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/wiki/Bryan_Prunty#P54#3
|
Bryan Prunty played for which team in Jun 2008?
|
Bryan Prunty Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians . Career . Club . Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club . On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 . Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir . On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton . Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United . Coaching career . Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray . International . Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 . Honours . - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13 Arbroath - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17
|
[
"Ayr United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians .",
"title": "Bryan Prunty"
},
{
"text": " Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17",
"title": "Arbroath"
}
] |
/wiki/Bryan_Prunty#P54#4
|
Bryan Prunty played for which team in Nov 2009?
|
Bryan Prunty Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians . Career . Club . Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club . On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 . Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir . On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton . Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United . Coaching career . Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray . International . Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 . Honours . - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13 Arbroath - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17
|
[
"Stirling Albion"
] |
[
{
"text": " Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians .",
"title": "Bryan Prunty"
},
{
"text": " Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17",
"title": "Arbroath"
}
] |
/wiki/Bryan_Prunty#P54#5
|
Bryan Prunty played for which team in Feb 2010?
|
Bryan Prunty Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians . Career . Club . Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club . On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 . Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir . On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton . Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United . Coaching career . Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray . International . Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 . Honours . - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13 Arbroath - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17
|
[
"Alloa Athletic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians .",
"title": "Bryan Prunty"
},
{
"text": " Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17",
"title": "Arbroath"
}
] |
/wiki/Bryan_Prunty#P54#6
|
Bryan Prunty played for which team in Mar 2011?
|
Bryan Prunty Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians . Career . Club . Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club . On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 . Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir . On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton . Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United . Coaching career . Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray . International . Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 . Honours . - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13 Arbroath - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17
|
[
"Dumbarton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians .",
"title": "Bryan Prunty"
},
{
"text": " Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17",
"title": "Arbroath"
}
] |
/wiki/Bryan_Prunty#P54#7
|
Bryan Prunty played for which team between Aug 2014 and Nov 2014?
|
Bryan Prunty Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians . Career . Club . Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club . On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 . Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir . On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton . Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United . Coaching career . Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray . International . Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 . Honours . - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13 Arbroath - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17
|
[
"Airdrieonians"
] |
[
{
"text": " Bryan Prunty ( born 12 January 1983 ) is a retired Scottish footballer who is currently on the backroom staff at Scottish League One club Airdrieonians .",
"title": "Bryan Prunty"
},
{
"text": " Prunty began his career with Celtic , but he failed to make a senior appearance . In January 2004 , he moved to fellow Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen , making his senior debut in a Scottish Cup replay victory against Dundee on 21 January 2004 . His first senior goal came on 27 March 2004 in a 3โ1 defeat against Kilmarnock . At the end of the 2003โ04 season , Prunty was told by manager Jimmy Calderwood that he could leave the club .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 6 August 2004 , Prunty signed for Inverness Caledonian Thistle . A year later he joined Airdrie United where he was recognised as the clubs 2005โ06 Player of the Year . Prunty then signed for Airdries Second Division rivals Ayr United in May 2008 . In May 2009 , he was recognised by his fellow professionals as 2nd Division player of the year for 2008โ2009 .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty spent part of the 2009โ10 season on loan at Stirling Albion . It was widely believed Prunty would sign permanently for Stirling in January 2010 , but instead he was snapped up by Alloa Athletic . Prunty scored on his Alloa debut in a 2โ0 win over Stenhousemuir .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "On 16 May 2011 , Prunty then joined Dumbarton . In February 2012 , he scored an overhead kick against Stenhousemuir which was voted as SFL Goal of the Month , then a year later won the same award after scoring a stunning overhead bicycle kick from the edge of the box in a match against Livingston in February 2013 , which was reported to have been viewed so many times it caused the Livingston club website to crash . The goal was also voted Goal of the Season at both the PFA Scotland and Scottish Football League end of",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "season awards . On 16 May 2013 , Prunty agreed a new one-year contract with Dumbarton . In May 2014 Prunty agreed a new one-year deal with Dumbarton .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Despite only signing a new deal in May 2014 , Prunty joined Scottish League One Airdrieonians on August 30 , 2014 . He left the club in May 2016 after it was announced Airdrie would be operating full-time from June 2016 , signing for Scottish League Two side Arbroath shortly after . After 18 months with the Red Lichties , Prunty signed for Lowland League side East Kilbride in January 2018 . After five months with EK , he joined fellow Lowland League side BSC Glasgow in June 2018 . He only spent a short period with BSC before joining",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": "Scottish Junior Football Association side Cumbernauld United .",
"title": "Club"
},
{
"text": " Prunty left Cumbernauld United in November 2018 to join the coaching staff at Airdrieonians , working alongside former manager Ian Murray .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " Prunty played and scored for the Scotland Under-20 side in 2003 against Portugal . He also played three times for the Under-21 side in 2004 .",
"title": "International"
},
{
"text": " - SFL Player of the Month : December 2005 , November 2008 - PFA Scotland Second Division Player of the Season : 2008โ09 - SFL Goal of the season : 2012โ13 - PFA Scotland Goal of the Season : 2012โ13",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Scottish League Two ( fourth tier ) : Winners 2016โ17",
"title": "Arbroath"
}
] |
/wiki/Alan_Milburn#P39#0
|
What position did Alan Milburn take in May 1995?
|
Alan Milburn Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election . Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University . Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne . He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s . Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election . Member of Parliament . In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation . In government . In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury . He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance . Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting . While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group . He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role . Backbenches . On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party . He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard . Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes . In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics . Later career . Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government . In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash . In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members . In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative . In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 . In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy . In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington . Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alan_Milburn#P39#1
|
What position did Alan Milburn take between Jul 1997 and May 1998?
|
Alan Milburn Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election . Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University . Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne . He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s . Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election . Member of Parliament . In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation . In government . In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury . He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance . Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting . While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group . He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role . Backbenches . On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party . He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard . Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes . In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics . Later career . Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government . In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash . In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members . In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative . In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 . In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy . In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington . Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .
|
[
"Minister of State at the Department of Health",
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alan_Milburn#P39#2
|
What position did Alan Milburn take between Aug 1999 and Sep 1999?
|
Alan Milburn Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election . Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University . Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne . He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s . Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election . Member of Parliament . In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation . In government . In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury . He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance . Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting . While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group . He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role . Backbenches . On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party . He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard . Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes . In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics . Later career . Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government . In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash . In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members . In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative . In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 . In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy . In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington . Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alan_Milburn#P39#3
|
What position did Alan Milburn take in Apr 2000?
|
Alan Milburn Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election . Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University . Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne . He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s . Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election . Member of Parliament . In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation . In government . In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury . He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance . Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting . While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group . He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role . Backbenches . On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party . He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard . Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes . In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics . Later career . Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government . In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash . In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members . In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative . In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 . In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy . In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington . Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .
|
[
"Secretary of State for Health"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Alan_Milburn#P39#4
|
What position did Alan Milburn take after Jan 2002?
