , Jassy at the Q Theatre , London . - 1953 , The Praying Mantis UK Tour . - 1953 , Claudia and David at the Q Theatre , London . - 1954 , The Skin of Our Teeth at the Q Theatre , London . - 1980 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Chichester Festival Theatre , Chichester .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 1980–1981 , The Last of Mrs . Cheyney at the Cambridge Theatre , London .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 1981 , Murder in Mind at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford and Theatre Royal , Brighton . - 1990–1991 , Private Lives at the Aldwych Theatre , London . - 1992 , Private Lives at the Broadhurst Theatre , New York City . - 2000 , Love Letters US Tour . - 2001 , Over the Moon at The Old Vic , London . - 2004 , Full Circle UK Tour . - 2006 , An Evening with Joan Collins UK Tour . - 2006–2007 , Legends North American Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": "- 2010 , One Night with Joan at Feinsteins at the Regency , New York .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - 2010–2011 , Dick Whittington at the Birmingham Hippodrome , Birmingham . - 2011 , One Night with Joan Australian Tour . - 2011–2014 , One Night with Joan at the Leicester Square Theatre , London . - 2013 , One Night with Joan UK Tour . - 2016 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour . - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted at the London Palladium - 2019 , Joan Collins Unscripted UK Tour .",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"text": " - Debretts People of Today - Joan Collins interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 22 July 1990",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lembit_Öpik#P39#0
|
What was the position of Lembit Öpik before Jun 2000?
|
Lembit Öpik Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election . Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention . Early life . Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked at Armagh Observatory . Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) . In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election . Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) . During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting . Welsh party leadership . Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions . In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 . Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead . During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing . Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax . Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 . 2010 and beyond . Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process . Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region . Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe . He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes . He currently hosts A Simple Question . On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia . In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed job , I would have to stand for it . In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities . Public appearances . Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound . In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue . In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) . Writings and journalism . In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year . With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 . Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd . On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face . Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons . Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester . He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year . He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit . Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 . External links . - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010 - www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems - Flaps Podcast , July 2010
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": " Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "at Armagh Observatory .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": ". He currently hosts A Simple Question .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "job , I would have to stand for it .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "Here !",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": "- www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Flaps Podcast , July 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lembit_Öpik#P39#1
|
What was the position of Lembit Öpik in Mar 2003?
|
Lembit Öpik Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election . Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention . Early life . Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked at Armagh Observatory . Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) . In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election . Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) . During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting . Welsh party leadership . Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions . In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 . Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead . During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing . Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax . Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 . 2010 and beyond . Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process . Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region . Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe . He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes . He currently hosts A Simple Question . On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia . In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed job , I would have to stand for it . In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities . Public appearances . Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound . In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue . In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) . Writings and journalism . In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year . With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 . Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd . On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face . Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons . Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester . He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year . He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit . Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 . External links . - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010 - www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems - Flaps Podcast , July 2010
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": " Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "at Armagh Observatory .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": ". He currently hosts A Simple Question .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "job , I would have to stand for it .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "Here !",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": "- www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Flaps Podcast , July 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lembit_Öpik#P39#2
|
What was the position of Lembit Öpik between Sep 2006 and Dec 2006?
|
Lembit Öpik Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election . Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention . Early life . Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked at Armagh Observatory . Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) . In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 . Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election . Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) . During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting . Welsh party leadership . Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions . In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 . Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead . During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing . Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax . Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 . 2010 and beyond . Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process . Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region . Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe . He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes . He currently hosts A Simple Question . On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia . In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed job , I would have to stand for it . In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities . Public appearances . Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound . In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue . In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) . Writings and journalism . In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year . With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 . Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd . On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face . Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons . Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester . He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year . He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit . Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 . External links . - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010 - www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems - Flaps Podcast , July 2010
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Lembit Öpik ( , ; born 2 March 1965 ) is a British former politician . A former member of the Liberal Democrats , he served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of Montgomeryshire in Wales from 1997 until he lost his seat at the 2010 general election . He was the leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2007 .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpik stood unsuccessfully for the position of President of the party in 2004 and 2008 . He was also unsuccessful in a bid to become the Liberal Democrats nominee in the 2012 London mayoral election .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": " Beyond his political work , Öpik has also been in the public eye through his appearances on several television shows and as a result of his personal relationships with ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd and with pop star Gabriela Irimia of The Cheeky Girls , which drew considerable media attention .",
"title": "Lembit Öpik"
},
{
"text": "Öpiks parents were from Estonia , but after the Soviet occupation under Joseph Stalin , they fled to Northern Ireland . Öpik was born in Bangor , County Down , the elder son of Liivi Öpik ( née Vedo ) and physicist Dr Uno Öpik ( 19 October 1926 – 6 May 2005 ) , and grew up there with sister Urve Öpik ( born 1960 , a psychotherapist ) and brother Endel Tal Öpik ( 12 April 1968 – 21 November 2005 , a musician ) . His grandfather was Ernst Julius Öpik , an Estonian astronomer who worked",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "at Armagh Observatory .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before going on to the University of Bristol , where he completed a degree in philosophy . He served as the President of the University of Bristol Union ( 1985–86 ) and as a member of the National Executive of the National Union of Students ( 1987–88 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 Öpik joined Procter & Gamble in Newcastle upon Tyne as a brand assistant . He became corporate training and organisation development manager in 1991 and was promoted to be global human resources training manager in 1996 . Öpik was elected to the Liberal Democrats Federal Executive Committee in 1991 . He was elected as a councillor on Newcastle City Council in 1992 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Öpik stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne Central in the 1992 general election and for Northumbria in the 1994 European Parliament elections . Parliamentary and party career .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " At the 1997 general election , the Liberal Democrat MP for Montgomeryshire , Alex Carlile , retired and Öpik successfully stood as the Lib Dem candidate . He retained the seat at the 2001 general election and at the 2005 general election , increasing his share of the vote by 3.5% in 2001 and by a further 1.8% in 2005 , giving him a majority of 7,173 over the Conservative candidate . However , he lost his seat to the Conservative Glyn Davies following a 13.2% swing in Montgomeryshire at the 2010 general election .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Öpik served as the Liberal Democrat spokesman on education ( 1997 ) , Northern Ireland ( 1997–2007 ) , Wales ( 2001–07 ) , business ( 2007 ) , and housing ( 2007–08 ) .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " During the 2001–05 Parliament , Öpik was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee in the House of Commons . He was the joint chair of the Middle Way Group , a cross-party parliamentary group which supported the regulation , rather than the banning , of fox hunting .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " Öpik became leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats in 2001 following the retirement of Richard Livsey . He stood down in 2007 and was succeeded by Mike German . Campaigns for party presidency . In September 2004 , Öpik stood for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats but was defeated by Simon Hughes . The party president chairs a number of party committees and also represents the party at official functions .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In 2008 , a campaign amongst grassroots party members backing him as a successor to Hughes , under the slogan I Pick Öpik , emerged at the partys 2008 spring conference in Liverpool . On 24 September , Öpik announced that he was standing down as the partys housing spokesman to concentrate on a campaign for party president . However , in the party ballot in November , Öpik was defeated by Baroness Scott of Needham Market by 20,736 votes to 6,247 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Support for party leadership candidates . In successive Liberal Democrat leadership contests , Öpik gained a reputation for backing campaigns that soon collapsed , leading some to talk of the curse of Lembit making his backing undesirable . In 1999 , he was one of only two of the partys 46 MPs to back the abortive leadership campaign of Don Foster . Foster abandoned his campaign before nominations even closed , and backed Charles Kennedy , the eventual winner , instead .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "During the 2006 leadership contest , Öpik was initially a strong supporter of Kennedy , who then stood down . Öpik subsequently became campaign manager for Mark Oaten . However , Oaten quickly withdrew from the contest , having failed to attract enough support from within the parliamentary party ; his only backers were Öpik and Baroness Ludford . In the 2007 leadership election , Öpik declared his backing for Nick Clegg , and when Clegg won the election Öpik said My man won , so the curse of Öpik has at last become a blessing .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik supported Jenny Randerson in the 2008 contest for leadership of the Welsh Liberal Democrats . Randerson lost to Kirsty Williams . Öpik supported Tim Farron in the 2015 Liberal Democrat leadership election , who eventually won with a margin of 13% . Expenses row and criticism . In May 2009 The Daily Telegraph published details of Öpiks parliamentary expenses claims . It showed that in 2008–2009 Öpik claimed £23,083 in second home allowances out of public funds , including various items of furniture and a £40 summons charge for non-payment of Council Tax .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik told the Telegraph I am willing to pay back the £40 but did not offer to repay anything else . The Telegraph also outlined a rejected expense claim Öpik attempted to make for £2,499 for a plasma screen television , after which he bought a TV costing £750 .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik lost his seat in parliament at the 2010 general election when he was defeated in his constituency of Montgomeryshire by Glyn Davies of the Conservative Party by 13,976 votes to 12,792 . This represented a swing of 12.5% against Öpik and a swing of 13.8% in favour of the Conservatives in the constituency . Öpik put himself forward to be the Liberal Democrats nominee for mayor of London in the 2012 mayoral election , however in the first round of the partys selection ballot , he came fourth with 252 votes and was eliminated from the process .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " Öpik was a candidate for the Liberal Democrats federal executive committee in 2012 but was not elected . He also expressed an interest in becoming the Liberal Democrats candidate for the position of Police and Crime Commissioner for Northumbria Police in 2012 . However he was ruled ineligible because he did not have a residence in the region .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Late in 2012 he joined Leadenhall Consulting , a human resources consulting firm specialising in the insurance and financial sectors , as an associate director responsible for developing training . On joining the firm , Opik explained that training is his first love . Öpik is a long-time supporter of the Motorcycle Action Group ( MAG UK ) and a keen motorcyclist . On 23 November 2013 it was announced that Öpik had joined MAG as director of communications and public affairs . In the post he will work on behalf of motorcyclists in the UK and Europe .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "He presents programmes on BBC Radio Kent every Friday morning from 9:00 where he hosts the topical Kent Midmorning phone-in , and every Sunday from 11:00 where he presents a news panel format , digesting the weeks local , national and international stories , looking at the newspapers , welcoming expert guests and politicians for discussions as well as taking calls from listeners . He also regularly stands in for Julia George on other weekday mornings . Since 2010 , he has broadcast for Press TV , including hosting a news satire show and a number of political news programmes",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": ". He currently hosts A Simple Question .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " On 24 June 2018 Öpik was elected as the chairman of the Parliament of Asgardia during the first parliamentary session in Vienna , Austria . The birth of the new space nation Asgardia was announced in a press conference in Paris , France , on 12 October 2016 The project is officially called the Space Kingdom of Asgardia .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "In the autumn of 2018 Öpik considered participating in Estonian elections . He said he had been asked to consider being either a member of the Estonian parliament , or to consider running as president . One position is just to be a member of parliament , which I would not mind doing , he said . The other position is president of Estonia . It is more than just a non-executive role—I could make quite a big splash . I have not got a campaign plan but I have said I would be interested . Its not an appointed",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "job , I would have to stand for it .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": " In 2021 Opik was expelled from the Liberal Democrats following his speaking at a Conservative Party meeting as the sole speaker in a meeting called How to Stop the Lib Dems , an insiders guide on how the Lib Dems plan their campaigns Personal life , charity and creative activities .",
"title": "Welsh party leadership"
},
{
"text": "Öpik has appeared several times on the BBC satirical current affairs quiz show Have I Got News for You , including an appearance on the day after he lost his parliamentary seat . He has also appeared on the BBCs Question Time and Any Questions ? Away from politics he has also appeared on Stand Up for the Week , Al Murrays Happy Hour , All Star Mr and Mrs , Loose Women , Bargain Hunt Famous Finds , Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway and Come Dine with Me , Celebrity Juice and Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "Here !",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In June 2010 he made his debut as a comedian at the Backstage Comedy Club in Londons West End . It was described by one audience member as not fantastic , but not completely awful . Öpik also gained media attention for his part in a music video by unsigned band The Good Suns . The video featured the politician dancing and miming lyrics to their debut song Pop Wound .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": "In March 2012 , Öpik began collaborating with rock band Adam and the Asbos on their action/adventure sci-fi film Adam and the Asbos : The Movie . In April and May 2012 , he made appearances in a professional wrestling promotion , appearing from the audience to confront wrestler Kade Callous for cheating ; Öpik was in turn challenged to appear in a later tag team match , which ended with Öpik black and blue .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In August 2016 Lembit Opik performed in the comedy Rocking Your Vote in which he played himself . The play was on the Edinburgh Fringe Festival . The main actor was the 2015 MP candidate Will Goodhand ( Channel 4s Beauty and the Geek , 99 Club stand-up ) . The comedy was composed by Olly Nelken ( Pigbag , Royal Marines Band ) .",
"title": "Public appearances"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 Lembit Öpik published an article in The Guardian named We need a cosmic plan about risks of asteroid impact on Earth . Earlier , in 1999 , he called on the government to invest between £500,000 and £1m annually in tracking asteroids to avert catastrophe . He wrote a column in the ( now defunct ) Daily Sport newspaper earning him up to £5,000 a year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "With Hilary Bird and Ulvi Mustmaa , he is the author of the Xenophobes Guide to the Estonians , published by Oval Books in June 2010 . In March 2012 , Öpik released his first collaborative work with Edward Joyce , The Alternative View , a book discussing the future of the Liberal Democrats in the UK , including a call for the then party leader Nick Clegg to step down as Leader of The Liberal Democrats , but to remain deputy prime minister in the coalition government . The books cover pays tribute to , although Öpik has often",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "been considered a member of the social liberal , left wing of the party . His book All at Sea , a tale about a curious cruise , was published in 2015 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Personal life and charity work . Öpik speaks fluent English , Estonian and German . Talking about the 2004 Parliamentary Language Challenge , he said that he could get by in French and Welsh and was intending to become fluent in the Welsh language , In 2003 he was a day president at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , held at Meifod within his constituency ; this required him to make a speech in Welsh , for which he was coached by his then girlfriend , Siân Lloyd .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "On 13 April 1998 Öpik came close to death in a paragliding accident . He fell onto a Welsh mountain in his constituency and broke his back in 12 places , as well as his ribs , sternum and jaw . This experience caused him to take a keen interest in the Spinal Injuries Association , of which he is a member . He later underwent a series of surgical procedures to correct the damage to the bones in his face .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Despite the accident , he continued with his interest in aviation . He talked about the accident to the July 2010 edition of Flaps Podcast , where he recounted his accident and its aftermath . He has since become a glider pilot at the Midland Gliding Club in Shropshire . He holds a pilots licence and spoke for British gliding in the House of Commons .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "Öpik also rides motorcycles ( he was the chair of the all-party parliamentary motorcycling group when he was an MP ) , and since November 2013 , he has been employed as the campaigns and communications director for the Motorcycle Action Group . Öpik supports the English football club Leicester City . His mother lives in the city of Leicester .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " He participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice to raise money for charity . Sport Relief Does The Apprentice was part of Sport Relief , the Comic Relief/BBC charity initiative that aired on 12 and 14 March 2008 . In 2006 he became president of the Motor Neurone Disease Association , following his fathers death from the disease the previous year .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": "He and ITV weather presenter Siân Lloyd appeared on Celebrity Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? on 15 April 2006 , winning £64,000 for the Motor Neurone Disease Association and Action for Children . The couple came close to marrying , but she ended the relationship in October 2006 and made unflattering comments about Öpik in her autobiography , A Funny Kind of Love . According to Lynn Barber , the authors main purpose seems to have been demolishing love-rat Lembit .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " Öpik later became involved with then-24-year-old Gabriela Irimia of pop music double-act The Cheeky Girls . They split up in July 2008 after a difficult period in the relationship . At the age of 52 he had a daughter , born in June 2017 , with his partner Sabina Vankova . Later that year she was reported to have left him . The couple had a second daughter in November 2020 .",
"title": "Writings and journalism"
},
{
"text": " - Lembit Opik MP profile at the site of Liberal Democrats - Lembit Öpik MP profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats - Times Online Student Section : Lembit Opik Interview with Lembit Opik - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Lembit Opik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Lembit Öpik MP - The Public Whip – Lembit Öpik voting record - BBC News – Politics : Lembit Opik profile 10 February 2005 - Evening Standard ( London ) ; Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family - Guardian article on election 27 April 2010",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": "- www.politics.co.uk : Opik urges tactical voting against Liberal Dems",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"text": " - Flaps Podcast , July 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Guérisse#P2632#0
|
What was the place of detention for Albert Guérisse in Apr 1944?
|
Albert Guérisse Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line . Biography . Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services . On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job : within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees . When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain . In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity . In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens fate . Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation . From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies . In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of major general . Personal life . In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre . Awards and decorations . General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence . In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) . Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) . Death . General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 . Reading . - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ ) External links . - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line .",
"title": "Albert Guérisse"
},
{
"text": "Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job :",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "fate .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "major general .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ )",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": " - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Guérisse#P2632#1
|
What was the place of detention for Albert Guérisse between Aug 1944 and Sep 1944?
|
Albert Guérisse Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line . Biography . Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services . On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job : within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees . When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain . In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity . In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens fate . Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation . From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies . In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of major general . Personal life . In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre . Awards and decorations . General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence . In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) . Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) . Death . General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 . Reading . - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ ) External links . - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info
|
[
"Natzweiler-Struthof"
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line .",
"title": "Albert Guérisse"
},
{
"text": "Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job :",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "fate .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "major general .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ )",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": " - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Guérisse#P2632#2
|
What was the place of detention for Albert Guérisse between Mar 1945 and Apr 1945?
|
Albert Guérisse Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line . Biography . Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services . On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job : within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees . When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain . In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity . In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens fate . Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation . From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies . In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of major general . Personal life . In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre . Awards and decorations . General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence . In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) . Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) . Death . General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 . Reading . - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ ) External links . - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info
|
[
"Dachau concentration camp"
] |
[
{
"text": " Major General Comte Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse GC , KBE , DSO ( 5 April 1911 – 26 March 1989 ) was a Belgian Resistance member who organized French and Belgium escape routes for downed Allied pilots during World War II under the alias of Patrick Albert Pat OLeary , the name of a Canadian friend . His escape line was dubbed the Pat OLeary Line .",
"title": "Albert Guérisse"
},
{
"text": "Guérisse was born in Brussels , and qualified in medicine at the Université Libre de Bruxelles before joining the Belgian Army . Guérisse was Médecin-Capitaine with a Belgian cavalry regiment during their eighteen-day campaign in May 1940 . He managed to escape to England through Dunkirk . At Gibraltar , he joined the crew of a former French merchant ship , Rhin , which had been renamed to serve in the Mediterranean on clandestine missions . He secured entry into the British Royal Navy and was commissioned as Lieutenant Commander Patrick Albert OLeary RNVR of French-Canadian origin . The Canadian",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "identity attempted to explain his not-quite British accent in English , and his not-quite French accent in French , in order to protect his family in occupied Belgium if he was captured . He had a six-week undercover training session with Naval Intelligence . Until April 1941 , he was serving mainly as a conducting officer , escorting agents ashore in small boats through the surf , whilst the large vessel lay some distance offshore . This was skilled work , exposed to physical dangers from the sea-conditions and operational dangers from the Vichy security services .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On 25 April 1941 , during a mission to place Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) agents in Collioure , on Roussillon coast in southern France , Guérisse and three crewmen from HMS Fidelity were arrested by the Vichy French coast guard and taken to a camp for British military prisoners at Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort near Nîmes . Helped by fellow British officers , OLeary escaped in early June 1941 . He went to Marseilles where everyone at the Fort knew there was an escape organisation run by a man named Ian Garrow and soon made contact . At this point his",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "intention was make his way to Gibraltar and resume his original naval service . Events were to dictate otherwise because Garrow wanted OLeary to stay and help with the organisation since he was a military officer , he had undercover training and unlike Garrow , spoke French fluently . Consequently , a request was sent to London that he stay , which was approved and confirmed by a BBC radio message received on 2 July 1941 . Fidelity was lost with all hands when torpedoed in the South Atlantic on 31 December 1942 . OLeary immediately began his job :",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "within a four-month period , he helped about fifty men escape from the prison of St Hippolyte du Fort , then moved them down the line back to England through the Pyrenees .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " When the Vichy France authorities captured Garrow in October 1941 , Guérisse took over as chief of the escape network . Along with others such as Nancy Wake , he smuggled a German uniform to Garrow in his cell in Mauzac concentration camp , which helped Garrows escape on 6 December 1941 . At this point the British decided it was time for Garrow to return to London , so OLeary continued in command and expanded the reach of the escape lines operations . The line carried over 600 escapees to Spain and back to Britain .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In January 1943 , the escape line was infiltrated and betrayed by French turncoat Roger le Neveu , an associate of Harold Cole ; Guérisse was arrested in Toulouse in March . En route to prison he managed to get one of the younger members , Fabien de Cortes , to escape and warn the British . After his arrest the line was taken over by Marie Dissard . Guérisse told nothing to the Gestapo interrogators when he was tortured and then was sent to a series of concentration camps , including Mauthausen . No one , neither in the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "network , nor the French police nor the Gestapo , ever knew OLearys true identity .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1944 , he was at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace with another SOE agent , Brian Stonehouse . At the camp he witnessed the arrival of four other female SOE agents , Andrée Borrel , Vera Leigh , Diana Rowden , and Sonya Olschanezky , who were all executed and disposed of in the crematorium in an attempt to make them disappear without a trace , under the programme of Night and Fog . After the war , Guérisse and Stonehouse were able to testify at the Nazi war crimes trials as to the womens",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "fate .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Finally , Guérisse was taken to the Dachau concentration camp , tortured again and then sentenced to death . However , when SS guards surrendered before the Allied advance , OLeary took command and refused to leave until the Allies agreed to take care of the inmates . On 30 April 1945 , he was chosen as the first president of the International Prisoners Committee that administered the camp after liberation .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "From its founding in 1956 until his death he served many terms as president of the Comité International de Dachau , and regularly gave the keynote speech at the May memorial ceremonies .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1946 , he was appointed a member of the War Crime Commission at Nuremberg . In November 1946 he was demobilized from the Royal Navy and resumed his real name and rejoined the Belgian army , returning to his former regiment . In 1951 , he volunteered as a medical officer for the Belgian United Nations Corps in Korea during the Korean War where he was wounded while going to rescue a wounded soldier under enemy fire . He became the head of the medical service of the Belgian Army and retired in 1970 , in the rank of",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "major general .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In his personal life , he married Sylvia Cooper-Smith in 1947 ; they had a son , Patrick . Sylvia Guérisse predeceased her husband . He was the subject of This Is Your Life in November 1963 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " General Guérisse received 37 decorations , from a variety of nations . In 1946 , the British recognised his war service with the award of the George Cross . This was the highest possible award of the British Commonwealth nations for actions not in combat and only the Victoria Cross ( the equivalent award for bravery in actual combat ) takes precedence .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": "In the UK it is the convention for the post-nominal letters for both these awards to be appended to the surname even for general usage , i.e . to refer to : Guérisse , GC . Recognising his military service as a whole , the British later also conferred on Albert-Marie Guérisse , GC , an honorary knighthood ( KBE ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " Similarly , the King of Belgium recognised the lifetime service of General Guérisse with the grant of a peerage in 1986 , in the rank of Count ( comte ) . His motto : Honores non-quaero , fidelis sum ( Honors I do not seek , faithful I am ) .",
"title": "Awards and decorations"
},
{
"text": " General Count Albert-Marie Guérisse died in Waterloo , Belgium on 26 March 1989 , aged 77 .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Vincent Brome , The Way Back , Cassell and Company ( London ) , 1957 ( ASIN : B000ZRBLPQ )",
"title": "Reading"
},
{
"text": " - Major-Gen Albert-Marie Edmond Guérisse : Pat OLeary of the PAO Allied escape line - the Pat or OLeary Line , rafino.org.uk - Holocaust Sketches Donated To Imperial War Museum , culture24.org.uk - Profile , gc-database.co.uk - Albert Guerisses appearance on This Is Your Life , bigredbook.info",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Moussa_Sissoko#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Moussa Sissoko belong to between Nov 2008 and Feb 2009?
|
Moussa Sissoko Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back . Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League . Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career . Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club . Club career . Toulouse . 2003–2008 . In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers . Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré , and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 . 2008–2013 . Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season . Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything less than €30 million . Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge . The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th . Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco . Newcastle United . On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt . He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton . Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance . In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety . During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship . Tottenham Hotspur . On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio Pochettino . Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town . In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 . At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 . In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted . On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win . International career . Youth . Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later . With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl . Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008 . He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate in non-competitive matches . Senior . On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal . Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat . On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France . Style of play . A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working , and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1989 . Personal life . Sissoko is Muslim . Alongside his native French , he also speaks English . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - EFL Cup runner-up : 2020–21 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Individual - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019
|
[
"Toulouse"
] |
[
{
"text": " Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré ,",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "less than €30 million .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": ". The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": ". He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in non-competitive matches .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "1989 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Moussa_Sissoko#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Moussa Sissoko belong to between Aug 2014 and Sep 2015?
|
Moussa Sissoko Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back . Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League . Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career . Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club . Club career . Toulouse . 2003–2008 . In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers . Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré , and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 . 2008–2013 . Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season . Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything less than €30 million . Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge . The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th . Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco . Newcastle United . On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt . He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton . Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance . In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety . During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship . Tottenham Hotspur . On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio Pochettino . Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town . In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 . At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 . In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted . On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win . International career . Youth . Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later . With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl . Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008 . He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate in non-competitive matches . Senior . On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal . Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat . On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France . Style of play . A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working , and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1989 . Personal life . Sissoko is Muslim . Alongside his native French , he also speaks English . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - EFL Cup runner-up : 2020–21 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Individual - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019
|
[
"Newcastle United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré ,",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "less than €30 million .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": ". The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": ". He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in non-competitive matches .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "1989 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Moussa_Sissoko#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Moussa Sissoko belong to in Mar 2016?
|
Moussa Sissoko Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back . Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League . Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career . Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club . Club career . Toulouse . 2003–2008 . In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers . Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré , and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 . 2008–2013 . Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season . Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything less than €30 million . Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge . The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th . Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco . Newcastle United . On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt . He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton . Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance . In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety . During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship . Tottenham Hotspur . On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio Pochettino . Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town . In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 . At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 . In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted . On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win . International career . Youth . Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later . With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl . Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008 . He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate in non-competitive matches . Senior . On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal . Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat . On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France . Style of play . A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working , and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after 1989 . Personal life . Sissoko is Muslim . Alongside his native French , he also speaks English . Honours . Tottenham Hotspur - EFL Cup runner-up : 2020–21 - UEFA Champions League runner-up : 2018–19 Individual - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019
|
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] |
[
{
"text": " Moussa Sissoko ( born 16 August 1989 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as midfielder for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the France national team . He plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch , and is capable of playing in either a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder , right winger or right back .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko began his football career playing for local youth clubs in the Île-de-France region , such as Espérance Aulnay and AS Red Star 93 . In 2002 , he moved south to join professional club Toulouse . Sissoko spent four years in the clubs youth academy and made his professional debut in the 2007–08 season . He also played in the UEFA Champions League for the first time . In the following season , Sissoko earned award nominations for his performances and also helped Toulouse qualify for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He eventually joined Newcastle United in",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "the Premier League in 2013 , before moving on to Tottenham Hotspur in 2016 after Newcastles relegation from the top flight . At Tottenham , Sissoko finished runner-up in the 2016–17 Premier League and the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko was a French youth international and played at all levels he was eligible for . In August 2009 , he was called up to the senior team for the first time and made his senior international debut in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification against the Faroe Islands . He made his first international start four days later in a qualifier against Austria . Sissoko was a member of the France side that lost the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . Early life and career .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was born in Le Blanc-Mesnil , a Parisian suburb , to Malian parents . His father is a construction worker and his mother is a housewife . Sissoko is the eldest of four children , with three younger sisters . He was attracted to football at a very young age , stating , I quickly realised that football could lead me to have a better life . At the age of six , Sissoko joined the youth academy of Espérance Aulnay , based in nearby Aulnay-sous-Bois , a suburb in northeastern Paris . He trained three times a week",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "at the club under the supervision of trainer Adama Dieye , who now serves as a correspondent for the clubs futsal team . Sissoko describes Dieye as an important mentor in his development stating I am here today because of him . In July 1999 , Sissoko moved to Saint-Ouen to join AS Red Star 93 . Sissoko spent two years at the club and was teammates with former France youth international Yannis Salibur . In September 2001 , he returned to Aulnay for a further two years developing before seeking a move to a professional club .",
"title": "Moussa Sissoko"
},
{
"text": "In July 2003 , Sissoko made the trek down south to the Haute-Garonne department to sign with professional club Toulouse FC . He signed an aspirant ( youth ) contract and was placed in the clubs under-14 team . Sissoko spent three years developing in the clubs youth academy alongside future teammates Cheikh MBengue and Étienne Capoue before earning a call up to the clubs reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur , the fourth level of French football , ahead of the 2006–07 season . Sissoko appeared in 18 matches during the amateur season , quickly becoming one",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the clubs most sought after prospects . Prior to signing his professional contract with Toulouse , he garnered interest from English clubs Liverpool and Bolton Wanderers .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Midway through the 2006–07 season , Sissoko signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Toulouse until June 2010 . He was subsequently promoted to the clubs senior team in the ensuing summer and assigned the number 22 shirt by manager Elie Baup . Sissoko made his professional debut on 4 August 2007 , appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Valenciennes . He made his first professional start the following week in the clubs 1–0 upset victory over the defending champions Lyon . On 15 August , he appeared in the clubs UEFA Champions",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "League third qualifying round first leg match against Liverpool . Sissoko replaced Albin Ebondo in the 83rd minute and received a yellow card in the final minute . Toulouse lost the first leg 1–0 and the tie 5–0 on aggregate . Sissoko scored his first professional goal on 1 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre , scoring in injury time after coming on as a substitute two minutes previously . In late September , he began featuring in the team as a regular starter playing in the defensive midfielder role alongside attackers Achille Emana and Fodé Mansaré ,",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "and captain Nicolas Dieuze . On 6 January 2008 , Sissoko scored his second goal of the season against Paris in the Coupe de France . Toulouse surprisingly lost the match to the semi-professional club 2–1 . Despite the promising individual season from Sissoko , Toulouse finished one place above relegation and Baup was sacked and replaced by Alain Casanova . Following the season , on 25 July 2008 , Sissoko signed a contract extension with the club until 2012 .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Following the departure of Emana to Spain , Casanova put Sissoko into the box-to-box midfielder role ahead of the 2008–09 season to accommodate emerging defensive midfielder Étienne Capoue into the starting lineup , as well as Étienne Didot , who arrived from Rennes . The move allowed Sissoko to retain his defensive duties , but also showcase his attacking skills . He began the season featuring primarily as a substitute under Casanova , but by December , Sissoko had become a regular in the starting eleven . On 24 January 2009 , he scored his first goal of the season",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "against amateur Alsatian club FCE Schirrhein in an 8–0 thrashing in the Coupe de France . It was a memorable goal with Sissoko running nearly the entire pitch with the ball at his feet , eluding several Schirrhein players , before finishing at the six-yard box . Toulouse reached the semi-finals of the competition before losing 2–1 to the eventual winners Guingamp . In the league , Sissoko was a key contributor in helping a refurbished Toulouse side finish 4th in the league , leading to qualification for the newly created UEFA Europa League . He scored his first goal",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "of the league campaign on 7 February in a 2–0 victory over Le Mans . Sissoko also scored goals in victories over Derby de la Garonne rivals Bordeaux and Paris Saint-Germain . In total , he made 40 appearances and scored five goals . For his efforts , he was nominated for the UNFP Young Player of the Year , along with teammate Capoue who also had an outstanding season .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Prior to the start of the 2009–10 season , Sissoko drew strong interest from Premier League outfit Tottenham Hotspur . The English club reportedly offered as much as £12 million for the player and subsequently increased its offer to £15.5 million before president Olivier Sadran declared that Sissoko would not be sold . Despite Sadrans comments , fellow Premier League club Manchester City , as well as Italian clubs Internazionale and Juventus , and German club Bayern Munich were also linked with Sissoko . To quash the rumours , Sadran announced that Sissoko would not leave the club for anything",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "less than €30 million .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko started the 2009–10 campaign by displaying his attacking prowess as he scored six league goals in the clubs first 12 matches . He opened the campaign scoring in the clubs second league match of the season against Saint-Étienne in a 3–1 victory . On 20 September 2009 , he scored in the clubs 2–0 win against Le Mans and in the following week scored the opening goal in the clubs 2–1 loss to Lyon . On 1 October 2009 , Sissoko scored his first career European goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage match against Belgian club Brugge",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": ". The match ended in a 2–2 draw . On 24 October , Sissoko recorded his fourth league goal of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Lens . In the ensuing two weeks , Sissoko scored both openers in a 1–1 draw with Marseille and a 3–2 victory at home against Rennes . Sissokos goalscoring slowed in the latter part of the season , scoring only one goal after the winter break against Valenciennes in a 3–1 win . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , but Toulouse failed to keep",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": "pace with the league leaders and finished a disappointing 14th .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " Despite interest from several clubs , Sissoko opted to remain at Toulouse stating he was happy to remain at the club and would let his agent deal with his transfer situation . He scored his first goal of the new season on 22 September 2010 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 6 February 2011 , Sissoko scored both team goals in a 2–0 win over Monaco .",