|
Alan Milburn Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election . Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University . Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne . He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s . Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election . Member of Parliament . In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation . In government . In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury . He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance . Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting . While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group . He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role . Backbenches . On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party . He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard . Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes . In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics . Later career . Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government . In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash . In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members . In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative . In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 . In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy . In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington . Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alan Milburn ( born 27 January 1958 ) is a British Labour politician who was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Darlington from 1992 to 2010 . He served for five years in the Cabinet , first as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1998 to 1999 , and subsequently as Secretary of State for Health until 2003 , when he resigned . He briefly rejoined the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in order to manage Labours 2005 re-election campaign . He did not seek re-election in the 2010 election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "Milburn was Chair of the Social Mobility Commission from 2012 to 2017 . Since 2015 , he has been Chancellor of Lancaster University .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Early life and career . Milburn was born in Birmingham , and brought up in the village of Tow Law in County Durham , England and Newcastle-upon-Tyne .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "He was educated at John Marlay School , Newcastle and Stokesley Comprehensive School . He went on to Lancaster University , where he resided at Pendle College and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with Upper Second Class Honours in History . After leaving university , he returned to Newcastle where , with Martin Spence , he operated a small radical bookshop in the Westgate Road , called Days of Hope ( the shop was given the spoonerised nickname Haze of Dope ) . He also studied for a PhD at Newcastle University , but did not",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": "complete his thesis . In 1981 he married future Labour MEP Mo OToole , but the couple split up in the late 1980s .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was Co-ordinator of the Trade Union Studies Information Unit ( TUSIU ) from the mid-1980s onwards . From 1988 , Milburn co-ordinated a campaign to defend shipbuilding in Sunderland , and was elected as Chairman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central Constituency Labour Party . In 1990 he was appointed as a Business Development Officer for North Tyneside Borough Council and elected as President of the North East Region of the Manufacturing Science and Finance ( MSF ) Trade Union . Meanwhile , he won the seat of Darlington in the 1992 general election .",
"title": "Alan Milburn"
},
{
"text": " In Parliament , Milburn allied himself with the Blairite modernisers in the Labour Party , becoming close to Tony Blair who sat for the next-door constituency of Sedgefield . Later the political editor of the New Statesman wrote that Alan Milburn is regarded by most in Labour as the epitome of Blairite centrism and moderation .",
"title": "Member of Parliament"
},
{
"text": " In 1997 he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health , an important post in which he had responsibility for driving through Private Finance Initiative deals on hospitals . In the reshuffle caused by Peter Mandelsons resignation on 23 December 1998 , Milburn was promoted to the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "He became Secretary of State for Health in October 1999 , with responsibility for continuing the reduction in waiting times and delivering modernisation in the National Health Service ( NHS ) . In 2002 Milburn introduced NHS foundation trusts , described at the time as a sort of halfway house between the public and private sectors . The government increased expenditure on the NHS , although the public was sceptical over claims of improved performance .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " Milburn was thought to be a candidate for promotion within the Government , but on the day of a reshuffle ( 12 June 2003 ) he announced his resignation . He cited the difficulties combining family life in North-East England with a demanding job in London as his reason for quitting .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "While on the backbenches he continued to be a strong supporter of Tony Blairs policies , especially his continued policy of increased private involvement in public service provision . Following his resignation as Secretary of State for Health ( to spend more time with his family ) , Milburn took a post for ยฃ30,000 a year as an advisor to Bridgepoint Capital , a venture capital firm heavily involved in financing private health-care firms moving into the NHS , including Alliance Medical , Match Group , Medica and the Robinia Care Group .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": " He returned to government in September 2004 , with the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . He was brought back to lead the Labour Partys campaign in the 2005 general election , but the unsuccessful start to the campaign led to Milburn taking a back seat , with Gordon Brown returning to take a very prominent role .",
"title": "In government"
},
{
"text": "On election night in 2005 , he announced he would be leaving the Cabinet for a second time , although rumours persisted that he would challenge Gordon Brown for the succession . On 27 June 2007 , Brown subsequently assumed the prime ministerial role unopposed . On 8 September 2006 , after Tony Blair had announced his intention to step down within a year , Charles Clarke suggested Milburn as leader in place of Brown . On 28 February 2007 , he and Clarke launched The 2020 Vision , a website intended to promote policy debate in the Labour Party",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " He was the honorary president of the political organisation Progress , which was founded by Derek Draper . In 2007 , Milburn worked as an advisor to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and again in 2010 acted as an advisor to the election campaign of Julia Gillard .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Between January and July 2009 , Milburn chaired a governmental commission on social mobility , the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions . The Panel reported in July 2009 with recommendations to improve social mobility by acting at every life stage โ including through schools , universities , internship practices and recruitment processes .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": " In 2007 , Milburn became a paid advisor to PepsiCo and sat on its nutritional advisory board . By the time he stood down from parliament , Milburn had an income at least ยฃ115,000 a year from five companies . In June 2009 , he told his local party he would not be standing at the 2010 general election , saying : Standing down as an MP will give me the chance to balance my work and my family life with the time to pursue challenges other than politics .",
"title": "Backbenches"
},
{
"text": "Despite the change of government following the May 2010 general election , it was reported in August 2010 that Milburn had been offered a role in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition as social mobility tsar . Although not officially politically-affiliated , the role would involve advising the government on how to break down social barriers for people from disadvantaged backgrounds , and help people who feel they are barred from top jobs on grounds of race , religion , gender or disability . Milburn provoked criticism from former Cabinet colleague John Prescott , and his former ally Andy Burnham , for",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "advising the government . However , David Miliband defended Milburn claiming that he was serving the country and was not working for the Coalition Government .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2011 , Milburn was asked by Andrew Lansley to chair the new clinical commissioning board , as part of the Coalition Governments health reforms but he rejected the offer labelling the reforms as privatization , cuts and a car crash .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , Milburn contributed to The Purple Book ( alongside other key figures in the Labour Party such as Ed Miliband , Peter Mandelson , Jacqui Smith , Liam Byrne , Tessa Jowell , Tristram Hunt , Stephen Twigg , Rachel Reeves and Liz Kendall ) . In the book , he called for the Labour Party to adopt a policy of educational credit , a system whereby lower and middle-income families whose children attend failing schools can withdraw their children and get funding , worth 150% the cost of education at the failing school , in order to",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "pay for a place at a higher achieving school for the child , with the money coming from the budget of the failing school . The policy was rejected by the leftwing MP Michael Meacher but was welcomed by Labours Shadow Education Secretary Stephen Twigg and other shadow cabinet members .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2012 , a senior Number 10 adviser called for Andrew Lansley to be taken out and shot for introducing the Health and Social Care bill despite widespread opposition , and that Alan Milburn should be ennobled and join the coalition government as Secretary of State for Health . This was rejected by David Cameron and it is understood that Milburn rejected such offer and remained in the Labour Party . He wrote in The Times attacking the reforms , but calling for the left to give an alternative .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Milburn was appointed as Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission . He served until his resignation in December 2017 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 Milburn joined PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) as Chair of PwCs UK Health Industry Oversight Board , whose objective is to drive change in the health sector , and assist PwC in growing its presence in the health market . Milburn continued to be Chairman of the European Advisory Board at Bridgepoint Capital , whose activities include financing private health care companies providing services ito the NHS , and continued as a member of the Healthcare Advisory Panel at Lloyds Pharmacy .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Milburn became Lancaster Universityโs third Chancellor , taking over from the mountaineer Chris Bonington .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Early in 2015 , Milburn intervened in the British election campaign to criticise Labours health plans , which would limit private sector involvement in the NHS . Milburn was criticised for doing so while having a personal financial interest in the private health sector . In 2017 , Milburn was touted as a possible leader of a pro-EU movement after Brexit .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " - Guardian Unlimited Politics โ Ask Aristotle : Alan Milburn MP - TheyWorkForYou.com โ Alan Milburn MP - Alan Milburn on BBC Ones This Week - Alan Milburn gives his career story on the non-profit website icould .",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Idir_Ouali#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Idir Ouali belong to between Dec 2008 and Mar 2009?
|
Idir Ouali Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna . Club career . Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after . RE Mouscron . Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent . On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk . On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion . On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans . Le Mans . On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC . Dynamo Dresden . On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player . SC Paderborn . Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season . Kortrijk . On 15 June 2016 , Ouali joined Belgian club Kortrijk . Hatayspor . On 5 August 2019 , Ouali signed a contract with Turkish club Hatayspor . International career . In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .
|
[
"RE Mouscron"
] |
[
{
"text": " Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna .",
"title": "Idir Ouali"
},
{
"text": " Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC .",
"title": "Le Mans"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player .",
"title": "Dynamo Dresden"
},
{
"text": " Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season .",
"title": "SC Paderborn"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .",
"title": "International career"
}
] |
/wiki/Idir_Ouali#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Idir Ouali belong to between Jan 2010 and Sep 2011?
|
Idir Ouali Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna . Club career . Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after . RE Mouscron . Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent . On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk . On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion . On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans . Le Mans . On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC . Dynamo Dresden . On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player . SC Paderborn . Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season . Kortrijk . On 15 June 2016 , Ouali joined Belgian club Kortrijk . Hatayspor . On 5 August 2019 , Ouali signed a contract with Turkish club Hatayspor . International career . In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .
|
[
"Le Mans FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna .",
"title": "Idir Ouali"
},
{
"text": " Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC .",
"title": "Le Mans"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player .",
"title": "Dynamo Dresden"
},
{
"text": " Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season .",
"title": "SC Paderborn"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .",
"title": "International career"
}
] |
/wiki/Idir_Ouali#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Idir Ouali belong to between Jan 2012 and Sep 2012?
|
Idir Ouali Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna . Club career . Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after . RE Mouscron . Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent . On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk . On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion . On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans . Le Mans . On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC . Dynamo Dresden . On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player . SC Paderborn . Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season . Kortrijk . On 15 June 2016 , Ouali joined Belgian club Kortrijk . Hatayspor . On 5 August 2019 , Ouali signed a contract with Turkish club Hatayspor . International career . In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .
|
[
"Dynamo Dresden"
] |
[
{
"text": " Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna .",
"title": "Idir Ouali"
},
{
"text": " Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC .",
"title": "Le Mans"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player .",
"title": "Dynamo Dresden"
},
{
"text": " Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season .",
"title": "SC Paderborn"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .",
"title": "International career"
}
] |
/wiki/Idir_Ouali#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Idir Ouali belong to after Apr 2014?
|
Idir Ouali Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna . Club career . Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after . RE Mouscron . Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent . On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk . On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion . On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans . Le Mans . On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC . Dynamo Dresden . On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player . SC Paderborn . Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season . Kortrijk . On 15 June 2016 , Ouali joined Belgian club Kortrijk . Hatayspor . On 5 August 2019 , Ouali signed a contract with Turkish club Hatayspor . International career . In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .
|
[
"SC Paderborn"
] |
[
{
"text": " Idir Ouali ( born 21 May 1988 ) is a French-Algerian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ethnikos Achna .",
"title": "Idir Ouali"
},
{
"text": " Ouali began his career in the junior ranks of amateur club SCO Roubaix 59 in his native Roubaix . At age 15 , his math teacher at the time recommended that he try out for Mouscrons academy , Futurosport , which was a short distance away across the Belgian border . Ouali took his advice and was admitted into the club shortly after .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Ouali progressed through the junior ranks of Mouscron , and on 27 January 2007 , he made his professional debut for the club in a league game against KAA Gent .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 8 March 2008 , Ouali started his first league game for the club against Brugge , scoring a goal in the 2โ0 win . The following week , he started and scored again , this time against Charleroi . After scoring two goals in his first 2 starts for Mouscron , he was signed on 16 March 2008 to a two-year contract extension until 2010 . On 14 September 2008 , Ouali scored a hat-trick in a league game against Kortrijk .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 22 December 2008 , it was reported that Ouali was joining Standard Liรจge for a fee of โฌ400,000 . However , the transfer did not go through because of Mouscrons refusal to sell after the news of the transfer was leaked to the press before its completion .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": "On 28 December 2009 , Mouscron were kicked out of the Belgian First Division and relegated to the Third Division after facing financial difficulties and going into administration . All the first team players of the club became free agents and were free to sign with other clubs . On 1 January 2010 , Ouali went on trial with Ligue 1 side FC Sochaux . However , on 7 January 2010 , it was reported that Ouali was close to signing with another Ligue 1 side , Le Mans .",
"title": "RE Mouscron"
},
{
"text": " On 8 January 2010 , Ouali signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Le Mans FC .",
"title": "Le Mans"
},
{
"text": " On 24 July 2012 , Ouali signed a two-year contract with Dynamo Dresden . Despite the clubs on-field struggles , finishing 16th and 17th in Oualis two years at the club , he enjoyed a successful spell and reached good form . His pace caused problems for opposition defences as he established himself as an important first-team player .",
"title": "Dynamo Dresden"
},
{
"text": " Following Dynamo Dresdens relegation from the 2 . Bundesliga in the 2013โ14 season , Ouali signed a three-year contract with SC Paderborn 07 , and represented them in the Bundesliga for the 2014โ15 season . Paderborn were relegated to the 2 . Bundesliga for the 2015โ16 season .",
"title": "SC Paderborn"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Ouali was selected by Algeria national team coach Vahid Halilhodลพiฤ as a reserve player for a pair of 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Benin and Rwanda .",
"title": "International career"
}
] |
/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)#P17#0
|
Which country did Nakhchivan (city) belong to in late 1920s?
|
Nakhchivan ( city ) Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level . Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city . Toponymy . The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan . According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood . Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent . History . Classical period . Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 . Medieval period . The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 . In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 . Modern period . Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians . After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan . It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan . Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 . When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers . Ecclesiastical history . The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni . Geography . The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting . Climate . Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers . Population . According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 . Economy . Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy . Culture . The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital . Architecture . The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums . The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery . In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself . The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites . Cuisine . Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin . Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash , Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir . it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc . Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf . Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake . Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system . Museums and galleries . The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome . Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan . Music and media . The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city . Sports . Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup . Festivals . Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival . Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April . Education . There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council . Universities and colleges . Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute Transport . Public transport . Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 . Air . Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey . Rail . Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur . Notable residents . The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani . International relations . Twin towns . Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": "Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": " The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": " Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 .",
"title": "Classical period"
},
{
"text": " The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": "In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni .",
"title": "Ecclesiastical history"
},
{
"text": " The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 .",
"title": "Population"
},
{
"text": " Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": " The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash ,",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": " Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": "Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": " The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": "Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": " The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city .",
"title": "Music and media"
},
{
"text": " Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": "Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": " There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute",
"title": "Universities and colleges"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey .",
"title": "Air"
},
{
"text": " Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur .",
"title": "Rail"
},
{
"text": " The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani .",
"title": "Notable residents"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)#P17#1
|
Which country did Nakhchivan (city) belong to in Dec 1991?