"title": "Toulouse"
},
{
"text": " On 21 January 2013 , English side Newcastle United confirmed they had signed Sissoko on a six-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £1.5 million . It was rumoured that Sissoko waived any signing on fee from his new club in order to push the move through after Toulouse were unwilling to let him leave until the summer , when his contract expired . He was given the number 7 shirt .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "He made his debut for Newcastle on 29 January , getting the assist for the opening goal in a 2–1 win against Aston Villa . In his second match , his first at St James Park , Sissoko scored both the equalising and winning goals in a 3–2 comeback victory against Chelsea . On 24 February , Sissoko scored in a 4–2 win against Southampton .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " Sissokos first goal of the 2013–14 season came on 30 November , against West Bromwich Albion , a 25-yard strike which made the score 2–1 . In the closing minutes of a game against Southampton in December , he was involved in an incident in which he accidentally hit referee Mike Jones in the face when trying to pull away from the opposing goalkeeper . He scored twice in a 4–1 win away at Hull City in March 2014 , in what the Chronicle reporter , Neil Cameron , described as an utterly superb performance .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Sissoko was given the captains armband after Fabricio Coloccini sustained an injury . In his first match starting as captain , Sissoko scored his first league goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Queens Park Rangers . On 29 November 2014 , Sissoko was shown two yellows in the space of 45 seconds , in a 1–0 away defeat to West Ham United . On 1 January 2015 , Sissoko scored his second league goal of the season , as Newcastle drew 3–3 against Burnley . On 13 April 2015 , Sissoko was",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "sent off in an away match at Liverpool , receiving a second yellow card from referee Lee Mason , after a dangerous tackle to Lucas Leiva . On 24 May 2015 , the final day of the season , he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 home victory over West Ham United , which helped Newcastle clinch their Premier League safety .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": " During the 2015–16 season , Sissoko was made captain for the final six games of the season , and in his first game as captain on 16 April 2016 , he scored his one and only goal of the campaign in a 3–0 home victory against Swansea City . This sparked a six-game unbeaten run in Newcastles relegation battle , which included creditable draws against Liverpool and Manchester City , and a final day 5–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur . Despite this , Newcastle were unable to escape the drop zone and were relegated to the Championship .",
"title": "Newcastle United"
},
{
"text": "On 31 August 2016 , Sissoko signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal , for £30 million . Tottenham , who beat out Everton for his signature on the final day of the transfer deadline , gave Sissoko his debut away at Stoke City on 10 September 2016 . On 22 October , in a match against Bournemouth , Sissoko elbowed Harry Arter , resulting in a three-match ban . He did not play a league match again for Spurs until 3 December , and made just four more starts in the Premier League that season under manager Mauricio",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "Pochettino .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Following a disappointing first season at Tottenham , Sissoko was afforded an extended run in the first team to open the 2017–18 season after multiple injuries in the midfield . He received his fourth start in six Premier League games in a 3–2 win at West Ham on 23 September , with Pochettino describing his performance as fantastic , and scored his first goal for Tottenham on 30 September 2017 in their 4–0 victory of Huddersfield Town .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2018–19 season , Sissoko emerged as a crucial member of Tottenham , making 43 appearances in all competitions . His improvement this season has been noted by a number of writers , some of whom ranked him amongst the best players of the season in the Premier League . He also won plaudits from former players and fans alike . He won the inaugural Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season award in May 2019 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " At the final of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League , Sissokos arm was hit by the ball on the rebound in the box after 22 seconds . Judged a handball , it resulted in a penalty converted by Liverpool and one that Tottenham could not overcome , eventually losing 2–0 .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "In the 2019–20 season , under new manager José Mourinho , Sissoko scored his first goal in over two years in the match against Bournemouth . This is only his second Premier League goal for Tottenham and helped the team to a 3–2 win . In the 2020 New Years Day match against Southampton , Sissoko damaged the medial collateral ligament of his right knee , which required surgery resulting in him being out of action for more than three months . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the suspension of League matches , he did",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": "not play any game until the 19 June match against Manchester United after the season restarted .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " On 5 January 2021 , Sissoko score his first goal of the 2020–21 season in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup , which ended in a 2–0 win .",
"title": "Tottenham Hotspur"
},
{
"text": " Sissoko has been active with France at youth level having represented France at all levels for which he was eligible . On 4 January 2005 , he made his youth international debut at under-16 level in a friendly match against Turkey in Manisa . France won the match 3–0 . Sissokos only other appearance with the team came in the return leg against Turkey that was played in İzmir two days later .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "With the under-17 team , Sissokos playing time increased as France attempted to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . He made his debut as a substitute on 2 November 2005 in the teams opening competitive match against England . On 26 February 2006 , Sissoko scored his first youth international goal in the teams second group stage match of the Algarve Cup against the Netherlands . In the teams next group stage match against Portugal , Sissoko scored again in a 3–1 victory . In UEFA competition , Sissoko and the team , composed of players",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "such as David NGog , Gabriel Obertan , Adel Taarabt , and Grégory Sertic , failed to qualify for the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship , due to their second-place finish in the Elite Round portion of the competition . With the under-18 team , Sissoko appeared in all eight matches the team contested as France nearly went undefeated losing their only match 1–0 to Germany in Kehl .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "Due to his increased playing time domestically with Toulouse , Sissoko missed the 2007 edition of the Sendai Cup in Japan and numerous other under-19 tournaments and only featured in 2008 UEFA U-19 Championship qualification matches . He made his debut on 28 October 2007 in a 5–0 rout of Luxembourg in the first qualifying round . Similar to the competition at under-17 level , France were later eliminated in the Elite Round portion of the competition . Sissoko earned his first call up to the under-21 team for their friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 September 2008",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": ". He subsequently made his debut in the match , which France won 1–0 . Sissoko scored his only goal with the team on 31 March 2009 in the teams 2–0 win over England at the City Ground in Nottingham . He featured with the team frequently as they were attempting to qualify for the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . The teams ultimate failure to qualify for the competition effectively ended Sissokos under-21 career , though he still appeared in friendly matches against Turkey , Denmark , and Russia in 2010 as he was still eligible to participate",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "in non-competitive matches .",
"title": "Youth"
},
{
"text": "On 3 August 2009 , Sissoko earned his first call up to the senior team for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against the Faroe Islands . Sissoko did not make his debut in the match . On 6 October , he was named to the senior squad for the second time for the teams final World Cup qualification matches against the Faroe Islands and Austria . Sissoko earned his first cap in the match against the Faroe Islands appearing as a substitute for Jérémy Toulalan in the second half . France won the match 5–0 . With Frances",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "spot in the play-offs already secured , Sissoko made his first career start in the match against Austria , which France won 3–1 . Despite appearing regularly in the squad under Raymond Domenech in the 2009–10 season , Sissoko failed to make the squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 13 May 2014 , Sissoko was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . He made his FIFA World Cup debut in 2014 , coming on as a substitute in Frances 3–0 group win over Honduras . In Frances second match of the tournament , a 5–2 victory over Switzerland , he was named in the starting line-up and scored his first international goal .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "Sissoko was involved in Frances run to the final of the 2016 UEFA European Championship , making four starts in the tournament . He put in an inspired performance in the final against Portugal , having two shots saved in the 1–0 extra time defeat .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": " On 17 May 2018 , he was named on the standby list for the 23 man French squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia . Due to his poor club form , he was not part of the French squad that won the World Cup . However , with a good club performance in the 2018–19 season , he was again back in the national squad , and played a role in the Euro 2020 qualifiers for France .",
"title": "Senior"
},
{
"text": "A versatile midfielder , Sissoko is capable of playing in any midfield role , as well as in several other positions across the pitch . He usually plays as a box-to-box midfielder in the centre , although he is also capable of playing in a holding midfield role , or even as an attacking midfielder or right winger , due to his pace and offensive capabilities . He has also played on the left flank , as a second striker , or as an attacking full-back or wing-back on occasion . A large , fast , physically powerful , hard-working",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": ", and energetic player,<ref with an ability to run long distances and cover a lot of ground , Sissoko has been described as a well-rounded central midfielder who is tall , rangy , and strong in the tackle . Although his consistency , passing , and technical ability have been questioned at times in the media , he possesses a solid first touch , and has demonstrated significant improvements in terms of his technique and link-up play as his career has progressed ; furthermore , he is known for his direct style of play , as well as his ability",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "to transition from defence to attack , charge forward with the ball , and run at defences on counter-attacks , courtesy of his ball-winning ability and positional sense , as well as his speed , dynamism , athleticism , and strength . He is also known for his striking ability from distance and on the run with his right foot , as well as his eye for goal from midfield . Regarded as a promising prospect in his youth , in 2010 he was included in Don Balóns list of the 100 best young players in the world born after",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "1989 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 - Tottenham Hotspur Legends Player of the Season : 2019",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/John_R._Allen#P69#0
|
Which school did John R. Allen go to in Jun 1975?
|
John R . Allen John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) . Early life and education . Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University . Career . Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer . Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations . Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year . Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 . Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary . He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general . Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was nominated for appointment to the grade of major general . In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 . Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 . Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski . On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford . On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill . On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy . Post-military career . After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan . On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members . On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 . Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger . Political role . Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President . Awards and decorations . Allens personal decorations include the following : External links . - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014
|
[
"U.S . Naval Academy"
] |
[
{
"text": "John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": " Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "nominated for appointment to the grade of major general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President .",
"title": "Political role"
},
{
"text": " - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_R._Allen#P69#1
|
Which school did John R. Allen go to after Feb 1992?
|
John R . Allen John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) . Early life and education . Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University . Career . Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer . Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations . Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year . Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 . Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary . He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general . Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was nominated for appointment to the grade of major general . In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 . Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 . Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski . On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford . On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill . On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy . Post-military career . After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan . On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members . On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 . Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger . Political role . Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President . Awards and decorations . Allens personal decorations include the following : External links . - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": " Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "nominated for appointment to the grade of major general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President .",
"title": "Political role"
},
{
"text": " - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_R._Allen#P69#2
|
Which school did John R. Allen go to between Aug 2002 and Aug 2005?
|
John R . Allen John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) . Early life and education . Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University . Career . Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer . Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations . Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year . Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 . Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary . He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general . Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was nominated for appointment to the grade of major general . In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 . Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 . Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski . On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford . On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill . On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy . Post-military career . After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan . On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members . On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 . Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger . Political role . Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President . Awards and decorations . Allens personal decorations include the following : External links . - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "John R . Allen ( born December 15 , 1953 ) is the president of the Brookings Institution , a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general , and former commander of the NATO International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces – Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) . On September 13 , 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Allen as special presidential envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL ( Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ) . He was succeeded in that role by Brett McGurk on October 23 , 2015 . He is the co-author of",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Turning Point : Policymaking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence with Darrell M . West ( Brookings Institution Press , 2020 ) .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Allen was born at Fort Belvoir , Virginia , on December 15 , 1953 ; his father Joseph K . Allen , was a Navy veteran of World War II and the Korean War who retired as a lieutenant commander . He attended Flint Hill School in Oakton , Virginia . He graduated with military honors from the U.S . Naval Academy with the Class of 1976 , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Operations Analysis . He is a 1998 Distinguished Graduate of the National War College . He holds a Master of Arts degree in National Security",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": "Studies from Georgetown University , a Master of Science degree in Strategic Intelligence from the National Defense Intelligence College , and a Master of Science degree in National Security Strategy from the National War College of National Defense University .",
"title": "John R . Allen"
},
{
"text": " Following commissioning in 1976 , Allen attended The Basic School and was assigned to 2nd Battalion , 8th Marines , where he served as a platoon and rifle company commander . His next tour took him to Marine Barracks , 8th and I , Washington , D.C . where he served at the Marine Corps Institute and as a ceremonial officer .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen then attended the Postgraduate Intelligence Program of the Defense Intelligence College , where he was the Distinguished Graduate . He subsequently served as the Marine Corps Fellow to the Center for Strategic and International Studies ( CSIS ) . He was the first Marine Corps officer inducted as a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Returning to the Fleet Marine Force in 1985 , he commanded rifle and weapons companies and served as the operations officer of 3rd Battalion , 4th Marines . During this period he received the Leftwich Leadership Trophy . In 1988 , Allen reported to the U.S . Naval Academy , where he taught in the Political Science Department and also served as the jump officer and jump master of the academy . In 1990 he received the William P . Clements Award as military instructor of the year .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen reported to The Basic School as the director of the Infantry Officer Course from 1990 to 1992 and was subsequently selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps Fellows Program , which provides assignment to either a prominent national foreign policy/public policy research institution or to a national security studies program at a selected university . Allen has served as a special assistant on the staffs of the 30th Commandant of the Marine Corps and the commanding general of Marine Corps Combat Development Command . In 1994 , he served as the Division G-3 Operations Officer for the 2nd",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Marine Division and subsequently assumed command of 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines ; re-designated as 2nd Battalion , 6th Marines . This unit served with JTF-160 in Operation SEA SIGNAL during Caribbean contingency operations in 1994 , and as part of the Landing Force of the 6th Fleet in Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR during Balkans contingency operations in 1995–1996 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Following battalion command , Allen reported as the senior aide-de-camp to the 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps , Charles C . Krulak , ultimately serving as his military secretary .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "He commanded The Basic School from 1999 to 2001 , when he was selected in April 2001 to return to the Naval Academy as the deputy commandant . Allen became the 79th Commandant of Midshipmen in January 2002 , the first Marine Corps officer to serve in this position at the Naval Academy . In January 2003 Allen was nominated for appointment to the rank of brigadier general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allens first tour as a general officer was as the principal director of Asian and Pacific Affairs in the Office of the U.S . Secretary of Defense , a position he occupied for nearly three years . From 2006–2008 , Allen served as deputy commanding general of the II Marine Expeditionary Force and commanding general of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade , deploying to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08 , serving as the deputy commanding general of Multi-National Forces West and II MEF ( Forward ) in the Al Anbar Province , Iraq . In January 2007 Allen was",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "nominated for appointment to the grade of major general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In June 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced Allens nomination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant general . He served as the deputy commander of the U.S . Central Command from July 15 , 2008 , until July 18 , 2011 , at MacDill Air Force Base . On June 30 , 2010 , Allen temporarily commanded Central Command after General David Petraeus left to assume command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan . He served as acting commander until General James Mattis took command on August 11 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Allen was promoted to general by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral Mike Mullen prior to his assumption of command of ISAF , and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) on July 18 , 2011 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Allens foreign awards include the Mongolian Meritorious Service Medal , First Class ; the Polish Army Medal in Gold ; the Taiwan Order of the Resplendent Banner ; the French Legion of Honor ; the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ; Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia ; and the Ghazi Mir Bacha Khan Medal . On March 6 , 2012 , he received the Polish Afghanistan Star Medal from Polish President , Bronisław Komorowski .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On April 20 , 2012 , he received another Polish award , the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " In November 2012 , he was investigated along with Jill Kelley . In response to the investigation , Secretary Panetta suspended his confirmation hearing for commander of EUCOM and requested the U.S . Congress to speed the confirmation of General Joseph F . Dunford , Jr . to command of forces in Afghanistan . On January 22 , 2013 , General Allen was cleared in a misconduct inquiry . On February 10 , 2013 , Allen relinquished command of the International Security Assistance Force and U.S . Forces Afghanistan ( USFOR-A ) to General Dunford .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "On February 19 , 2013 , U.S . President Obama accepted Allens request to retire from the military as his wife fell seriously ill .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " On April 29 , 2013 , Allens retirement ceremony was held at the United States Naval Academy .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the military , Allen continued to work as an adviser to Secretary of State John Kerry and former Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel . In this capacity he worked closely with Israeli , Palestinian , and Jordanian interlocutors on the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "On September 11 , 2014 , the Obama Administration announced that Allen would coordinate international efforts against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria . He was named as the Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition against ISIL , a position he would hold for 15 months . Allens diplomatic efforts grew the coalition to 65 members .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " On October 23 , 2015 , the White House announced his departure from the post . He officially departed that role on November 12 , 2015 , and was succeeded by Brett McGurk . After government service , Allen joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow and co-director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence . On October 4 , 2017 , Allen was named the seventh president of Brookings , succeeding Strobe Talbott . Allen was a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council until his appointment expired on August 31 , 2020 .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2019 , he has also been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung ( BKHS ) , co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger .",
"title": "Post-military career"
},
{
"text": " Allen was a featured speaker at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 27 , 2016 , on the topic of national security . He criticized Republican nominee Donald Trump and endorsed Hillary Clinton for President .",
"title": "Political role"
},
{
"text": " - Profile : Gen John R Allen at BBC News - General John R . Allen , USMC ( Ret. ) s presentation at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on June 4 , 2014",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to before May 1980?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to in Sep 1982?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"FC Kaiserslautern"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to in Dec 1984?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"FC Kaiserslautern",
"German national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to in Dec 1987?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"( West ) German national team",
"Bayern Munich"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to in Jun 1988?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"( West ) German national team",
"Inter Milan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to in Mar 1992?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"Real Zaragoza",
"German national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Andreas_Brehme#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Andreas Brehme belong to between Feb 1993 and Nov 1993?