|
Nakhchivan ( city ) Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level . Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city . Toponymy . The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan . According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood . Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent . History . Classical period . Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 . Medieval period . The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 . In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 . Modern period . Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians . After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan . It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan . Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 . When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers . Ecclesiastical history . The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni . Geography . The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting . Climate . Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers . Population . According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 . Economy . Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy . Culture . The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital . Architecture . The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums . The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery . In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself . The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites . Cuisine . Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin . Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash , Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir . it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc . Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf . Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake . Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system . Museums and galleries . The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome . Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan . Music and media . The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city . Sports . Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup . Festivals . Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival . Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April . Education . There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council . Universities and colleges . Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute Transport . Public transport . Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 . Air . Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey . Rail . Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur . Notable residents . The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani . International relations . Twin towns . Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,
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[
{
"text": " Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": "Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": " The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": " Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 .",
"title": "Classical period"
},
{
"text": " The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": "In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni .",
"title": "Ecclesiastical history"
},
{
"text": " The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 .",
"title": "Population"
},
{
"text": " Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": " The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash ,",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": " Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": "Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": " The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": "Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": " The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city .",
"title": "Music and media"
},
{
"text": " Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": "Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": " There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute",
"title": "Universities and colleges"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey .",
"title": "Air"
},
{
"text": " Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur .",
"title": "Rail"
},
{
"text": " The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani .",
"title": "Notable residents"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)#P17#2
|
Which country did Nakhchivan (city) belong to in Apr 1998?
|
Nakhchivan ( city ) Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level . Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city . Toponymy . The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan . According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood . Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent . History . Classical period . Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 . Medieval period . The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 . In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 . Modern period . Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians . After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan . It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan . Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 . When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers . Ecclesiastical history . The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni . Geography . The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting . Climate . Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers . Population . According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 . Economy . Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy . Culture . The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital . Architecture . The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums . The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery . In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself . The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites . Cuisine . Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin . Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash , Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir . it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc . Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf . Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake . Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system . Museums and galleries . The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome . Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan . Music and media . The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city . Sports . Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup . Festivals . Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival . Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April . Education . There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council . Universities and colleges . Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute Transport . Public transport . Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 . Air . Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey . Rail . Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur . Notable residents . The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani . International relations . Twin towns . Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Nakhchivan ( , , ; , ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan , located west of Baku . The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan , the settlement of ฦliabad and the villages of Baลbaลฤฑ , Bulqan , Haciniyyษt , Qaraรงuq ( Garachug ) , Qaraxanbษyli ( Garakhanbeyli ) , Tumbul , Qaraฤalฤฑq , and Daลduz . It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": "Since 9 June 2009 , the Bulqan , Qaraรงuq , Qaraxanbษyli , Tumbul and Haciniyyษt villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city .",
"title": "Nakhchivan ( city )"
},
{
"text": " The citys official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( ) , so is the Persian spelling ( ) . In Armenian and Russian , the citys name is spelled as Nakhichevan ( , ) . The city was first mentioned in Ptolemys Geography as Naxuana ( , ) , while the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi referred to it as Ijevan .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "According to an interpretation by the Jewish historian Josephus Flavius , the Armenian name of Nakhjavan means the place of the first landing . He wrote that the city of Nakhchivan was built at the foot of a mountain , to the top of which Noahs Ark landed during the Biblical flood .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "Russo-German linguist Max Vasmer argued that Nakhchivan was originally named Nakhjavan , which was the result of the combination of the Armenian ฮaฯiฤ , and the Old Persian avan , latter meaning a place . Later on , the Turkic peoples migrating to the region transformed the sound dส to tส , which led to the formation of the Nakhchivan variant of the name . German philologist Heinrich Hรผbschmann also agrees with this interpretation . According to Harrison Gray Otis Dwight , Nakhchivan derives from the composition of nakh ( first in Armenian ) and ichevan ( resting-place or descent",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": "in Armenian ) , thus translates to first resting-place or first descent .",
"title": "Toponymy"
},
{
"text": " Local tradition states that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood , and was his place of death and burial . According to Saint Movses Khorenatsi , King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC . Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia as Naxouana ( ) . Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran . Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the ByzantineโSasanian War of 602โ628 .",
"title": "Classical period"
},
{
"text": " The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce . After the rebellion of 703 , Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705 . Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Kingdom of Armenia in c . 900 , but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abil-Saj . The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195 , and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": "In 1225 , Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalฤliya , daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan . Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280 . The city was conquered by Timur in 1401 , but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405 .",
"title": "Medieval period"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503 . Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603โ1604 . Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 . The city became the centre of the Nakhchivan Uyezd in the Erivan Governorate in 1849 . In 1896 , Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433 , roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "After the February Revolution of 1917 , a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan , but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917 , and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918 . Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November , after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919 , and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919 , and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919 . Britain , France , Italy , and the US , with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan , agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D . Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan , elections would be held , and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory . However , in March 1920 , Turkish forces led by Kรขzฤฑm Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920 , and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Republic . The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921 , and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921 , between Russia and Turkey agreed that Nakhchivan would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey . In February 1923 , the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( ASSR ) , but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": "Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924 .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union , Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war , a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia , Azerbaijan and Russia . According to the agreement , Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers .",
"title": "Modern period"
},
{
"text": " The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan , and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni .",
"title": "Ecclesiastical history"
},
{
"text": " The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain , on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks . As a result , reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate ( Kรถppen BSk ) with short but cold , snowy winters and long , dry , very hot summers .",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"text": " According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan , the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000 .",
"title": "Population"
},
{