|
Andreas Brehme Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain . A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot . Playing career . Club . Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst . He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993 to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches . International . As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team . Managerial career . After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club . Style of play . Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side . An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch . A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20 years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches , which led him to be considered a big game player in the media . Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with . Honours . Club . Kaiserslautern - Bundesliga : 1997–98 - DFB-Pokal : 1995–96 - DFL-Supercup : runner-up 1996 Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1986–87 - European Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 Inter Milan - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91 Real Zaragoza - Copa del Rey : runner-up 1992–93 International . Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992 Individual . - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990 External links . - FIFA Profile
|
[
"Kaiserslautern",
"German national team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Andreas Andy Brehme ( ; born 9 November 1960 ) is a German football coach and former football defender . At international level , he is best known for scoring the winning goal for Germany in the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final against Argentina from an 85th-minute penalty kick . At club level , he played for several teams in Germany , and also had spells in Italy and Spain .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": "A versatile attacking full back with an eye for goal , Brehme was capable of playing anywhere along the flank on either side of the pitch , and was known for his crossing ability , ambidexterity , and his accuracy from free-kicks and penalties , possessing a powerful shot .",
"title": "Andreas Brehme"
},
{
"text": " Brehme was born in Hamburg and started his career with the citys local side HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "He played for 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 1981 to 1986 , before moving to Bayern Munich , where he played from 1986 to 1988 , winning the Bundesliga in 1987 . After that , he joined Italian side Inter Milan , playing there from 1988 to 1992 , alongside compatriots Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann , and winning the Serie A in 1989 – also being named player of the year – and the UEFA Cup in 1991 . Brehme played the 1992–93 season at Real Zaragoza in La Liga , before returning to Germany once again in 1993",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "to play for Kaiserslautern once again . He won the German Cup with the club in 1996 , although they suffered relegation during the same season ; nevertheless , Brehme remained with the team as they were demoted , playing a key role in the sides immediate promotion the following season . After subsequently winning the German Championship with the club in 1998 , Brehme ended his playing career as a footballer after having played 301 Bundesliga matches .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "As a member of the ( West ) German national team , Brehme took part at UEFA Euro 1984 , the 1984 Summer Olympics , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1988 , the 1990 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 1992 , and the 1994 World Cup ; he was named to the team of tournament at Euro 84 , and helped Germany to the semi-finals of Euro 88 , on home soil , scoring a goal in the nations 1–1 opening draw against Italy . At Euro 1992 , he won a runners-up medal , as",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "Germany lost out 2–0 to Denmark in the final ; he was once again named to the team of the tournament . Brehme won a runners-up medal at the 1986 FIFA World Cup , as Germany lost the final to Argentina , yet he won the World Cup in 1990 against the same opponents , later being named to the competitions All-star team . In the 1986 World Cup semi-final he scored a deflected free-kick against France , and in the 1990 semi-final he also scored a free-kick goal against England , which also took a deflection off of English",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "defender Paul Parker , however . In the 1990 edition of the tournament , en route to the final , he also previously set up Klinsmanns headed goal in Germanys opening 4–1 against Yugoslavia , and scored the second goal against the Dutch side with a right-footed curler in the second round . In the 1990 World Cup final , a 1–0 victory over Argentina , he scored the goal , a penalty kick with his right foot . The only other penalty kick , taken in open play for Germany , was against England in a 1986 World Cup",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "warm-up match in Mexico . Brehme missed his spot-kick , however , with Peter Shilton saving his shot . Brehme scored in the victorious penalty-shootout against Mexico in the 1986 World Cup quarter-finals with his left foot , while he scored his nations first spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out victory against England in the 1990 World Cup semi-finals with his right foot . Brehmes last of his 86 caps for the national team came during the 1994 FIFA World Cup , which ended with a disappointing quarter-final exit for his team .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": "After retiring from football , Brehme went on to become a coach . He managed his former club 1 . FC Kaiserslautern from 2000 to 2002 , when he was dismissed because his team was in danger of being relegated . This was seen as a case of déjà vu , as he was part of the team that was relegated in 1996 , but stuck with the team and was a key figure in their immediate promotion and title win the following year . He then managed 2 . Bundesliga side SpVgg Unterhaching , but was released from his",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": "contract in April 2005 , again because the club was in danger of being relegated . He was then assistant coach alongside Giovanni Trapattoni at VfB Stuttgart , but both were sacked after only a few months at the club .",
"title": "Managerial career"
},
{
"text": " Though more often a defender , Brehme showed an exceptional knack for getting forward and finding the back of the net throughout his career , possessing an extremely powerful and accurate shot with either foot ; his eye for goal is demonstrated by the fact that he scored at every club he played for , as well as the German national side .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "An efficient attacking full-back or wing-back , Brehme was regarded as one of the best left-backs of his generation ; although he was usually deployed on the left side of his teams defensive line , he was a highly versatile player , who was capable of playing anywhere along the flank , on either side of the pitch , and could also play in a more offensive role , as a winger . He was even used in the centre of the pitch on occasion , as a defensive midfielder . Although he was not particularly quick , he was",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "known for his excellent technical ability , stamina , defensive skills , anticipation , and tactical intelligence , as well as his ability to make attacking runs , which enabled him to cover the flank effectively and contribute at both ends of the pitch .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "A set-piece specialist , Brehme is considered to be one of the greatest free-kick takers and crossers of all time , and was known for his ability to strike the ball with power and swerve . However , Brehmes most distinctive skill was the fact that he was one of the few players in the world who was genuinely ambidextrous , and could play with both feet equally well , making him very valuable as an outfield player ; his ability with either foot led his national team manager Franz Beckenbauer to state : I have known Andy for 20",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "years and I still dont know if he is right or left-footed . He was well known for taking penalties ( although not exclusively ) with his right foot and taking free kicks and corners with his left foot ; this made him quite an unpredictable player to read during matches . Although he was reportedly naturally left-footed , it is believed that Brehme felt that his right foot was actually more accurate than his left , but that he had a more powerful shot with his weaker left foot . This was shown when , in the 1990 World",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Cup final , Brehme took the spot kick that won West Germany the trophy , with his right foot , but four years earlier , Brehme scored in the 1986 World Cup quarter-final penalty shootout against Mexico with a left foot piledriver . In addition to his abilities as a footballer , Brehme was also highly regarded for his strength of character and composure under pressure , as well as for having the tendency to score clutch goals for his team in important games , as demonstrated by his ability to score decisive penalties in World Cup knockout matches ,",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "which led him to be considered a big game player in the media .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Although he was known to be tenacious player , he also stood out for his professionalism throughout his career , both on and off the pitch . Matthäus described Brehme as the best player he played with .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " - Serie A : 1988–89 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1989 - UEFA Cup : 1990–91",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA World Cup : 1990 ; runner-up 1986 - UEFA Euro : runner-up 1992",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1984 , 1992 - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1985–86 - Guerin dOro ( Serie A Footballer of the Year ) : 1989 - Pirata dOro ( Internazionale Player of the Year ) : 1989 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1990 - Ballon dOr – Third place : 1990",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - FIFA Profile",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Erik_Molnár#P39#0
|
What position did Erik Molnár take before May 1945?
|
Erik Molnár Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 . Biography . During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) . In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) . He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore . Publications . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 . - A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 . - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 . References . - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 .",
"title": "Erik Molnár"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Erik_Molnár#P39#1
|
What position did Erik Molnár take in Oct 1947?
|
Erik Molnár Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 . Biography . During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) . In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) . He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore . Publications . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 . - A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 . - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 . References . - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
|
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 .",
"title": "Erik Molnár"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Erik_Molnár#P39#2
|
What position did Erik Molnár take in Apr 1949?
|
Erik Molnár Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 . Biography . During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) . In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) . He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore . Publications . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 . - A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 . - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 . References . - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
|
[
"Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union"
] |
[
{
"text": " Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 .",
"title": "Erik Molnár"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Erik_Molnár#P39#3
|
What position did Erik Molnár take between Mar 1953 and Jul 1953?
|
Erik Molnár Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 . Biography . During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) . In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) . He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore . Publications . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 . - A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 . - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 . References . - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
|
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Erik Molnár ( 16 December 1894 – 8 August 1966 ) was a Hungarian communist politician , lawyer , economist and philosopher who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs twice : from 1947 to 1948 and from 1952 to 1953 .",
"title": "Erik Molnár"
},
{
"text": " During the First World War he fought at the Eastern Front where captured by the Russians . As prisoner of war Molnár met with the communist ideas in a prisoner-of-war camp in Far East Asia . Later he returned to home and finished his legal studies . After that he joined to the illegal Hungarian Communist Partys working along with his younger brother , René . He published lot of articles for the illegal communist newspapers ( Gondolat , Társadalmi Szemle , Korunk ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the Interim National Government he served as Minister of Welfare ( 1944–1945 ) . Later he was appointed Minister of Information and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1947–1948 ) . Then he was the Hungarian ambassador to the Soviet Union ( 1948–1949 ) , later he worked as Minister of Justice ( 1950–1952 ) . He was Minister of Foreign Affairs again between 1952 and 1953 . He was the President of the Supreme Court of Hungary between 1953 and 1954 , later he was appointed as Minister of Justice again ( 1954–1956 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He was member of the assembly from 1944 until his death , and also member of the communist partys Central Committee . Molnár played a big role in the management of the history research as member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciencess history institute and as chairman of the Hungarian Historical Society . He dealt with the problems of the Hungarian social development thoroughly , first of all with the land question , the Marxism-Leninism applied his teachings to the Hungarian relations . During the Second World War bigger studies appeared about the Árpád eras society . After 1945 Molnár",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "dealt with the Hungarian prehistory and the feudalism with the questions of age social history , the ideological antecedents of the historical materialism and with his philosophical basis problems , the questions of the contemporary capitalism , dealt with the development of the nationalism and its development furthermore .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1941 ( Erik Jeszenszky pseudonym ) . - Magyar őstörténet ( Hungarian prehistory ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - A feudalizmus kialakulása Magyarországon ( The development of the feudalism in Hungary ) , Budapest , 1942 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) . - Az Árpádkori társadalom 1 . A gazdasági alap ( The society of the Árpád Era I : The Economy ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- Az Árpádkori társadalom 2 . A Felépítmény ( The society of the Árpád Era II : The Forecastle ) , Budapest , 1943 ( Lajos Szentmiklósy pseudonym ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Dialektika ( Dialect ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az őskortól az Árpádkorig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Prehistory to the Árpád Era ) , Budapest , 1945 . - A magyar társadalom története az Árpádkortól Mohácsig ( The history of the Hungarian society from the Árpád Era to the Battle of Mohács ) , Budapest , 1949 . - A történelmi materializmus ideológiai előzményei ( The ideological antecedents of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1952 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": "- A magyar nép őstörténete ( The prehistory of the Hungarian people ) , Budapest , 1953 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - A történelmi materializmus filozófiai alapproblémái ( The philosophical basis problems of the historical materialism ) , Budapest , 1955 . - A jelenkori kapitalizmus néhány gazdasági problémája ( Some economic problems of the contemporary capitalism ) , Budapest , 1959 . - Dialektikus materializmus és társadalomtudomány ( Dialectic materialism and social science ) , Budapest , 1962 .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/José_Juan_Tablada#P551#0
|
Where did José Juan Tablada live between Jul 1900 and Oct 1900?
|
José Juan Tablada José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku . Career . Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement . From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that are now in the National Library of Mexico . During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera . After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 . Poetry . Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in and by their humour : In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) . Bibliography . Poetry . - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944 Essays . - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983 References . Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature External links . - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )
|
[
"Japan"
] |
[
{
"text": " José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku .",
"title": "José Juan Tablada"
},
{
"text": " Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "are now in the National Library of Mexico .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": "and by their humour :",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) .",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/José_Juan_Tablada#P551#1
|
Where did José Juan Tablada live in Feb 1911?
|
José Juan Tablada José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku . Career . Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement . From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that are now in the National Library of Mexico . During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera . After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 . Poetry . Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in and by their humour : In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) . Bibliography . Poetry . - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944 Essays . - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983 References . Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature External links . - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku .",
"title": "José Juan Tablada"
},
{
"text": " Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "are now in the National Library of Mexico .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": "and by their humour :",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) .",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/José_Juan_Tablada#P551#2
|
Where did José Juan Tablada live after Sep 1914?
|
José Juan Tablada José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku . Career . Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement . From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that are now in the National Library of Mexico . During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera . After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 . Poetry . Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in and by their humour : In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) . Bibliography . Poetry . - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944 Essays . - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983 References . Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature External links . - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )
|
[
"New York"
] |
[
{
"text": " José Juan de Aguilar Acuña Tablada ( April 3 , 1871 – August 2 , 1945 ) was a Mexican poet , art critic and , for a brief period , diplomat . A pioneer of oriental studies , and champion of Mexican art , he spent a good portion of his life living abroad . As a poet , his work spans from the fin-de-siècle style to avant-garde experimentalism . He was an influential early writer of Spanish-language haiku .",
"title": "José Juan Tablada"
},
{
"text": " Tablada was born in Mexico City and studied at Chapultepec Castle . He at first worked for the national railways . In 1890 , aged 19 , he began contributing to magazines and newspapers as a journalist , essayist and poet . In 1894 his rhythmic and intricate poem Onix brought him renown . Florilegio , his first collection of poetry , was published in 1899 and established him as one of Mexicos pioneer modernists , although at that period such writing approximated the style of the French decadent movement .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From early on , he became interested in Japanese aesthetics and travelled to Japan for some months in 1900 . This left its influence on his work and culminated in a book on the artist Hiroshige ( 1914 ) and a general work , En el país del sol ( In the land of the sun , 1919 ) . The latter was made up of a selection of his articles on Japanese subjects over the years , in particular those arising from his 1900 visit . In addition he had brought back a large collection of ukiyo-e prints that",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "are now in the National Library of Mexico .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution , Tablada spent time in Paris and then in New York City until he was appointed a cultural secretary in the Foreign Service in 1918 , serving in Bogotá , Caracas , and Quito . Unable to adapt to the altitude of the last , he resigned and thereafter spent much of his time in New York until 1935 . There he ran a bookshop and founded the magazine Mexican Art and Life . At this period he was championing Mexican art , being among the first to draw attention to the art",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "of the Pre-Columbian period , but also supporting the modernist painters José Clemente Orozco and Diego Rivera .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After his return to Mexico , he published a partial autobiography , La feria de la vida ( 1937 ) , and was elected a member of the Mexican Literary Academy in 1941 . He was appointed Vice-Consul for New York in 1945 but died soon after his arrival there . Later his remains were repatriated and buried in the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on November 5 , 1946 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Tablada is recognized as among the originators of modern Mexican poetry and is credited with the introduction of haiku to his country . His collection Un dia ( 1919 ) contains 38 ‘synthetic poems’ and has been described as “the first book of original haiku written by a poet outside Japan” . It was followed by a collection of calligrams , Li-Po y otros poemas ( 1920 ) , and in 1922 by El jarro de flores , containing a further 68 haiku . His haiku are distinguished by their aesthetic quality , as for example in",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": "and by their humour :",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " In 1921 his friend the composer Edgard Varèse incorporated an earlier piece by Tablada , La Cruz del Sur , in his Offrandes ( 1921 ) , and two years later dedicated his Hyperprism to the poet . After Tabladas death , Luis Sandi set ten of his haiku for voice and piano ( Diez hai-kais para canto y piano , 1947 ) .",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - El florilegio , 1899 - La epopeya nacional , Porfirio Díaz , 1909 - Hiroshigué : el pinto de la nieve , de la lluvia , de la noche y de la luna , 1914 - Al sol y bajo la luna , 1918 - Un día.. . Poemas Sintéticos , 1919 - Li-Po y otros poemas , 1920 - Retablo de memoria de Ramón López Velarde , 1921 - El jarro de flores , 1922 - Intersecciones , 1924 - La feria : poemas mexicanos , 1928 - Del humorismo a la carcajada , 1944",
"title": "Poetry"
},
{
"text": " - La defensa social : historia de la campaña de la División del Norte , 1913 . - Historia del arte en México , 1927 - Hongos mexicanos comestibles : micología económica , 1983",
"title": "Essays"
},
{
"text": " Most details are taken from the biography of the poet at the Free University of Mexico , Faculty of Philosophy and Literature",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - AHA POET OF THE MONTH : José Juan Tablada ( 1871 – 1945 )",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P69#0
|
Which school did John Early (educator) go to between Feb 1832 and May 1832?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"Georgetown University in Washington"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P69#1
|
Which school did John Early (educator) go to in Sep 1833?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"Georgetown University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Early_(educator)#P69#2
|
Which school did John Early (educator) go to after Dec 1834?
|
John Early ( educator ) John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment . Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office . Early life . John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States . Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 . On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross . On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature alongside Orestes Brownson . In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in 1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year . Founding Loyola College in Maryland . In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 . Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke . Georgetown University . Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 , many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students . On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 . Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College . Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius . Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper . That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown .
|
[
"the Society of Jesus"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Early ( July 1 , 1814 – May 23 , 1873 ) was an Irish-American Catholic priest and Jesuit educator who was the president of the College of the Holy Cross and Georgetown University , as well as the founder and first president of Loyola College in Maryland . Born in Ireland , he emigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen . Upon his arrival , he enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Maryland , and entered the Society of Jesus , completing his education at Georgetown University in Washington , D.C .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Early became president of the College of the Holy Cross in 1848 , where he unsuccessfully petitioned the state legislature to charter the school . Four years later , he was charged with establishing Loyola College in Maryland , which was intended to educate the lay students who attended St . Marys Seminary and College , which the Sulpicians sought to keep as a seminary only . While also serving as the first pastor of St . Ignatius Church , he oversaw the early years of Loyola College . He also established its high school division , which later became",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": "Loyola Blakefield . In 1858 , Early left to become president of Georgetown University . During the Civil War , instruction continued uninterrupted , despite intermittent occupation by the Union Army and dwindling enrollment .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " Early then returned to Loyola College in 1866 as president for four years , where he resumed the annual conferral of degrees . In 1870 , he once again became president of Georgetown University . He died suddenly in his third year of office .",
"title": "John Early ( educator )"
},
{
"text": " John Early was born on July 1 , 1814 , in Maguiresbridge , County Fermanagh , Ireland . He studied the classics at home , before entering the Armagh Academy in 1832 , which he attended for nine months . He then applied for admission to the seminary at St Patricks College , Maynooth , but there were no vacancies , and he was not admitted . As a result of his failure to gain admission , Early emigrated to the United States in July 1833 . Education in the United States .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Seeking to become a priest , Early enrolled at Mount St . Marys Seminary in Emmitsburg , Maryland , the following September to study rhetoric . In February 1834 , he advanced to Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. , where he remained until August 23 , 1834 , when he entered the Society of Jesus , and proceeded to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . Upon the completion of his novitiate in 1836 , Early returned to Georgetown for the next nine years to study philosophy and theology . While studying , he also taught and was head",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "prefect during the academic year of 1843 to 1844 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 1845 , Early was ordained a priest at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown . He then taught philosophy at Georgetown for two years , and ministered as a missionary in Laurel , Maryland . He began ministering at Old St . Josephs Church in Philadelphia in 1847 . He professed his final vows on September 8 , 1853 . College of the Holy Cross .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1848 , Early was appointed president of the College of the Holy Cross , succeeding James A . Ryder . His most immediate concern was securing a charter for the college , which would allow it to confer degrees on the four students who were ready to graduate the following year . Up to that point , the college awarded degrees in the name of Georgetown University , as it had been denied a charter . In March 1849 , Early petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to charter the college , and appeared before the legislature",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "alongside Orestes Brownson .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In accordance with Bishop John Bernard Fitzpatricks insistence , the petition for a charter included a provision that the college would be exclusively for the benefit of one [ Roman Catholic ] denomination only , and , therefore , having no claims whatever upon the Commonwealth . This was met with opposition in the House of Representatives , which was motivated by a mix of both anti-Catholicism and concerns about the separation of church and state . This provision was eventually removed , but the legislature nonetheless voted to deny the charter . Earlys term came to an end in",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "1851 , and he was succeeded by Anthony F . Ciampi . Early then returned to Frederick , Maryland for a year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1852 , the Sulpician priests who ran St . Marys Seminary and College in Baltimore decided that they would discontinue the college portion , which educated lay students , and focus only on the seminary . They asked the Jesuits to continue educating the laity in the city , and in response , the Jesuits established Loyola College in Maryland on September 15 , 1852 , in two rented houses on Holliday Street in Baltimore . Early was appointed the schools first president . The Maryland General Assembly granted Loyola College a charter in April 1853 . At the",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "same time as the colleges founding , St . Ignatius Church . Early became its first pastor , and oversaw of the church building in August 1855 , adjacent to the college . The church was consecrated on August 15 , 1856 . Early is also considered the founder of Loyola Blakefield , which was established as Loyola High School and operated as a component of Loyola College until its separation in 1921 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Two years after its founding , the college purchased a plot of land on the corner of North Calvert and Madison Streets . Construction of a college building was completed in February 1855 , and the college officially relocated to the new campus on February 22 . Being called to Georgetown University , Earlys tenure as president came to an end in the autumn of 1858 , and he was succeeded by William Francis Clarke .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Early was appointed to succeed Bernard A . Maguire as president of Georgetown University in 1858 . He took office during a time of great national tension , preceding the Civil War . Soon thereafter , he received notice from the College of William & Mary that its library had been destroyed by fire ; Early donated a case of 100 books to aid it in rebuilding . In 1860 , Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States , and the southern states seceded from the Union . At the start of the academic year of 1861 ,",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many southern students left the college for their homes , followed by northern students doing the same . Though it looked doubtful that the college would be able to continue operating , Georgetown endured as an active school , carrying on with classes throughout the Civil War for the few remaining students .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "On May 4 , 1861 , Early was notified that the college would be commandeered by the 69th Infantry Regiment of the New York National Guard , which remained until May 24 . Shortly thereafter , he was again informed that the school would be occupied by the 79th New York Regiment , which remained from June 3 to July 4 . The college was occupied for a third time on August 29 , 1862 , as a hospital for the soldiers of Major General John Popes army wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Due to the",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "many wounded , Holy Trinity Church was also commandeered . The campus remained a military hospital until February 2 , 1863 .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Earlys term as president came to an end in 1865 , and he was succeeded by his predecessor , Maguire , on January 1 , 1866 . Early then went to Boston , where he engaged in missionary work until July of that year . Return to Loyola College .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "Early was once again appointed president of Loyola College in the summer of 1866 , to replace Ciampi . He also again became pastor of St . Ignatius Church . The college fared well during his leadership . While there had been a pause in the conferral of degrees during the Civil War , Early saw that students completed their course of study and received degrees . The Loyola Dramatic Association , which was founded in 1865 , was especially active during his term . After four years , his presidency came to an end in July 1870 , when",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "he again returned to Georgetown . He was succeeded by Edward Henchy as president of Loyola , and as pastor of St . Ignatius .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": " Later years at Georgetown . Early returned to Georgetown as president on July 14 , 1870 , to replace Maguire . Following King Victor Emmanuel IIs invasion of Rome , the students held a meeting to denounce the invasion as an indignity to the pope , and voted to contribute a Peters Pence to the pontiff . The universitys Law Department had been established at the end of Maguires presidency , and it began its first classes in October 1870 . The Georgetown College Journal began publishing in December 1872 , as the universitys first student-produced newspaper .",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": "That year , Early began to experience the effects of a disease of his kidneys , which affected his eyesight . As a result , the vice president , Patrick Francis Healy , largely took over the administration of the university ; Healy would later succeed Early as president . On May 22 , 1873 , Early suffered a stroke , which left him unable to speak and half his body paralyzed . He died the following day . It was estimated that 5,000 people attended his funeral , and he was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery at Georgetown",
"title": "Georgetown University"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Georgetown University"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock#P69#0
|
Leonard Kleinrock went to which school between Sep 1949 and Jun 1950?
|
Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA . Education and career . Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day ; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there . Achievements . Queueing theory . Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject . ARPANET . Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET . The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established . Internet . In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today . Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful . In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) . Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design . Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet . However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet . Awards and recognition . He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world . In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 . In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 . Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .
|
[
"Bronx High School of Science"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA .",
"title": "Leonard Kleinrock"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject .",
"title": "Queueing theory"
},
{
"text": " Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock#P69#1
|
Leonard Kleinrock went to which school in Jun 1956?
|
Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA . Education and career . Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day ; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there . Achievements . Queueing theory . Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject . ARPANET . Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET . The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established . Internet . In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today . Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful . In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) . Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design . Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet . However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet . Awards and recognition . He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world . In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 . In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 . Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .
|
[
"the City College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA .",
"title": "Leonard Kleinrock"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject .",
"title": "Queueing theory"
},
{
"text": " Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock#P69#2
|
Leonard Kleinrock went to which school after Jul 1960?
|
Leonard Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA . Education and career . Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day ; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there . Achievements . Queueing theory . Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject . ARPANET . Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET . The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established . Internet . In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today . Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful . In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) . Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design . Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet . However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet . Awards and recognition . He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world . In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 . In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 . Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .
|
[
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
] |
[
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock ( born June 13 , 1934 ) is an American computer scientist . A professor at UCLAs Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science , he made several important contributions to the field of computer science , in particular to the theoretical foundations of data communication in computer networking . He played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET , the precursor to the Internet , at UCLA .",
"title": "Leonard Kleinrock"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock was born in New York City on June 13 , 1934 to a Jewish family , and graduated from the noted Bronx High School of Science in 1951 . He received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree in 1957 from the City College of New York , and a masters degree and a doctorate ( Ph.D. ) in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and 1963 respectively . He then joined the faculty at the University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he remains to the present day",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "; during 1991–1995 he served as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department there .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " Kleinrocks best-known and most-significant work is on queuing theory , a branch of operations research that has applications in many fields . His thesis proposal in 1961 led to a doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 , later published in book form in 1964 . In this work , he analyzed queueing delays in Plan 55-A , a message switching system operated by Western Union for processing telegrams . Kleinrock later published several of the standard works on the subject .",
"title": "Queueing theory"
},
{
"text": " Larry Roberts brought Leonard Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in May 1967 . Roberts learned about packet switching at the October 1967 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles . He formally contracted with Kleinrock in 1969 to measure the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET . Kleinrocks mathematical work in the early 1970s influenced the development of the early ARPANET .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "The first message on the ARPANET was sent by a UCLA student programmer , Charley Kline , who was supervised by Kleinrock . At 10:30 p.m , on October 29 , 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420 , the schools main engineering building , Kline transmitted from the universitys SDS Sigma 7 host computer to the Stanford Research Institutes SDS 940 host computer . The message text was the word login ; the l and the o letters were transmitted , but the system then crashed . Hence , the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo . About an",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": "hour later , having recovered from the crash , the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login . The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21 , 1969 , between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute . By December 5 , 1969 , the initial four-node network was established .",
"title": "ARPANET"
},
{
"text": " In the mid-1970s , Kleinrock published research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks . He supervised many graduate students who worked on the communication protocols for internetworking which led to the Internet , including Steve Crocker , Vint Cerf and Jon Postel . Collectively , they produced many research papers . Kleinrock proactively sought to disseminate his own and their research to wider audiences for academic and commercial use . His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet , having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in England in 1973 . At the time , use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "In 1988 , Kleinrock was the chairman of a group that presented the report Toward a National Research Network to the U.S . Congress , concluding that There is a clear and urgent need for a national research network . Although the U.S . did not build a nation-wide national research and education network , this report influenced Al Gore to pursue the development of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , which helped facilitate development of the Internet as it is known today . Funding from the bill was used in the development of the 1993 web browser",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Mosaic , at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " Packet switching paternity dispute . In 1990 , Kleinrock said:The thing that really drove my own research was the idea of a message switching network , which was a precursor to the packet switching networks . The mathematical tool that had been developed in queueing theory , namely queueing networks , matched perfectly the model of computer networks . Actually , it didnt match perfectly and I had to adjust that model to fit the realities of computer networks . Then I developed some design procedures as well for optimal capacity assignment , routing procedures and topology design .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "Beginning in the mid-1990s , Kleinrock sought to be recognized as the father of modern data networking . In 2004 , he described his work as:Basically , what I did for my PhD research in 1961-1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks which uncovered the underlying principles that drives todays Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": " However , Kleinrocks claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that this work was the source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET are disputed , including by Robert Taylor , Paul Baran , and Donald Davies . Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S . National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet .",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"text": "He has received numerous professional awards . In 2001 he received the Draper Prize for the development of the Internet . Kleinrock was selected to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science , the nations highest scientific honor , from President George W . Bush in the White House on September 29 , 2008 . The 2007 National Medal of Science to Leonard Kleinrock for his fundamental contributions to the mathematical theory of modern data networks , and for the functional specification of packet switching , which is the foundation of Internet technology . His mentoring of generations of students",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "has led to the commercialization of technologies that have transformed the world .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " In 2010 he shared the Dan David Prize . UCLA Room 3420 at Boelter Hall was restored to its condition of 1969 and converted into the Kleinrock Internet Heritage Site and Archive . It opened to the public with a grand opening attended by Internet pioneers on October 29 , 2011 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society . Leonard Kleinrock was inducted into IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu ( IEEE-ΗΚΝ ) in 2011 as an Eminent Member . The designation of Eminent Member is the organizations highest membership grade and is conferred upon those select few whose outstanding technical attainments and contributions through leadership in the fields of electrical and computer engineering have significantly benefited society . He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences . In September 2014 , Leonard Kleinrock",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": "was awarded the ACM SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contribution Award at MobiCom 2014 .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " Leonard Kleinrock has been granted with the 2014 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award for his seminal contributions to the theory and practical development of the Internet , in the words of the jurys citation .",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise#P276#0
|
Where was Impression, Sunrise taking place before Aug 1950?
|
Impression , Sunrise Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris . History . Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port . Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics . In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 . Impression and Impressionism . Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title . While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works . In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name . Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole . Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name . Subject and Interpretation . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry , Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured . Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France . The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France . Style . The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was . Color . The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it . Luminance . Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely . Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour . Criticism . Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist . Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments . However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates : Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue . Impression , Sunrise . Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time . Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise . Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene . Monet after Impression . In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. . Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular . While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .
|
[
"Musée Marmottan Monet"
] |
[
{
"text": " Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": " Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": ", Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": " The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": "Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was .",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": " The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it .",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": " Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": "Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": " Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates :",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": " While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
}
] |
/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise#P276#1
|
Where was Impression, Sunrise taking place in late 1980s?
|
Impression , Sunrise Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris . History . Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port . Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics . In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 . Impression and Impressionism . Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title . While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works . In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name . Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole . Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name . Subject and Interpretation . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry , Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured . Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France . The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France . Style . The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was . Color . The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it . Luminance . Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely . Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour . Criticism . Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist . Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments . However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates : Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue . Impression , Sunrise . Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time . Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise . Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene . Monet after Impression . In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. . Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular . While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": " Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": ", Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": " The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": "Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was .",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": " The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it .",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": " Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": "Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": " Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates :",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": " While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
}
] |
/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise#P276#2
|
Where was Impression, Sunrise taking place between Jul 1991 and Dec 1991?
|
Impression , Sunrise Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris . History . Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port . Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics . In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 . Impression and Impressionism . Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title . While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works . In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name . Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole . Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name . Subject and Interpretation . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry , Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured . Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France . The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France . Style . The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was . Color . The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it . Luminance . Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely . Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour . Criticism . Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist . Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments . However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates : Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue . Impression , Sunrise . Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time . Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise . Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene . Monet after Impression . In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. . Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular . While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .
|
[
"Musée Marmottan Monet"
] |
[
{
"text": " Impression , Sunrise ( French : Impression , soleil levant ) is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the Exhibition of the Impressionists in Paris in April , 1874 . The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement . Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre , Monets hometown . It is now displayed at the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": " Monet visited his hometown of Le Havre in the Northwest of France in 1872 and proceeded to create a series of works depicting the port of Le Havre . The six painted canvases depict the port during dawn , day , dusk , and dark and from varying viewpoints , some from the water itself and others from a hotel room looking down over the port .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise became the most famous in the series after being debuted in April 1874 in Paris at an exhibition by the group Painters , Sculptors , Engravers etc . Inc . Among thirty participants , the exhibition was led by Monet , Edgar Degas , Camille Pissarro , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and Alfred Sisley , and showed over two hundred works that were seen by about 4,000 people , including some rather unsympathetic critics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1985 the painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun . It was recovered and returned to the museum in 1990 , and put back on display in 1991 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Monet claimed that he titled the painting Impression , Sunrise due to his hazy painting style in his depiction of the subject : They asked me for a title for the catalogue , it couldnt really be taken for a view of Le Havre , and I said : Put Impression . In addition to this explanation for the title of the work , art historian Paul Smith claims that Monet might have named the painting Impression to excuse his painting from accusations of being unfinished or lacking descriptive detail , but Monet received these criticisms regardless of the title",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " While the title of the painting seemed to be chosen in haste for the catalogue , the term Impressionism was not new . It had been used for some time to describe the effect of paintings from the Barbizon school . Both associated with the school , Daubigny and Manet had been known to use the term to describe their own works .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "In critic Louis Leroys review of the 1874 exhibition , The Exhibition of the Impressionists for the newspaper Le Charivari , he used Impressionism to describe the new style of work displayed , which he said was typified by Monet’s painting of the same name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": " Before the 1860s and the debut of Impression , Sunrise , the term impressionism was originally used to describe the effect of a natural scene on a painter , and the effect of a painting on the viewer . By the 1860s , impression was used by transference to describe a painting which relayed such an effect . In turn , impression came to describe the movement as a whole .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Initially used to describe and deprecate a movement , the term Impressionism was immediately taken up by all parties to describe the style , and Monet’s Impression , Sunrise considered to encapsulate the start of the movement and its name .",
"title": "Impression and Impressionism"
},
{
"text": "Impression , Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre at sunrise , the two small rowboats in the foreground and the red Sun being the focal elements . In the middle ground , more fishing boats are included , while in the background on the left side of the painting are clipper ships with tall masts . Behind them are other misty shapes that are not trees but smokestacks of pack boats and steamships , while on the right in the distance are other masts and chimneys silhouetted against the sky . In order to show these features of industry",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": ", Monet eliminated existing houses on the left side of the jetty , leaving the background unobscured .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 , the regeneration of France was exemplified in the thriving port of Le Havre . Art historian Paul Tucker suggests that the contrast of elements like the steamboats and cranes in the background to the fishermen in the foreground represent these political implications : Monet may have seen this painting of a highly commercial site as an answer to the postwar calls for patriotic action and an art that could lead . For while it is a poem of light and atmosphere , the painting can also be seen",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "as an ode to the power and beauty of a revitalized France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": " The representation of Le Havre , hometown of Monet and a center of industry and commerce , celebrates the renewed strength and beauty of the country.. . Monet’s ultimate utopian statement . Art demonstrating France’s revitalization , Monet’s depiction of Le Havre’s sunrise mirrors the renewal of France .",
"title": "Subject and Interpretation"
},
{
"text": "The hazy scene of Impression , Sunrise strayed from traditional landscape painting and classic , idealized beauty . Paul Smith suggested that with this style , Monet meant to express other beliefs about artistic quality which might be tied to the ideologies being consolidated by the emergent bourgeoisie from which he came . Loose brush strokes meant to suggest the scene rather than to mimetically represent it demonstrate the emergent Impressionist movement . In the wake of an emergent industrialization in France , this style expressed innovative individuality . Considering this , Smith claims that Impression , Sunrise was about",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": "Monet’s search for spontaneous expression , but was guided by definite and historically specific ideas about what spontaneous expression was .",
"title": "Style"
},
{
"text": " The group of studies made from Monet’s hotel room were made from canvas with a base layer of gray in different tones . The layered effect provides depth in spite of imprecise details , creating a rich and tangible environment that seems like Le Havre , though not an exact likeness . Gordon and Forge discuss boundaries and the use of color in Impression , Sunrise , claiming that",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "sky and water in Impression , Sunrise are hardly distinguishable , boundaries between objects are not obvious , and the paint becomes the place and effect , the colors of the paint melding together in its glooming , opalescent oneness , its foggy blankness , its featureless , expectant emptiness that resembles , for the painter , an empty , uninflected canvas . They comment that the accents of blue-gray and orange cutting through the haze are like last-minute revelations that had to wait , not only for the particular glimmer of orange to burn its way through the fog",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": "and find its reflective path onto the water and Monet’s eye but for the canvas itself , pregnant with the foggy space outside , to be ready to receive it .",
"title": "Color"
},
{
"text": " Although it may seem that the Sun is the brightest spot on the canvas , it is in fact , when measured with a photometer , the same brightness ( or luminance ) as the sky . Dr . Margaret Livingstone , a professor of neurobiology at Harvard University , said If you make a black and white copy of Impression : Sunrise , the Sun disappears [ almost ] entirely .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": "Livingstone said that this caused the painting to have a very realistic quality , as the older part of the visual cortex in the brain — shared with the majority of other mammals — registers only luminance and not colour , so that the Sun in the painting would be invisible to it , while it is just the newer part of the visual cortex — only found in humans and other primates — which perceives colour .",
"title": "Luminance"
},
{
"text": " Most critics did not think Impression , Sunrise was one of the most notable pieces ; it was briefly discussed only five times in all the reviews of the exhibition . However , the reviews of the exhibition and of Monets painting both provide insight into the development of the movement and Monets work and development as an artist .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Philippe Burty for La République Française wrote about the opening of the show , complimenting the ambiance of the space and the paintings working together : The walls of the rooms , covered in brownish red woolen fabric , are extremely well suited to paintings . The daylight enters the rooms from the sides , as it does in apartments .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " However , this idyllic perspective of the exhibition was not the view of all critics . Louis Leroy , for Le Charivari , is often quoted in his review on Monets work . His article The Impressionist Exhibition is written as a dialogue from the imaginary perspective of an old-fashioned painter , shocked at the works of Monet and his associates :",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": "Ah ! This is it , this is it! : he cried in front of n . 98 . This one is Papa Vincents favorite ! What is this a painting of ? Look in the catalogue .",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"text": " Impression-- I knew it . I was just saying to myself , if Im impressed , there must be an impression in there… And what freedom , what ease in the brushwork ! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than this seascape ! Leroys review is a covert backhand at the progressiveness of Impression , Sunrise , and is often attributed with the using the term impressionism for the first time .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Jules Castagnary for Le Siècle wrote that the group of painters could be described by no other word beside the new term impressionists , since they rendered the sensation evoked by the landscape rather than the landscape . He claimed that The very word has entered their language : not landscape , but impression , in the title given in the catalog for M . Monets Sunrise . From this point of view , they have left reality behind for a realm of pure idealism , typified by Monets Impression , Sunrise .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "Théodore Duret wrote that rendering idealized impressions instead of landscapes is what epitomises Monets work and the impressionist movement . Considering Impression , Sunrise and Monets work following the 1874 exhibition , Duret wrote it is certainly the peculiar qualities of Claude Monets paintings which first suggested [ the term impressionism ] . Claiming that Monet is the Impressionist painter par excellence , Duret argued that Monet inspired a new way of seeing and painting , that Monet was no longer painting merely the immobile and permanent aspect of a landscape , but also the fleeting appearances which the accidents",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "of atmosphere present to him , Monet transmits a singularly lively and striking sensation of the observed scene .",
"title": "Impression , Sunrise"
},
{
"text": "In an interview with Maurice Guillemot for La Revue Illustrée , Monet reflected on his handling of landscape like the port of Le Havre in consideration of the movement and the 1874 exhibition : A landscape is only an impression , instantaneous , hence the label they’ve given us-- all because of me , for that matter . I’d submitted something done out of my window at Le Havre , sunlight in the mist with a few masts in the foreground jutting up from the ships below . They wanted a title for the catalog ; it couldn’t really pass",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "as a view of Le Havre , so I answered : Put down Impression . Out of that they got impressionism , and the jokes proliferated.. .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "Following 1874 and the rise of the Impressionist movement , Monet recalled Impression , Sunrise by naming other works with similar titles . The subtitles recalled Impression , Sunrise in style and influence , though their subjects varied . Examples of similarly titles works are Effet de brouillard , impression in 1879 , L’Impression in 1883 , Garden at Bordighera , Impression of Morning in 1884 , Marine ( impression ) in 1887 , and Fumées dans le brouillard , impression in 1904 . These works then seemed as a continuation of his Le Havre scene , one of the",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": "sequence of canvases in which he was seeking to capture the most fleeting natural effects , as a display of his painterly virtuosity . Evoking the name of Impression , Sunrise , but also providing stylistic connections , the later paintings are similarly quite summary and economical in handling , and depict particularly hazy or misty effects that is characteristic of Monet’s impressionism in particular .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
},
{
"text": " While the movement and the painting initially garnered controversy , Monet’s Impression , Sunrise gave rise to the name and recognition of the Impressionist movement , arguably exemplifying more than any other work or artist the Impressionist movement as a whole in style , subject , and influence .",
"title": "Monet after Impression"
}
] |
/wiki/Vindobona_(train)#P559#0
|
What was the terminus of Vindobona (train) in early 1990s?
|
Vindobona ( train ) The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 . Route . The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) . From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car , passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling . In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . Rolling stock . Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to 1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of . The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101 , ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives . EuroCity . After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna , Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours . As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .
|
[
"Vienna"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": "Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": " The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": ", passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": ", ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": ", Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours .",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .",
"title": "EuroCity"
}
] |
/wiki/Vindobona_(train)#P559#1
|
What was the terminus of Vindobona (train) in Oct 2005?
|
Vindobona ( train ) The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 . Route . The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) . From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car , passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling . In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . Rolling stock . Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to 1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of . The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101 , ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives . EuroCity . After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna , Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours . As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": "Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": " The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": ", passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": ", ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": ", Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours .",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .",
"title": "EuroCity"
}
] |
/wiki/Vindobona_(train)#P559#2
|
What was the terminus of Vindobona (train) in Jun 2013?
|
Vindobona ( train ) The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 . Route . The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) . From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car , passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling . In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . Rolling stock . Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to 1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of . The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101 , ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives . EuroCity . After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna , Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours . As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .
|
[
"Villach"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vindobona is an international named passenger train which began service in 1957 between Berlin and Vienna via Dresden and Prague . In later years the route was extended to run from Hamburg via Berlin , Dresden , Prague , Brno and Vienna to Villach . It was named after the ancient settlement of Vindobona on the site of the modern city of Vienna . Labelled as a EuroCity train connection from 1993 , services discontinued in 2014 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": "Since December 2018 there is a daily direct Intercity-Express high-speed train between Vienna and Berlin via Linz , Passau and Erfurt . The name Vindobona is now used for Railjet trains between Prague and Graz via Vienna operated by České dráhy and Austrian Federal Railways ( ÖBB ) . This route has been again extended to Berlin from mid-2020 .",
"title": "Vindobona ( train )"
},
{
"text": " The service began on 13 January 1957 using diesel multiple units classified as Fernschnellzug ( FDt 50/51 ) running from Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin via Berlin Ostbahnhof , Elsterwerda , Dresden Hauptbahnhof , Prague hlavní nádraží and České Velenice/Gmünd to Wien Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof . The FDt trains had already begun running between Berlin and Prague in December 1950 , including a through coach connection to Vienna . In 1959 the connection was upgraded as Expresszug ( Ext 54/55 ) .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "From December 1957 the railcars had first and second class sections . The participating companies Deutsche Reichsbahn ( DR ) , Československé státní dráhy ( ČSD ) and Österreichische Bundesbahnen ( ÖBB ) operated one train pair daily , meeting in Czechoslovakia . The service was used primarily by West Berliners , diplomats and Scandinavians in transit through East Germany , connecting from the night trains from Copenhagen ( Ostsee-Express ) and Stockholm ( Saßnitz-Express ) via train ferry from Warnemünde and Sassnitz resp. , and shuttle trains from Zoologischer Garten station in West Berlin . In the dining car",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": ", passengers could pay using Deutschmark , East German mark , Czechoslovak koruna , and Austrian schilling .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "In Czechoslovakia trains originally ran on the historic Emperor Franz Joseph Railway line via Tábor to the border with Austria at České Velenice , later rerouted via the first Czech railway corridor to Brno and Břeclav . In the period of Normalization from 1969 onwards , domestic travel within Czechoslovakia was for some years completely forbidden , occasionally restricted to journeys between Děčín and Tábor . The original journey via Tábor took over 12 hours to complete from Berlin to Vienna . Later , the mainline via Brno became faster , and the train was rerouted , initially via Havlíčkův",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Brod and later via Pardubice and Česká Třebová along the Czech international corridor , shortening the journey to 9 hours . In 1975 , Wien Mitte station became the terminus due to construction at the Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof .",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"text": "Rolling stock was alternately supplied by the railway companies for a period of two years : The DR used a refurbished pre-war DRG Class SVT 137 unit until 1960 , succeeded by MÁVAG 495.0 and 498.0 railcars operated by ČSD , and ÖBB 5145 ( Blue Lightning ) DMUs from 1962 to 1964 . In 1966 DR introduced its newly engineered VT 18.16 diesel-hydraulic express railcars , apparently rivalling with the West German DB Class VT 11.5 . Renamed Class 175 in 1970 , these prestigious trainsets became a flagship in the range of DR services . From 1969 to",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "1972 , ČSD operated its recently developed M 296.1 railcars with a top speed of .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The Vindobona trains continued to be operated by DMUs until it became evident that they were no longer able to cope in terms of capacity . In 1979 they were replaced by a composition comprising an electric locomotive coupled with individual carriages . The trains then ran as Durchgangszug ( D 275/276 ) and from 1986 to 1988 services were united with the Hungaria Interexpress train to Bratislava and Budapest , including Hungarian State Railways ( MÁV ) railcars and Yugoslav Railways ( JŽ ) through coaches to Belgrade . In later years trains were hauled by DB Class 101",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": ", ČD Class 371 and Class 380 , and ÖBB 1216 ( EuroSprinter ) locomotives .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "After the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Iron Curtain , the railway connection gained new significance . A EuroCity ( EC ) service from Hamburg to Prague was already inaugurated in 1992 and in the following year , the Vindobona train also became categorised as EC 172/173 . The DR operations were taken over by Deutsche Bahn AG by 1994 . With the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof on 28 May 2006 , trains passed through Berlin via the new North–South mainline . As of 2010 , trains ran from Villach Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona via Klagenfurt , Vienna",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": ", Brno , Prague , Dresden and Berlin in about 16 hours .",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "As of 14 December 2014 , the EC 172/173 Vindobona was replaced by the EC 172/173 Porta Bohemica from Hamburg-Altona to Budapest Keleti , connecting in Prague hlavní nádraží to a Railjet train service via the newly built Wien Hauptbahnhof to Graz Hauptbahnhof and vice versa . Since December 2018 there is a daily direct DB Intercity Express high-speed train ( ICE 92/93 Berolina ) from Berlin to Vienna via Erfurt , Nuremberg and Linz , as well as a ÖBB Nightjet train with sleeping car ( NJ 456/457 ) via Wrocław , Bohumín and Břeclav . The name Vindobona",
"title": "EuroCity"
},
{
"text": "has then been reused for the Railjet line connecting Prague , Vienna and Graz ( RJ 256/257 ) . After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic , this route has been extended to Berlin from 14 June 2020 ; thus , the historic train connection is reestablished .",
"title": "EuroCity"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)#P39#0
|
What was the position of John Eaton (politician) between Jun 1827 and Jul 1828?
|
John Eaton ( politician ) John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history . Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 . Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain . Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery . Early life . John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice . Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy . John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers . Senate career . From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate . Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829 , Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia . In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions , such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations . Marriages . In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson . Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife . Secretary of War . Petticoat affair . Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide . Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun , refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration . Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions . Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations . Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President . Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position . On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second , his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it . In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet . Indian affairs . In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering . Other activities . As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department . Later career . Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration . Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War . In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars . Retirement and death . Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 . Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington . Legacy . Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless . In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .
|
[
"United States Senate"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": ", Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions ,",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": " In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": ", refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second ,",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": "gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering .",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)#P39#1
|
What was the position of John Eaton (politician) in Oct 1830?
|
John Eaton ( politician ) John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history . Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 . Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain . Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery . Early life . John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice . Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy . John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers . Senate career . From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate . Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829 , Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia . In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions , such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations . Marriages . In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson . Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife . Secretary of War . Petticoat affair . Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide . Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun , refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration . Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions . Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations . Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President . Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position . On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second , his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it . In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet . Indian affairs . In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering . Other activities . As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department . Later career . Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration . Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War . In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars . Retirement and death . Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 . Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington . Legacy . Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless . In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .
|
[
"Secretary of War"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": ", Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions ,",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": " In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": ", refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second ,",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": "gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering .",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)#P39#2
|
What was the position of John Eaton (politician) in Jan 1835?
|
John Eaton ( politician ) John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history . Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 . Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain . Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery . Early life . John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice . Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy . John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers . Senate career . From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate . Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829 , Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia . In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions , such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations . Marriages . In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson . Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife . Secretary of War . Petticoat affair . Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide . Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun , refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration . Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions . Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations . Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President . Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position . On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second , his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it . In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet . Indian affairs . In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering . Other activities . As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department . Later career . Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration . Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War . In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars . Retirement and death . Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 . Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington . Legacy . Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless . In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .
|
[
"Governor of the Florida"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Henry Eaton ( June 18 , 1790November 17 , 1856 ) was an American politician and diplomat from Tennessee who served as U.S . Senator and as Secretary of War in the administration of Andrew Jackson . He was 28 years , 4 months , and 29 days old when he entered the Senate , making him the youngest U.S . Senator in history .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Eaton was a lawyer in Tennessee who became part of a network that supported the political campaigns of Andrew Jackson . He also served in the militia as a major , and during the War of 1812 became an aide to Jackson ; Eaton served with Jackson in all his wartime campaigns and battles , including the Battle of New Orleans . After serving in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1815 and 1816 , in 1818 Eaton was elected to the United States Senate , though he had not yet reached the constitutionally mandated age of 30 .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "Following Jacksons election to the presidency in 1828 , Eaton resigned his Senate seat to join Jacksons cabinet as Secretary of War . Eaton and his wife Peggy became the focus of controversy during Jacksons first term ; in the so-called Petticoat affair , Washingtons society wives refused to socialize with the Eatons . The wives of the vice president , cabinet members , and members of Congress looked down on Peggy because of the circumstances of her marriage to Eaton ; they had wed shortly after the death of her first husband , without waiting for the usual mourning",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "period , giving rise to rumors that she had been unfaithful to her first husband before his death . Eaton resigned as Secretary of War as part of a strategy to resolve the controversy ; he later received appointments as Governor of Florida Territory and U.S . Minister to Spain .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": " Upon returning to the United States in 1840 , Eaton refused to endorse incumbent Martin Van Buren for reelection to the presidency , angering Jackson . In retirement , Eaton resided in Washington . He died there in 1856 , and was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery .",
"title": "John Eaton ( politician )"
},
{
"text": "John Eaton was born on June 18 , 1790 near Scotland Neck , Halifax County , North Carolina to John and Elizabeth Eaton . The elder John Eaton was a furniture maker who served as county coroner and member of the North Carolina House of Representatives . Eatons uncle , Major Pinketham Eaton ( sometimes spelled Pinkerton ) , was a Continental Army officer who died in combat during the Revolutionary War . Eatons father owned a large amount of land in middle Tennessee , and the 1790 census lists him as the owner of 12 slaves . The younger",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1802 to 1804 . He then studied law , attained admission to the bar , and moved to Franklin , Tennessee , where he established a law practice .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Eaton became active in the Tennessee militia , and attained the rank of major . He developed a close friendship with Andrew Jackson , and served as an aide to Jackson during the Creek War and the War of 1812 . Eaton took part in all Jacksons major campaigns . He supported Jacksons controversial decision in November 1814 to attack Pensacola in Spanish Florida , claiming that Spain had put herself in a belligerent position by allowing its territory to be occupied by British soldiers . Eaton participated in the Battle of New Orleans . After the war , Jackson",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "took command of the Southern U.S . Army District with his headquarters at his home , The Hermitage . Eaton served on his staff . Eaton later became a major proponent of Jacksons presidential candidacy .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " John Reid , another Jackson aide , began a biography of Jackson in 1816 , but died after writing only four chapters . Eaton finished the book , which was published as The Life of Andrew Jackson in 1817 . This book was revised and republished in 1824 and 1828 . It became a major primary reference for future Jackson biographers .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "From 1815 to 1816 , Eaton was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives . In 1818 , he was elected to serve as a United States Senator from Tennessee , and he served until 1829 . His age of 28 at the time of his entry to the Senate was notable ; it contradicted the U.S . Constitutions requirement that all senators be at least 30 years old . During the early years after the creation of the United States , personal details including date of birth were not always well-documented . Eaton , Henry Clay , Armistead",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Thomson Mason , and possibly others all served in Senate before they had attained the required age . Eatons age of 28 makes him the youngest person ever known to have served in the Senate .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "Unlike many Southerners , Eaton supported the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . On March 11 , 1820 , in a letter to Jackson , he claimed that it has preserved piece and dissipated angry feelings , and dispelled appearances which seemed dark and horrible and threatening to the interest and harmony of the nation . He remained a close friend of Jackson , and while in the Senate supported the Jacksonian movement . He urged Jackson to accept an appointment as Governor of the newly acquired Territory of Florida in 1821 , which he did . From 1827 to 1829",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": ", Eaton served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "In 1822 , Eaton and William Berkeley Lewis attempted to nominate a candidate before the Tennessee legislature to oppose incumbent U.S . Senator John Williams , who was openly against Jacksons candidacy for president in 1824 presidential election . After being unable to find a viable candidate , they nominated Jackson himself . The strategy was successful , and Jackson won . Eaton also helped advance Jacksons campaign for president through the Letters of Wyoming , which were printed in newspapers . In them , Eaton praised Jacksons record . He celebrated even some of Jacksons most controversial actions ,",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": "such as the suspension of habeas corpus in New Orleans in 1815 . Washington would have done the same , he asserted . In 1825 , Eaton received an honorary degree ( Master of Arts ) from the University of North Carolina . Eaton supported the Tariff of 1828 , or the Tariff of Abominations .",
"title": "Senate career"
},
{
"text": " In 1813 , Eaton married his first wife , Myra Lewis ( 1788–1815 ) , the daughter of William Terrell Lewis , a prominent Tennessee businessman and landowner . After the death of their father , Jackson and his wife became Myras and her sister Marys guardians , and Eatons marriage to Myra Lewis strengthened his relationship with Jackson .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Eaton married his second wife Peggy ONeill Timberlake ( 1799–1879 ) in 1829 , while serving in the Senate . She was the mother of three children ; a son William , who died as an infant , and daughters Virginia and Margaret . Eaton had been a longtime friend of Peggy Timberlake and her husband John B . Timberlake , and John Timberlake had died only a few months before Eaton married his widow . Jackson knew and liked Peggy Eaton and encouraged Eaton to marry her , telling him Why yes , Major . If you love the",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "woman , and she will have you , marry her by all means . He asked Eaton to marry her as soon as possible . Eaton had no children with either wife .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Jackson , leading the new Democratic Party , won the 1828 presidential election , and in March 1829 Eaton resigned his Senate seat to accept appointment as Jacksons Secretary of War . The appointment was seemingly made because of Jacksons desire to have a personal friend in the Cabinet in whom he could confide .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Women in Washington social circles led by Floride Calhoun , the wife of Vice President John C . Calhoun , snubbed the Eatons because they married so soon after John Timberlakes death , rather than waiting for the usual mourning period ; there were stories that Eaton and Peggy Timberlake had been having an affair before John Timberlake had died . Rumors held that Peggy , as a barmaid in her fathers tavern , had been sexually promiscuous or had even been a prostitute . Petticoat politics emerged when the wives of cabinet members , led by Mrs . Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": ", refused to socialize with the Eatons . They refused to attend social events at which she would be present . According to Emily Donelson , Eaton considered resigning in the first months of the administration .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson refused to believe the rumors about Mrs . Eatons past conduct , telling his Cabinet that She is as chaste as a virgin ! In his view , the dishonorable people were the rumormongers , in part because he was reminded of the attacks that had been made , particularly in the 1828 election , against his wife , Rachel Jackson , over the circumstances of their marriage . Jackson also believed that John Calhoun fanned the flames of the controversy as a way to gain political leverage for a growing anti-Jackson coalition . Duff Green , a Calhoun",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "protégé and editor of the United States Telegraph , accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members Samuel D . Ingham ( Treasury ) and John Branch ( Navy ) removed from their positions .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Jackson biographers Richard B . Latner and Robert V . Remini believe that the hostility towards the Eatons was rooted less in questions of morality and proper behavior than in politics . Eaton had been in favor of the Tariff of Abominations , which Calhoun bitterly opposed and which led him to elucidate the doctrine of nullification . He was also close to Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , another supporter of the tariff and Calhouns main rival for who would succeed Jackson as president . Calhoun may have wanted to expel Eaton from the cabinet as a way",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "of boosting his anti-tariff agenda and increasing his standing in the Democratic Party . Many other cabinet members were Southerners and may have felt similarly , especially Ingham , a close Calhoun ally who supported his presidential aspirations .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun . In the spring of 1830 , reports emerged accurately stating that Calhoun , while Secretary of War , had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida . These infuriated Jackson . The biggest bombshell was a letter given to Jackson on May 12 by William H . Crawford , Monroes Secretary of the Treasury , in which Crawford stated that , contrary to Jacksons former suspicions , it was Calhoun , not himself , who vocally advocated censuring Jackson in Monroes cabinet . For reasons unclear , Calhoun asked Eaton to",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War . Eaton did nothing . This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters . Calhoun published them in the Telegraph . This gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy to damage him , and further enraged the President .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile , Van Buren , a widower , took Jacksons side and defended the Eatons . This raised Van Buren in Jacksons esteem , and , in addition to disagreements between Jackson and Calhoun on a number of other issues , mainly the Nullification Crisis , marked him as Calhouns likely vice presidential successor . In the spring of 1831 , Van Buren helped end the Petticoat affair by offering to resign as Secretary of State . This gave Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for other resignations , and he was able to replace the anti-Eaton",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "secretaries ; only Postmaster General William T . Barry remained . Eaton , being the source of the controversy , also agreed to resign his position .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "On June 17 , the day before Eaton formally resigned , a text appeared in the Telegraph stating that it had been proved that the families of Ingham , Branch , and Attorney General John M . Berrien had refused to associate with Mr . Eaton . Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article . Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that , while he was not the source for the article , the information was still true . On June 18 , Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through his second ,",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "his brother-in-law Dr . Philip G . Randolph , who visited Ingham twice and threatened him the second time with personal harm if he did not comply with Eatons demands . Randolph was dismissed , and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation . It described Eatons situation as one of pity and contempt . Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice . Ingham was then informed that Eaton , Randolph , and others were looking to assault him . He gathered together his own bodyguard , and was not",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "immediately molested . However , he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him . He then left the city , and returned safely to his home . Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place , and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge . Eaton admitted that he passed by the place where Ingham had been staying , but at no point attempted to enter...or besiege it .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In 1832 , Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to England . Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it , claiming his act would ...kill him , sir , kill dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick . However , Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics , which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy . Van Buren was nominated for vice president , and was elected as Jacksons running mate when Jackson won a second term in 1832 . The affair had a hand in the",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "replacement of the Telegraph as the main propaganda instrument for the administration . Jackson enlisted the help of longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair , who in November 1830 established a newspaper known as The Washington Globe , which from then on served as the mouthpiece of the Democratic Party . It also contributed to the creation of the Kitchen Cabinet .",
"title": "Petticoat affair"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 1830 , following the passage of the Indian Removal Act , allowing for the transportation of the Five Civilized Tribes from their homes in the South to lands being given to them in Indian Territory ( modern-day Oklahoma ) , Jackson , Eaton , and General John Coffee negotiated with the Chickasaw , who quickly agreed to move west by agreeing to the Treaty of Franklin in August . Jackson put Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with the Choctaw . Lacking Jacksons skills at negotiation , they frequently bribed the chiefs in order to",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": "gain their submission . Their tactics typically worked , and the chiefs signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek , agreeing to move west . The removal of the Choctaw took place in the winter of 1831 and 1832 , and was wrought with misery and suffering .",
"title": "Indian affairs"
},
{
"text": " As Secretary of War , Eaton supported compensation upon discharge for soldiers who had served honorably . He made the Topographical Engineers a separate bureau within the War Department .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Following his resignation as Secretary of War , Eaton returned to Tennessee . His wife suffered a period of ill health after arriving . Jackson planned to replace him in the War Department with Tennessee senator Hugh Lawson White . This would vacate Whites senate seat , which Eaton would presumably fill . However , White refused the cabinet position despite much prodding from Jackson . Eaton attempted to return to the Senate by running against incumbent Felix Grundy in 1832 . Jackson officially remained neutral during the election , as Grundy was also a Democrat , and Eaton was",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "defeated . He served as a delegate to the 1832 Democratic National Convention . In a letter to Jackson before the convention , Eaton declared his strong support for Jacksons choice of Van Buren for vice president . He also requested that several of his friends be given appointments in the administration .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Eaton later received appointments that took him away from Washington , D.C. . He served first as Governor of the Florida Territory from 1834 to 1836 . In 1835 , violence began to escalate between the Seminole Indians and white settlers . Members of the Seminole had signed Treaty of Paynes Landing in which they agreed to move westward . However , many began to resist . Eaton warned Jackson against an excessive show of military force , fearing that this would only provoke the Seminole further . Jackson heeded his advice at first , but continuing to do so",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "proved impossible , as Seminole attacks continued . The violence eventually led to the Second Seminole War .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 1836 , Eaton was replaced as governor by Richard K . Call . Later that year , he was appointed Ambassador to Spain , and he served until April 1840 . His tenure was undistinguished ; a predecessor in the post , Cornelius P . Van Ness , strongly castigated Eaton , reporting that the Spanish government thought little of Eatons abilities . He believed Eaton to be not only incapable of putting together two common ideas but of comprehending a single one , and contended that Eatons work habits could best be described as indolent . He also",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "indicated that Mrs . Eaton engaged in spreading gossip about Van Buren , and that her manner was forward enough that the Spanish government considered her to be the real minister . Finally , Van Ness accused the Eatons of drinking excessively , writing that he and she regularly dispose of two bottles of rum of the strongest kind in the spirit of three days ; this is , four glasses each and every day , besides wine : and while they are taking it and he chewing , she smokes her cigars .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Upon returning from Spain , Eaton announced that he was unwilling to support Van Burens campaign for reelection to the presidency in 1840 . He endorsed Van Burens opponent , William Henry Harrison . Supposedly , this action was rooted in Eatons displeasure over the way he was allegedly treated by Van Buren while serving as Ambassador to Spain . My friend Maj . Eaton comes home not in good humor . He says he has been dismissed , Jackson wrote . Still , the declaration deeply upset Jackson , who in a letter to Blair went so far as",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "to accuse Eaton of having apostatised and taken the field with the piebald opposition of abolitionists , antimasons and blue light federalists . Eaton officially joined the Whig Party , but for the remainder of his life was not politically active . He and Jackson encountered each other in 1840 while Jackson was travelling throughout Tennessee to campaign for Van Buren . According to Remini , both men behaved properly . Jackson biographer James Parton wrote in 1860 that Eaton and Jackson remained unreconciled . However , 21st century historian John F . Marszalek claims that the two men did",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "reconcile with each other just before Jacksons death in 1845 .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Eaton and his wife lived comfortably in retirement in Washington , D.C . He resumed his law practice , and he and his wife returned to Franklin during the summers . Eaton chose not to join any church , but figured prominently in Washington social circles . He was President of the Washington Bar Association . Eaton and his wife were once again reported to have drunk to excess , and he was criticized for taking up a legal case against Amos Kendall , a staunch Jacksonian who had defended the Eatons conduct during the Petticoat affair . Eaton died",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "in Washington on November 17 , 1856 at age 66 . His funeral was conducted at his residence . Eaton was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington .",
"title": "Retirement and death"
},
{
"text": "Contemporary William Joseph Snelling , in his 1831 biography of Jackson , strongly criticizes Eaton . Of Eatons Jackson biography , he writes , it is hard to say which is more disgraced , the hero [ Jackson ] or the historian . The book contains scarcely a period of good English , but makes amends by abundance of fulsome adulation , by the omission of many disgraceful acts and the palliation of others . By 1831 , Snelling says , he had become the laughing-stock of the nation . Remini says that the entire Eaton affair might be termed",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "infamous . It ruined reputations and terminated friendships . And it was all so needless .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " In spite of this , an obituary published in Washingtons Daily National Intelligencer spoke favorably of Eaton . It noted that after his death Chief Justice Roger B . Taney had adjourned a session of the Supreme Court early in order that those present could attend the funeral . Eaton County , Michigan , is named in Eatons honor .",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Boucher#P69#0
|
Which school did Rick Boucher go to in May 1963?
|
Rick Boucher Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career . Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc . In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives . Political campaigns . Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty . Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district . In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired . 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 . Political positions . Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas . Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them . In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill . In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives . Personal life . Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 . External links . - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": ". In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Boucher#P69#1
|
Which school did Rick Boucher go to after Sep 1969?
|
Rick Boucher Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career . Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc . In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives . Political campaigns . Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty . Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district . In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired . 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 . Political positions . Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas . Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them . In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill . In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives . Personal life . Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 . External links . - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": ". In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Boucher#P69#2
|
Which school did Rick Boucher go to in early 1960s?
|
Rick Boucher Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career . Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc . In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives . Political campaigns . Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty . Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district . In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired . 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 . Political positions . Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas . Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them . In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill . In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives . Personal life . Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 . External links . - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Frederick Carlyle Boucher ( ; born August 1 , 1946 ) is an American politician who was the U.S . Representative for from 1983 to 2011 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . He was defeated in his bid for a 15th term by Republican Morgan Griffith in the 2010 elections . Early life , education and career .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Boucher is a native of Abingdon , Virginia , where he currently lives . He earned his BA from Roanoke College where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . He received his law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law . He has practiced law on Wall Street initially as an associate at Milbank Tweed in the firms New York City office , and later in Virginia . Prior to his election to Congress , he served for seven years as a member of the Senate of Virginia . His a former member of the",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": "Law and Justice Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures , the Board of Directors of the First Virginia Bank of Damascus , Virginia , and the Board of Directors of Client Centered Legal Services of Southwest Virginia . He formerly served on the Advisory Board of Virginia Cares Inc .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " In May 2011 , Boucher joined prominent Washington law firm Sidley Austin and was charged with leading their government strategies practice . The Internet Innovation Alliance ( IIA ) , an industry advocacy group , also announced that Boucher has joined as the honorary chair . The IIA includes among its members AT&T and Americans for Tax Reform and has focused on expanding broadband access and adoption with particular emphasis on increased mobile connectivity for underserved and rural communities . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Rick Boucher"
},
{
"text": " Boucher was first elected to Congress in 1982 , defeating 16-year Republican incumbent Bill Wampler by 1,100 votes . He was narrowly reelected in 1984 , defeating Delegate Jefferson Stafford by four points , even as Ronald Reagan carried the 9th in a landslide . However , he was completely unopposed for a third term in 1986 , and was reelected 11 more times without serious difficulty .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Boucher remained very popular in his district even as its socially conservative tint made it friendlier to Republicans . The GOP won most of the areas seats in the Virginia General Assembly in 2001 , and has held them ever since . From 2002 to 2006 , he fended off three reasonably well-funded Republican challengers with relative ease . In 2002 , he defeated state delegate Jay Katzen with 66 percent of the vote . In 2004 , he defeated NASCAR official Kevin Triplett with 59 percent of the vote even as George W . Bush easily carried the district",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": ". In 2006 , he defeated state delegate Bill Carrico with 68 percent of the vote . He was reelected unopposed in 2008 even as John McCain carried the district with his largest margin in the state . It was generally thought that Boucher would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 . In 2010 Boucher faced his strongest opponent to date in House of Delegates Majority Leader Morgan Griffith . Although Boucher charged that Griffith lived outside of the 9th ( Griffiths home in Salem was indeed just outside the 9ths borders ) , it was not enough to overcome Griffiths attacks that Boucher was an ally of Barack Obama and Nancy Pelosi . Ultimately , Griffith unseated Boucher with 51 percent of the vote to Bouchers 46 percent . No Democrat has crossed the 40 percent mark in the district since Boucher left office .",
"title": "Political campaigns"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology and the Internet ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality ( Chairman ) - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on Courts and Competition Policy Boucher served in the House Democratic leadership as an assistant whip from 1985 to 2010 .",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": "Boucher has been active on Internet-related legislation , including cosponsoring the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 . He chaired the Science Subcommittee of the House Committee on Science and Technology and through hearings oversaw the transition of the Internet from a National Science Foundation managed government research project ( known as NSFnet ) to the private sector . In that role , he authored the legislation which permitted the first commercial use of the Internet . His proposals to promote competition in the cable and local telephone industries contributed to the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "1996 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher originated the House Internet Caucus and served as its co-chairman ( 1996-2011 ) . He also authored the Digital Media Consumers Rights Act ( DMCRA ) legislation and introduced the FAIR USE Act . He was named Politician of the Year for 2006 by the Association of American Libraries Library Journal , largely due to his efforts to protect the fair use doctrine and expand Internet technologies to rural areas .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Boucher voted in favor of the Auto Industry Financing and Restructuring Act , as well as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher has received a rating of A+ from the National Rifle Association and is one of the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq . Boucher is a strong opponent of tax patents and has introduced bills to either have them banned or to exempt tax attorneys and tax payers from liability in infringing them .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "In June 2009 , Boucher voted in favor of the American Clean Energy and Security Act which , if enacted , would establish a cap-and-trade system . Boucher was chairman of the energy sub-committee of the previous Congress which first drafted the legislation , and was deemed to be instrumental in the bills development . Boucher opened his pre-vote remarks on the bill by saying that he was in strong support of the bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In November 2009 , Boucher , along with 39 other Democratic members of the House , voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act . Also , on March 21 , 2010 , Boucher voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . Rick Boucher endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination for president , while his district went solidly for Hillary Clinton . In 2007 , Congress.org ranked Rick Boucher as the 10th most powerful member of the U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " Boucher announced his engagement at age 59 to Amy Hauslohner , an editor of the Galax Gazette in Galax , Virginia . Said Boucher of the engagement We have decided since I will be 60 in August and she just turned 50 last week , we probably are mature enough to handle marriage . Boucher and Houslohner were married on June 3 , 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Rick Boucher for Congress official campaign site - Rick Boucher speaks of Hulu , Boxee , gains major tech cred at Comcast-NBC hearing , Top of the Ticket , Los Angeles Times , February 5 , 2010",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Vietnam_Football_Federation#P463#0
|
Vietnam Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1978?