"text": " Traditionally , Nakhchivan was home to trade industry , handicraft , shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians . These industries have been largely replaced . The restoration enterprises and development industry , liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure , which has been largely responsible for Nakchivans growth in the last two decades , are now major parts of Nakchivans economy .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The city has a wide range of cultural activities , amenities and museums . Heydar Aliyev Palace , which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people , and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays , concerts , musicals and opera . Many of the citys cultural sites are expected to be celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": " The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Gulustan Mausoleum , Noahs Mausoleum , Garabaghlar Mausoleum , Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum , Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum , also known as Atabek Gumbezi . Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan , ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate . The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script , it uses turquoise glazed bricks . It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect โ Ajami Nakhchivani โ and a bust of Heydar Aliyev . Also from the 12th century and by the same architect , is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb , known as",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "Atababa , half abandoned near the main cemetery .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " In 1993 , the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built . The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalins Great Purge . Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre . Although being a recent construction , Huseyn Javids mausoleum is of great iconic importance , representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": "The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites , UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova โ president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOSโInternational Council on Monuments and Sites .",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"text": " Nakchivanโs signature cuisine includes shirin plov ( sweet rice with gravy ; made with mutton , hazelnuts , almonds and dried fruits ) , dastana , komba , tendir lavash and galin .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Lavash is made with flour , water , and salt . The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out . Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking . It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan . In connection with this , the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different ; the tendir lavash as thin as paper , galin ( thick ) , dastana , and komba ( ash cake ) . If prepared to saj it was called lavash ,",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "Juha salmag โ spread Juha , lavash bread on saj , and if prepared in the tandir , the llavash yapmag lavash bread stick . The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "it is impossible to fight with lavash bread , as the proverb reads Gyaldi lavash โ Bitdili Savas โ Came lavash โ the end of the war . There are many peopleโs ideological expressions about lavash Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash Quietly ( slow ) โ cheese lavash or Khamrali hash โ bagryna bass , Khamraliev ( kind of bread ) push to the chest , i.e . . lavash bread โ eat slowly . Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape โ durmek . In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": "with these sandwiches . Inside durmeks โ rolls was put butter and jam , cheese , cottage cheese and butter , cheese with herbs , potatoes , boiled eggs , etc .",
"title": "Cuisine"
},
{
"text": " Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan , between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan , but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place . Touristic place of Batabat Lake .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": "Batabat Lake is in the Shahbuz district of Nakhchivan , in the basin of the Nakhchivan River and covers an area of 16.0 hectares . The local climate and landscape are favourable for the creation of tourist and recreation facilities . The existing meadows , clean , life-giving air , natural forests and bushes , fresh water streams ( Zorbulag and Sudlubulag ) and mineral water springs surely demand the creation of a leisure and tourism zone . Conditions are very favourable for the treatment of cardiac diseases and diseases of the nervous system .",
"title": "Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf"
},
{
"text": " The city also has many historical museums , the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic , Nakhchivan State History Museum , The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum , and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli . There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street . The city has a few interesting mosques , particularly the Juma mosque , with its large dome .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": "Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air , Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ( Xatฤฑra Muzeyi ) , dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan .",
"title": "Museums and galleries"
},
{
"text": " The regional channels Naxรงฤฑvan TV and Kanal 35 , and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city .",
"title": "Music and media"
},
{
"text": " Araz Naxรงivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup . Nakhchivan had one professional football team , Araz-Naxรงฤฑvan , which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football , the Azerbaijan Premier League . In 2014 , the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is known for its Goyja fruit , sort of a cherry-plum , and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex . Products made from goyjaโjam , compote ( drink ) , pickles , dried , lavasha ( bread ) โ are shown at the festival .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": "Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata ( ) โ flat pie with greens , which is made with shomu ( wild spinach ) , mixed greens , desert candle , pumpkin , asphodel , nettle , bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir . Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR . The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex Nakhchivangala in April .",
"title": "Festivals"
},
{
"text": " There are 3 professional , 6 musical , 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities : - Nakhchivan State University - Nakhchivan Private University - Nakhchivan Teachers Institute",
"title": "Universities and colleges"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivans trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004 .",
"title": "Public transport"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan . The airport is connected by bus to the city center . There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey .",
"title": "Air"
},
{
"text": " Currently , a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur .",
"title": "Rail"
},
{
"text": " The citys notable residents include : president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev , Huseyn Javid โ poet and playwright , founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature , writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh , opera singer Azer Zeynalov , film director Rza Tahmasib , generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski , artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani .",
"title": "Notable residents"
},
{
"text": " Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities . - Batumi , Georgia ,",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#0
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Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor in Jun 1950?
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Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor between Apr 1956 and Jun 1956?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Michael Wilding"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor in Jan 1958?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Mike Todd"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor between Dec 1959 and Jan 1961?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Eddie Fisher"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#4
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor between Dec 1965 and Nov 1966?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Richard Burton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#5
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor in May 1976?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Richard Burton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#6
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor between Mar 1981 and Mar 1982?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
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[
"John Warner"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor#P26#7
|
Who was the spouse of Elizabeth Taylor after Sep 1993?
|
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema . Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) . Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) ; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 . Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal . Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 . Early life . Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas . They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year . The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet . In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles . After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School . Acting career . Early roles and teenage stardom ( 1941โ1949 ) . In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer . Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that , apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct . Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) . As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused . National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not . Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her . They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire . Transition to adult roles ( 1950โ1951 ) . Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May . That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , ten months later . Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters ) . Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry . A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen . Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) . Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project , finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals . Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously . Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill . In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave . Critical acclaim ( 1956โ1960 ) . By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets . MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death . During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA . Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance . By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton ( 1961โ1967 ) . After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point . Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization . Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra , it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers . After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office . Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance . In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million . Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment . Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle . In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970 ) , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful . The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton . Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat ( 1974 ) , was a failure . Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) . Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) . After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position . The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press . Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives , Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends . From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 . In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance . Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios . Other ventures . HIV/AIDS activism . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you . Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally . Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s . Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands . Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov . Personal life . Marriages , relationships , and children . Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley . Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage . Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their wedding . Taylor married her second husband , British actor Michael Wilding โ a man 20 years her senior โ in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21 , 1952 . She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England , and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951 . Taylor found their age gap appealing , as she wanted the calm and quiet and security of friendship from their relationship ; he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood . They had two sons : Michael Howard ( b . January 6 , 1953 ) and Christopher Edward ( b . February 27 , 1955 ) . As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself , she began to drift apart from Wilding , whose failing career was also a source of marital strife . When she was away filming Giant in 1955 , gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home . Taylor and Wilding announced their separation on July 18 , 1956 , and were divorced in January 1957 . Taylor married her third husband , theater and film producer Mike Todd , in Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , on February 2 , 1957 . They had one daughter , Elizabeth Liza Frances ( b . August 6 , 1957 ) . Todd , known for publicity stunts , encouraged the media attention to their marriage ; for example , in June 1957 , he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden , which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS . His death in a plane crash on March 22 , 1958 , left Taylor devastated . She was comforted by Todds and her friend , singer Eddie Fisher , with whom she soon began an affair . As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds , the affair resulted in a public scandal , with Taylor being branded a homewrecker . Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12 , 1959 ; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief . While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962 , Taylor began an affair with her co-star , Welsh actor Richard Burton , although Burton was also married . Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press , and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia . According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore , the publication of the photograph was a turning point , beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images . The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for erotic vagrancy by the Vatican , with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country . Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 5 , 1964 in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico , and married Burton 10 days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal . Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton ( b . August 1 , 1961 ) , a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films , and led a jet-set lifestyle , spending millions on furs , diamonds , paintings , designer clothes , travel , food , liquor , a yacht , and a jet . Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess . From reports of massive spending [ ... ] affairs , and even an open marriage , the couple came to represent a new era of gotcha celebrity coverage , where the more personal the story , the better . They divorced for the first time in June 1974 , but reconciled , and remarried in Kasane , Botswana , on October 10 , 1975 . The second marriage lasted less than a year , ending in divorce in July 1976 . Taylor and Burtons relationship was often referred to as the marriage of the century by the media , and she later stated , After Richard , the men in my life were just there to hold the coat , to open the door . All the men after Richard were really just company . Soon after her final divorce from Burton , Taylor met her sixth husband , John Warner , a Republican politician from Virginia . They were married on December 4 , 1976 , after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign . Once Warner had been elected to the Senate , she started to find her life as a politicians wife in Washington , D.C. , boring and lonely , becoming depressed , overweight , and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol . Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981 , and divorced a year later in November 1982 . After the divorce from Warner , Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary , and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983โ1984 , and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985 . She met her seventh โ and last โ husband , construction worker Larry Fortensky , at the Betty Ford Center in 1988 . They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6 , 1991 . The wedding was again subject to intense media attention , with one photographer parachuting to the ranch and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million , which she used to start her AIDS foundation . Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996 , but remained in contact for life . She attributed the split to her painful hip operations and his obsessive-compulsive disorder . In the winter of 1999 , Fortensky underwent brain surgery after falling off a balcony and was comatose for six weeks ; Taylor immediately notified the hospital she would personally guarantee his medical expenses . At the end of 2010 , she wrote him a letter that read : Larry darling , you will always be a big part of my heart ! Ill love you for ever . Taylors last phone call with Fortensky was on February 7 , 2011 , one day before she checked into the hospital for what turned out to be her final stay . He told her she would outlive him . Although they had been divorced for almost 15 years , Taylor left Fortensky $825,000 in her will . Support for Jewish and Zionist causes . Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist , and converted to Judaism in 1959 . Although two of her husbands โ Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher โ were Jewish , Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them , but had wanted to do so for a long time , and that there was comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [ has ] survived for four thousand years.. . I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life . Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather , Victor Cazalet , and her mother , who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood . Following her conversion , Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes . In 1959 , she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds , which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa . She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962 , but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country . In addition to purchasing bonds , Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund , and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center . She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel , cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War , and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975 . In 1976 , she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking . She had a small role in the television film made about the incident , Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) , and narrated Genocide ( 1981 ) , an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust . Style and jewelry collection . Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style . At MGM , her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head , and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff . Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , a green A-line dress in Suddenly Last Summer ( 1959 ) , and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) . Her make-up look in Cleopatra ( 1963 ) started a trend for cat-eye make-up done with black eyeliner . Taylor collected jewelry through her life , and owned the Krupp Diamond , the Taylor-Burton Diamond , and the La Peregrina Pearl , all three of which were gifts from husband Richard Burton . She also published a book about her collection , My Love Affair with Jewelry , in 2002 . Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani and Halston . She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) in 1997 . After her death , her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christies to benefit her AIDS foundation , ETAF . The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million , and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million . Los Angeles residence . Taylor lived at 700 Nimes Road in the Bel Air district of Los Angeles from 1982 until her death in 2011 . The art photographer Catherine Opie created an eponymous photographic study of the house in 2011 . Health problems and death . Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life . She was born with scoliosis and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944 . The fracture went undetected for several years , although it caused her chronic back problems . In 1956 , she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone . Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries , which often necessitated surgery ; in 1961 , she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy . She was treated for the pneumonia with a dose of staph bacteriophage . In addition , she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers . She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984 , becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic . She relapsed later in the decade , and entered rehabilitation again in 1988 . Taylor also struggled with her weight โ she became overweight in the 1970s , especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner , and published a diet book about her experiences , Elizabeth Takes Off ( 1988 ) . Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990 . Taylors health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life , and she rarely attended public events after about 1996 . Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000 , underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s , underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997 , and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002 . She used a wheelchair due to her back problems , and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004 . Six weeks after being hospitalized , she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23 , 2011 , at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles . Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler . At Taylors request , the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule , as , according to her representative , She even wanted to be late for her own funeral . She was entombed in the cemeterys Great Mausoleum . Legacy . Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema , and one of the first modern celebrities . During the era of the studio system , she exemplified the classic film star . She was portrayed as different from ordinary people , and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM . When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s , and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture , Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity , whose real private life was the focus of public interest . According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post , [ m ] ore than for any film role , she became famous for being famous , setting a media template for later generations of entertainers , models , and all variety of semi-somebodies . Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career , Taylors film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics ; according to film historian Jeanine Basinger , No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor.. . Her persona ate her alive . Her film roles often mirrored her personal life , and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself , rather than acting . In contrast , Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that the range of [ Taylors ] acting was surprisingly wide , despite the fact that she never received any professional training . Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot โ sultry and queenly at the same time , and a shrewd , intelligent , intuitive acting presence in her later years . David Thomson stated that she had the range , nerve , and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before โ and like Davis , Taylor was monster and empress , sweetheart and scold , idiot and wise woman . Five films in which she starred โ Lassie Come Home , National Velvet , A Place in the Sun , Giant , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? โ have been preserved in the National Film Registry , and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema . Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society . Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a pre-feminist woman who wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy . Through stars like Taylor , we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah , Salome , and Helen of Troy . In contrast , cultural critic M.G . Lord calls Taylor an accidental feminist , stating that while she did not identify as a feminist , many of her films had feminist themes and introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas . Similarly , Ben W . Heineman Jr . and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities . Taylor is considered a gay icon , and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism . After her death , GLAAD issued a statement saying that she was an icon not only in Hollywood , but in the LGBT community , where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve , and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS . According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian , she was a new type of gay icon , one whose position is based not on tragedy , but on her work for the LGBTQ community . Speaking of her charity work , former President Bill Clinton said at her death , Elizabeths legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired . Sources . - Dye , David ( 1988 ) . Child and Youth Actors : Filmography of Their Entire Careers , 1914-1985 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , pp . 226โ227 . External links . - Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation ( ETAF )
|
[
"Larry Fortensky"
] |
[
{
"text": " Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor ( February 27 , 1932 โ March 23 , 2011 ) was an English-American actress , businesswoman , and humanitarian . She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s . She continued her career successfully into the 1960s , remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life . In 1999 , the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend of Classic Hollywood cinema .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Born in London to socially prominent American parents , Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939 . She made her acting debut with a minor role in the Universal Pictures film Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) , but the studio ended her contract after a year . She was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and became a popular teen star after appearing in National Velvet ( 1944 ) . She transitioned to mature roles in the 1950s , when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and received critical acclaim",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars , Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s . She resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned . She began receiving more enjoyable roles in the mid-1950s , beginning with the epic drama Giant ( 1956 ) , and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years . These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams : Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , and Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 )",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "; Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter . Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , her last film for MGM , she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "During the production of the film Cleopatra in 1961 , Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair , which caused a scandal . Despite public disapproval , they continued their relationship and were married in 1964 . Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media , they starred in 11 films together , including The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 ) , and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) . Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf , winning her",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance . She and Burton divorced in 1974 , but reconciled soon after , and remarried in 1975 . The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "Taylors acting career began to decline in the late 1960s , although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s , after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , United States Senator John Warner ( R-Virginia ) . In the 1980s , she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series . She became the second celebrity to launch a perfume brand , after Sophia Loren . Taylor was one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism . She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": "in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991 . From the early 1990s until her death , she dedicated her time to philanthropy , for which she received several accolades , including the Presidential Citizens Medal .