|
Vietnam Football Federation The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions . History . In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South . Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 . In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary . Main board . President . The current president of VFF is Lê Khánh Hải . Presidents . - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– ) Executive committee . - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman Secretariat . - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– ) Affiliated committees . - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee Regional federations . 35 provincial federations are constituent members of VFF : North . - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation Central . - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation South . - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation Competitions . Domestic leagues . For men . - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League For women . - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship Domestic cups . - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup National teams . Men . - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team Women . - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team Symbol . The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions .",
"title": "Vietnam Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman",
"title": "Executive committee"
},
{
"text": " - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– )",
"title": "Secretariat"
},
{
"text": " - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee",
"title": "Affiliated committees"
},
{
"text": " - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation",
"title": "North"
},
{
"text": " - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation",
"title": "Central"
},
{
"text": " - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation",
"title": "South"
},
{
"text": " - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League",
"title": "For men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship",
"title": "For women"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup",
"title": "Domestic cups"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team",
"title": "Men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team",
"title": "Women"
},
{
"text": " The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .",
"title": "Symbol"
}
] |
/wiki/Vietnam_Football_Federation#P463#1
|
Vietnam Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1964?
|
Vietnam Football Federation The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions . History . In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South . Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 . In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary . Main board . President . The current president of VFF is Lê Khánh Hải . Presidents . - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– ) Executive committee . - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman Secretariat . - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– ) Affiliated committees . - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee Regional federations . 35 provincial federations are constituent members of VFF : North . - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation Central . - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation South . - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation Competitions . Domestic leagues . For men . - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League For women . - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship Domestic cups . - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup National teams . Men . - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team Women . - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team Symbol . The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions .",
"title": "Vietnam Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman",
"title": "Executive committee"
},
{
"text": " - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– )",
"title": "Secretariat"
},
{
"text": " - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee",
"title": "Affiliated committees"
},
{
"text": " - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation",
"title": "North"
},
{
"text": " - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation",
"title": "Central"
},
{
"text": " - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation",
"title": "South"
},
{
"text": " - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League",
"title": "For men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship",
"title": "For women"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup",
"title": "Domestic cups"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team",
"title": "Men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team",
"title": "Women"
},
{
"text": " The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .",
"title": "Symbol"
}
] |
/wiki/Vietnam_Football_Federation#P463#2
|
Vietnam Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1996?
|
Vietnam Football Federation The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions . History . In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South . Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 . In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary . Main board . President . The current president of VFF is Lê Khánh Hải . Presidents . - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– ) Executive committee . - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman Secretariat . - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– ) Affiliated committees . - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee Regional federations . 35 provincial federations are constituent members of VFF : North . - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation Central . - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation South . - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation Competitions . Domestic leagues . For men . - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League For women . - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship Domestic cups . - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup National teams . Men . - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team Women . - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team Symbol . The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Vietnam Football Federation ( VFF , ) is the governing body of football in Vietnam . It is responsible for the all Vietnam teams of football , futsal and beach soccer as well as national competitions .",
"title": "Vietnam Football Federation"
},
{
"text": " In 1960 , Vietnam Football Association was established in the North . Its first president Hà Đăng Ấn , head of Railway Department and a former football star . In the South under control of the Republic of Vietnam , a similar Association was also founded to administer football activities in the South .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Football has been played in Vietnam since the early 20th century , however , due to the war , it had not been developed into a movement . Due to the division of Vietnam , football was played differently in the two parts of the country until 1975 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1989 , following the Đổi mới reforms , Vietnamese sports began to return to international events . After three months of preparation , in August 1989 , the First Congress of the new football federation took place in Hanoi , declaring Vietnam Football Federation . Trịnh Ngọc Chữ , deputy minister of General Department of Sports , was elected president of VFF and Lê Thế Thọ was appointed general secretary .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Trịnh Ngọc Chữ ( 1989–1991 ) - Dương Nghiệp Chí ( acting , 1991–1993 ) - Đoàn Văn Xê ( 1993–1997 ) - Mai Văn Muôn ( 1997–2001 ) - Hồ Đức Việt ( 2001–2003 ) - Trần Duy Ly ( acting , January–August 2003 ) - Mai Liêm Trực ( 2003–2005 ) - Nguyễn Trọng Hỷ ( 2005–2013 ) - Lê Hùng Dũng ( 2013–2018 ) - Lê Khánh Hải ( 2018– )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Trần Quốc Tuấn – Technical deputy chairman - Cao Văn Chóng – Deputy chairman - Cấn Văn Nghĩa – Deputy chairman",
"title": "Executive committee"
},
{
"text": " - Lê Thế Ngọ ( 1989–1993 ) - Trần Bẩy ( 1993–1997 ) - Phạm Ngọc Viễn ( 1997–2005 ) - Trần Quốc Tuấn ( 2005–2011 ) - Ngô Lê Bằng ( 2011–2014 ) - Lê Hoài Anh ( 2014– )",
"title": "Secretariat"
},
{
"text": " - Council of Referees - Womens Committee - Sports Medical Committee - External affairs Committee - Communication Committee - Committee of movements and member organizations - Committee of Development Strategy - Committee of Professional Football - Committee of Complaints - Inspection Committee - National council of Coaches - Marketing and Sponsorship Committee",
"title": "Affiliated committees"
},
{
"text": " - Hà Nội Football Federation - Hà Tĩnh Football Federation - Hải Phòng Football Federation - Hưng Yên Football Federation - Lạng Sơn Football Federation - Nam Định Football Federation - Nghệ An Football Federation - Quảng Ninh Football Federation - Thái Nguyên Football Federation - Thanh Hóa Football Federation",
"title": "North"
},
{
"text": " - Bình Định Football Federation - Đà Nẵng Football Federation - Đắk Lắk Football Federation - Gia Lai Football Federation - Khánh Hòa Football Federation - Kon Tum Football Federation - Lâm Đồng Football Federation - Phú Yên Football Federation - Quảng Nam Football Federation - Quảng Ngãi Football Federation - Thừa Thiên–Huế Football Federation",
"title": "Central"
},
{
"text": " - An Giang Football Federation - Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Football Federation - Bến Tre Football Federation - Bình Dương Football Federation - Bình Phước Football Federation - Cà Mau Football Federation - Cần Thơ Football Federation - Đồng Nai Football Federation - Đồng Tháp Football Federation - Hồ Chí Minh City Football Federation - Long An Football Federation - Tây Ninh Football Federation - Tiền Giang Football Federation - Vĩnh Long Football Federation",
"title": "South"
},
{
"text": " - V.League 1 - V.League 2 - V.League 3 - V.League 4 - Vietnamese National U-21 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-17 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-15 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-13 Football Championship - Vietnamese National U-11 Football Championship - Vietnam National Futsal League - Vietnamese National Beach Soccer League",
"title": "For men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam Womens Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-19 Football Championship - Vietnamese National Womens U-16 Football Championship",
"title": "For women"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnamese National Football Cup - Vietnamese National Football Super Cup - Vietnamese National Futsal Cup",
"title": "Domestic cups"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam national football team - Vietnam national Olympic football team - Vietnam national under-23 football team - Vietnam national under-22 football team - Vietnam national under-21 football team - Vietnam national under-19 football team - Vietnam national under-16 football team - Vietnam national under-14 football team - Vietnam national futsal team - Vietnam national under-20 futsal team - Vietnam national beach soccer team",
"title": "Men"
},
{
"text": " - Vietnam womens national football team - Vietnam womens national Olympic football team - Vietnam womens national under-19 football team - Vietnam womens national under-16 football team - Vietnam womens national under-14 football team - Vietnam womens national futsal team",
"title": "Women"
},
{
"text": " The symbol of the VFF is the picture round ball , surrounded is flag of Vietnam , artist design is Nguyễn Công Đoàn . It has been used since 2008 .",
"title": "Symbol"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Inkpin#P102#0
|
Which party was Albert Inkpin a member of before Oct 1909?
|
Albert Inkpin Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death . Biography . Early years . Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization . In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve . Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 . Communist leader . Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary . Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council . Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis . In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 . Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration . In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin . - Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] . - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] . External links . - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com
|
[
"Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF )"
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death .",
"title": "Albert Inkpin"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "- Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Inkpin#P102#1
|
Which party was Albert Inkpin a member of in late 1910s?
|
Albert Inkpin Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death . Biography . Early years . Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization . In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve . Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 . Communist leader . Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary . Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council . Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis . In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 . Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration . In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin . - Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] . - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] . External links . - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com
|
[
"British Socialist Party ( BSP )"
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death .",
"title": "Albert Inkpin"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "- Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Albert_Inkpin#P102#2
|
Which party was Albert Inkpin a member of after Dec 1920?
|
Albert Inkpin Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death . Biography . Early years . Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization . In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve . Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 . Communist leader . Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary . Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council . Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis . In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 . Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration . In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin . - Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] . - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] . External links . - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com
|
[
"Communist Party of Great Britain"
] |
[
{
"text": " Albert Samuel Inkpin ( 16 June 1884 – 29 March 1944 ) was a British communist and the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) . He served several terms in prison for political offences . In 1929 he was replaced as head of the CPGB and made head of the partys Friends of Soviet Russia organisation , a position he retained until his death .",
"title": "Albert Inkpin"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was born on 16 June 1884 in Haggerston , an area of London . He was employed as a clerk and joined the National Union of Clerks , becoming its assistant secretary in 1907 . In 1904 , he joined the Marxist Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) , and became one of its Assistant Secretaries in 1907 . He followed the SDF into the new British Socialist Party ( BSP ) in 1911 , continuing in an Assistant Secretary capacity in that new organization .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "In 1913 Inkpin was elected General Secretary of the BSP . He was a committed internationalist and anti-militarist , an opponent of World War I , and a delegate to the Zimmerwald Conference . This placed him at odds with former SDF leader H . M . Hyndmans support of British participation in the conflict . This tension between the Left and Right the BSP ended in 1916 with Hyndman and his co-thinkers departing the group . Inkpin assumed editorship of the BSPs weekly newspaper , The Call , at this time . Inkpins application in 1917 as a conscientious",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": "objector for exemption from military service was rejected by the Hornsey military service tribunal and the Middlesex Appeal Tribunal , but he was temporarily exempted as he was a leading figure in a political party and did not ultimately serve .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin and the more radical elements were thus in a position of firm control of the BSP organisation after 1916 . He represented the organisation at the foundation of the Hands Off Russia movement , in 1919 . He supported the unity discussions which led to the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain , in 1920 .",
"title": "Early years"
},
{
"text": " Albert Inkpin was Secretary of the Joint Provisional Committee of the Communist Party , the group of representatives of member organisations who set the agenda for the upcoming founding congress . This convention was held in London over the weekend 31 July to 1 August 1920 and was attended by 160 delegates , presenting 211 mandates . These delegates included his wife , Julia , and brother , Harry . Inkpin delivered the keynote address to the gathering and was elected to the governing Central Committee of the new political organisation , becoming General Secretary .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin was named a member of the honorary presidium of the 3rd World Congress of the Communist International , held in Moscow during the summer of 1921 . He returned from Soviet Russia to face more legal difficulties with British authorities . He was charged and convicted for printing and circulating Communist literature , serving a six-month term from January to June 1922 . While in prison Inkpin stood as a candidate for London County Council .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " Inkpin emerged from jail to become the CPGBs National Organiser , but reverted to being General Secretary the following year . As was the case with top leaders of the early American Communist movement , such as C . E . Ruthenberg and Charles Dirba , Inkpins background in clerical work no doubt served him well in many of the administrative tasks necessary to run a political organization on a day-to-day basis .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "In 1925 Inkpin was again imprisoned , this time as one of 12 prominent Communists charged under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 . He was sentenced to six months in prison and remained inside until just prior to the eruption of the British General Strike of May 1926 .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Inkpin stood down as General Secretary in 1929 , to be replaced by Harry Pollitt , following his opposition to the class against class policy , and criticism of his leadership from internal opponents and the Comintern . He was dropped from the partys secretariat , and sent to Birmingham as an organiser . While the Comintern sought to end his employment , Pollitt made the case for retaining Inkpin , in particular because of his knowledge of the partys secrets . Early in 1930 , he was appointed as secretary of the CPGB offshoot , the Friends of the",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Union , based in Berlin , then from 1933 in Amsterdam . He remained loyal to the Soviet Union , and during the early stages of World War II became a popular speaker on the possibility of British-Soviet collaboration .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " In September 1942 , Inkpin became ill with cancer , and although he continued working and remained secretary of the British offshoot of the Friends of the Soviet Union , the Russia Today Society , he did not recover , and died in March 1944 . Publications by Albert Inkpin .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": "- Re-Establishing the Second International : The Communist Party of Great Britain Replies to a Letter of Appeal Signed by Arthur Henderson ( for the British Labour Party ) , J.H . Thomas and Harry Gosling ( for the Trades Union Congress ) , and J . Ramsay MacDonald ( for the Second International ) . London : Communist Party of Great Britain , n.d . [ c . 1921 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - The Glory of Stalingrad . London : Russia Today Society , 1942 . - Friends of the USSR : The Story of the Russia Today Society . London : Russia Today Society , n.d . [ 1942 ] .",
"title": "Communist leader"
},
{
"text": " - Inkpin Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org . - Graham Stevenson , Albert Inkpin , Compendium of Communist Biography . - Steve Reynolds , The Early Years of the Communist Party of Great Britain - 1922-1925 , In Defense of Marxism website , www.marxist.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#0
|
Alf Morris took which position between Oct 1969 and May 1970?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#1
|
Alf Morris took which position between Nov 1970 and Aug 1973?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#2
|
Alf Morris took which position between Jan 1975 and Apr 1979?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#3
|
Alf Morris took which position in early 1980s?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#4
|
Alf Morris took which position in Aug 1984?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
/wiki/Alf_Morris#P39#5
|
Alf Morris took which position between Aug 1990 and Nov 1990?
|
Alf Morris Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner . Political career . Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him , albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary . In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome . He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress . Background . Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester . In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery . Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled . Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University . Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) . Family . He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children . Awards and honours . - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate - 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum . - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications . - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) . Archives . - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alfred Morris , Baron Morris of Manchester , ( 23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012 ) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner .",
"title": "Alf Morris"
},
{
"text": "Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997 , having previously unsuccessfully fought the , then , safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959 . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart , the Agriculture Minister . Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him , and six others , for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue . Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him ,",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "albeit unofficially . In 1968 , Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities . In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world . In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights ( Disabled Persons ) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester , of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester , in 1997 . He was a life member of the GMB Union , the general trade union of the United Kingdom . He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Morris ( one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy ) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats , Manchester .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "In 1935 , the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath . He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans , who , as editor of The Sunday Times , wrote a leader saying that : As time ticked away to the 1970 general election , Alf Morriss Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving . He received evening school tuition . He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilsons Brewery .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris , whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War , and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries , became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities . After his fathers death , Morriss mother was not entitled to a war widows pension . Forty years later , Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the Worlds first Minister for the Disabled .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": "Morris did his national service in the army , mainly in the Middle East , from 1946–48 . He then studied at Ruskin College , Oxford ( 1949–1950 ) , St Catherines College , Oxford ( BA modern history 1953 ) and the Department of Education , Manchester University .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history ( 1954–1956 ) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry ( 1956–1964 ) .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " He married Irene Jones in 1950 . They had two sons and two daughters . His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs . Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness , aged 84 . He was survived by his wife and children .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled - 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind - 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom - 1989 Companion of the Queens Service Order for public services , 1989 New Year Honours , New Zealand - 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia - 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate - 1997 Life Peer - 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": "- 2000 Named , with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee , Information Pioneers of the Century by the UKs National Information Forum .",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award - 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"text": " - The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee ( Oxford , Pergamon P. , 1970 ) . - Needs before Means : an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act , 1970 ( Manchester , Co-operative Union , 1971 ) . - No Feet to Drag : report on the disabled ( London , Sidgwick and Jackson , 1972 ) . - Alf Morris : Peoples Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester ( London , National Information Forum , 2007 ) .",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"text": " - Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives",
"title": "Archives"
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.