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Throughout her career , Taylors personal life was the subject of constant media attention . She was married eight times to seven men , converted to Judaism , endured several serious illnesses , and led a jet set lifestyle , including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world . After many years of ill health , Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011 , at the age of 79 .",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"text": " Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27 , 1932 , at Heathwood , her familys home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb , London . She received dual British-American citizenship at birth , as her parents , art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor ( 1897โ1968 ) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern ( nรฉe Sara Viola Warmbrodt , 1895โ1994 ) , were United States citizens , both originally from Arkansas City , Kansas .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "They moved to London in 1929 and opened an art gallery on Bond Street ; their first child , a son named Howard , was born the same year .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The family lived in London during Taylors childhood . Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight , and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet . Cazalet was Taylors unofficial godfather , and an important influence in her early life . She was enrolled in Byron House , a Montessori school in Highgate , and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science , the religion of her mother and Cazalet .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In early 1939 , the Taylors decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe . United States ambassador Joseph P . Kennedy contacted her father , urging him to return to the US with his family . Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan , and moved in with Taylors maternal grandfather in Pasadena , California . Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery , and joined them in December . In early 1940 , he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "After briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family , the Taylor family settled in Beverly Hills , where the two children were enrolled in Hawthorne School .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In California , Taylors mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films . Taylors eyes in particular drew attention ; they were blue , to the extent of appearing violet , and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes caused by a genetic mutation . Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films , but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely , she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society . Francis Taylors Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "opening , helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper , a friend of the Cazalets . Through a client and a school friends father , Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941 . Both studios offered Taylor contracts , and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universals offer .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in Theres One Born Every Minute ( 1942 ) . She did not receive other roles , and her contract was terminated after a year . Universals casting director explained her dislike of Taylor , stating that the kid has nothing .. . her eyes are too old , she doesnt have the face of a child . Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era , such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland . Taylor later said that",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", apparently , I used to frighten grown ups , because I was totally direct .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942 , when her fathers acquaintance , MGM producer Samuel Marx , arranged for her to audition for a minor role in Lassie Come Home ( 1943 ) , which required a child actress with an English accent . After a trial contract of three months , she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943 . Following Lassie , she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England โ Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) , and The White Cliffs of Dover ( 1944 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "As she was deemed too short , filming was pushed back several months to allow her to grow ; she spent the time practicing riding . In developing her into a new star , MGM required her to wear braces to correct her teeth , and had two of her baby teeth pulled out . The studio also wanted to dye her hair and change the shape of her eyebrows , and proposed that she use the screen name Virginia , but Taylor and her parents refused .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " National Velvet became a box-office success upon its release on Christmas 1944 . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that her whole manner in this picture is one of refreshing grace , while James Agee of The Nation wrote that she is rapturously beautiful.. . I hardly know or care whether she can act or not .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star , as MGM started to control every aspect of her life . She described the studio as a big extended factory , where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule : days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot , and evenings in dancing and singing classes , and in practising the following days scenes . Following the success of National Velvet , MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750 , and cast her in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "minor role in the third film of the Lassie series , Courage of Lassie ( 1946 ) . The studio also published a book of Taylors writings about her pet chipmunk , Nibbles and Me ( 1946 ) , and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged man-stealer who seduces her peers date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves ( 1948 ) . This became a commercial success , grossing over $4 million in the box office . Taylors last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoys Little Women ( 1949 ) . While this version did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M . Alcotts novel , it was",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a box-office success . The same year , Time featured Taylor on its cover , and called her the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars , a jewel of great price , a true sapphire .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950 . In her first mature role , the thriller Conspirator ( 1949 ) , she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy . Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming , but its release was delayed until March 1950 , as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems . Taylors second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) , co-starring Van Johnson . It was released in May",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". That same month , Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr . in a highly publicized ceremony . The event was organized by MGM , and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylors next film , Vincente Minnellis comedy Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) , in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding . The film became a box-office success upon its release in June , grossing $6 million worldwide , and was followed by a successful sequel , Fathers Little Dividend ( 1951 ) ,",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "ten months later .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film release , George Stevens A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) , marked a departure from her earlier films . According to Taylor , it was the first film in which she had been asked to act , instead of simply being herself , and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet . Based on Theodore Dreisers novel An American Tragedy ( 1925 ) , it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker ( Montgomery Clift ) and his pregnant girlfriend ( Shelley Winters )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Stevens cast Taylor as she was the only one .. . who could create this illusion of being not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover , the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " A Place in the Sun was a critical and commercial success , grossing $3 million . Herb Golden of Variety said that Taylors histrionics are of a quality so far beyond anything she has done previously , that Stevens skilled hands on the reins must be credited with a minor miracle . A.H . Weiler of The New York Times wrote that she gives a shaded , tender performance , and one in which her passionate and genuine romance avoids the pathos common to young love as it sometimes comes to the screen .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Continued success at MGM ( 1952โ1955 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) . According to Alexander Walker , MGM cast her in the B-picture as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage , which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her . After completing Love Is Better Than Ever , Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe ( 1952 ) , which was one of the most expensive projects in the studios history . She was not happy about the project",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small . Regardless , Ivanhoe became one of MGMs biggest commercial successes , earning $11 million in worldwide rentals .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything ( 1953 ) , a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul ( 1931 ) . Despite her grievances with the studio , Taylor signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952 . Although she wanted more interesting roles , the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need ; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding , and was pregnant with her first child . In addition to granting her a weekly salary of",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "$4,700 , MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house , and signed her husband for a three-year contract . Due to her financial dependency , the studio now had even more control over her than previously .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylors first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954 . The first was Rhapsody , a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians . The second was Elephant Walk , a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husbands tea plantation in Ceylon . She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star , Vivien Leigh , fell ill .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In the fall , Taylor starred in two more film releases . Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film , another project in which she was cast against her will . Taylor disliked historical films in general , as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare . She later said that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell . The second film was Richard Brooks The Last Time I Saw Paris , based on F . Scott Fitzgeralds short story . Although she had wanted",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa ( 1954 ) instead , Taylor liked the film , and later stated that it convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts . While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films , it garnered positive reviews . Taylor became pregnant again during the production , and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By the mid-1950s , the American film industry was beginning to face serious competition from television , which resulted in studios producing fewer films , and focusing instead on their quality . The change benefited Taylor , who finally found more challenging roles after several years of career disappointments . After lobbying director George Stevens , she won the female lead role in Giant ( 1956 ) , an epic drama about a ranching dynasty , which co-starred Rock Hudson and James Dean . Its filming in Marfa , Texas , was a difficult experience for Taylor , as she",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "clashed with Stevens , who wanted to break her will to make her easier to direct , and was often ill , resulting in delays . To further complicate the production , Dean died in a car accident only days after completing filming ; grieving Taylor still had to film reaction shots to their joint scenes . When Giant was released a year later , it became a box-office success , and was widely praised by critics . Although not nominated for an Academy Award like her co-stars , Taylor garnered positive reviews for her performance , with Variety calling",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "it surprisingly clever , and The Manchester Guardian lauding her acting as an astonishing revelation of unsuspected gifts . It named her one of the films strongest assets .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " MGM re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County ( 1957 ) , a Civil War drama which it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating , but overall disliked the film . Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned , Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) a career high point . But it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life . After completing Raintree Country , she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd . She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958 , when Todd was killed in a plane crash . Although she was devastated , pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later . She later said that in a way .. . [ she ] became Maggie , and that acting was the only time I could function in the weeks after Todds death .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "During the production , Taylors personal life drew more attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher , whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of Americas sweethearts . The affair โ and Fishers subsequent divorce โ changed Taylors public image from a grieving widow to a homewrecker . MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a slip in the films promotional posters . Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone , and made Taylor the years second-most",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "profitable star . She received positive reviews for her performance , with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her terrific , and Variety praising her for a well-accented , perceptive interpretation . Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award and a BAFTA .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors next film , Joseph L . Mankiewicz Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) , was another Tennessee Williams adaptation , and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn . The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution . Although the film was a drama about mental illness , childhood traumas , and homosexuality , it was again promoted with Taylors sex appeal ; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit . The strategy worked , as the film was a financial success . Taylor",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "received her third Academy Award nomination and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "By 1959 , Taylor owed one more film for MGM , which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) , a drama about a high-class sex worker , in an adaptation of a John OHara 1935 novel of the same name . The studio correctly calculated that Taylors public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role . She hated the film for the same reason , but had no choice in the matter , although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "sympathetic role . As predicted , BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success , grossing $18 million in world rentals . Crowther wrote that Taylor looks like a million dollars , in mink or in negligรฉe , while Variety stated that she gives a torrid , stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within . Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing her MGM contract , Taylor starred in 20th Century-Foxs Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . According to film historian Alexander Doty , this historical epic made her more famous than ever before . She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role ; Fox also granted her 10% of the films profits , as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO , a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd . The films production โ characterized by costly sets and costumes , constant delays , and a scandal caused by",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton โ was closely followed by the media , with Life proclaiming it the Most Talked About Movie Ever Made . Filming began in England in 1960 , but had to be halted several times because of bad weather and Taylors ill health . In March 1961 , she developed nearly fatal pneumonia , which necessitated a tracheotomy ; one news agency erroneously reported that she had died . Once she had recovered , Fox discarded the already filmed material , and moved the production to Rome , changing its director to Joseph",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Mankiewicz , and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton . Filming was finally completed in July 1962 . The films final cost was $62 million , making it the most expensive film made up to that point .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Cleopatra became the biggest box-office success of 1963 in the United States ; the film grossed $15.7 million at the box office . Regardless , it took several years for the film to earn back its production costs , which drove Fox near to bankruptcy . The studio publicly blamed Taylor for the productions troubles and unsuccessfully sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the films commercial prospects with their behavior . The films reviews were mixed to negative , with critics finding Taylor overweight and her voice too thin , and unfavorably comparing her with her classically trained British",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "co-stars . In retrospect , Taylor called Cleopatra a low point in her career , and said that the studio had cut out the scenes which provided the core of the characterization .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor intended to follow Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Foxs black comedy What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) , but negotiations fell through , and Shirley MacLaine was cast instead . In the meantime , film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton , and they next starred together in Anthony Asquiths The V.I.P.s ( 1963 ) , which mirrored the headlines about them . Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover , and Burton her estranged millionaire husband . Released soon after Cleopatra",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", it became a box-office success . Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special , Elizabeth Taylor in London , in which she visited the citys landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After completing The V.I.P.s , Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films , during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other . The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s , earning a combined $88 million over the next decade ; Burton once stated , They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations . Biographer Alexander Walker compared these films to illustrated gossip columns , as their film roles often reflected their public personae , while film historian Alexander Doty has noted that the majority of Taylors films",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "during this period seemed to conform to , and reinforce , the image of an indulgent , raucous , immoral or amoral , and appetitive ( in many senses of the word ) Elizabeth Taylor . Taylor and Burtons first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minellis romantic drama The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) , about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur , California . Its reviews were largely negative , but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Their next project , Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of a play of the same name by Edward Albee , featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylors career . She and Burton starred as Martha and George , a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis . In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha , Taylor gained weight , wore a wig , and used make-up to make herself look older and tired โ in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star . At Taylors suggestion , theater",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project , despite his lack of experience with film . The production differed from anything she had done previously , as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming . Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language , and opened to glorious reviews . Variety wrote that Taylors characterization is at once sensual , spiteful , cynical , pitiable , loathsome , lustful , and tender . Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she does the best work of her career , sustained",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "and urgent . The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year . Taylor received her second Academy Award , and BAFTA , National Board of Review , and New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , Taylor and Burton performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society ; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy , a part which required no speaking . Although it received generally negative reviews , Burton produced it as a film , Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) , with the same cast . It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office . Taylor and Burtons next project , Franco Zeffirellis The Taming of the Shrew ( 1967 )",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", which they also co-produced , was more successful . It posed another challenge for Taylor , as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare ; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting , as she invented the part from scratch . Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple , and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylors third film released in 1967 , John Hustons Reflections in a Golden Eye , was her first without Burton since Cleopatra . Based on a novel of the same name by Carson McCullers , it was a drama about a repressed gay military officer and his unfaithful wife . It was originally slated to co-star Taylors old friend Montgomery Clift , whose career had been in decline for several years owing to his substance abuse problems . Determined to secure his involvement in the project , Taylor even offered to pay for his insurance . But Clift died from",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "a heart attack before filming began ; he was replaced in the role by Marlon Brando . Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release . Taylor and Burtons last film of the year was the adaptation of Graham Greenes novel , The Comedians , which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Career decline ( 1968โ1979 ) . Taylors career was in decline by the late 1960s . She had gained weight , was nearing middle age , and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie . After several years of nearly constant media attention , the public was tiring of Burton and her , and criticized their jet set lifestyle .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "In 1968 , Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey โ Boom ! and Secret Ceremony โ both of which were critical and commercial failures . The former , based on Tennessee Williams The Milk Train Doesnt Stop Here Anymore , features her as an aging , serial-marrying millionaire , and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired . Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum . Taylors third film with George Stevens , The Only Game in Town ( 1970",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ") , in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler , played by Warren Beatty , was unsuccessful .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful . Zee and Co. , which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple , won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress . She appeared with Burton in the adaptation of Dylan Thomass Under Milk Wood ; although her role was small , the producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame . Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinovs Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out , her tenth collaboration with Burton",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ". Although it was overall not successful , Taylor received some good reviews , with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has a certain vulgar , ratty charm , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times saying , The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population . Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor and Burtons last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His , Divorce Hers ( 1973 ) , fittingly named as they divorced the following year . Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch ( 1973 ) and the American drama Ash Wednesday ( 1973 ) . For the latter , in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage , she received a Golden Globe nomination . Her only film released in 1974 , the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Drivers Seat",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "( 1974 ) , was a failure .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s , and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband , Republican politician John Warner , a US senator . In 1976 , she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird ( 1976 ) , a critical and box-office failure , and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe ( 1976 ) . In 1977 , she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheims musical A Little Night Music ( 1977 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Stage and television roles ; retirement ( 1980โ2007 ) .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "After a period of semi-retirement from films , Taylor starred in The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era , such as Angela Lansbury , Kim Novak , Rock Hudson , and Tony Curtis . Wanting to challenge herself , she took on her first substantial stage role , playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellmans The Little Foxes . Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light , as had often been the case in previous productions , Taylors idea",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "was to show her as a victim of circumstance , explaining , Shes a killer , but shes saying , Sorry fellas , you put me in this position .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "The production premiered in May 1981 , and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews . Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylors performance as Regina Giddens , that malignant Southern bitch-goddess .. . begins gingerly , soon gathers steam , and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat , while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated , Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens , as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor . Theres some acting in it , as well as some",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "personal display . She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981 . The following year , she continued performing The Little Foxes in Londons West End , but received largely negative reviews from the British press .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes , Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company . Its first and only production was a revival of Noรซl Cowards comedy Private Lives , starring Taylor and Burton . It premiered in Boston in early 1983 , and although commercially successful , received generally negative reviews , with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health โ Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the plays run ended , and Burton died the following year . After the failure of Private Lives",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": ", Taylor dissolved her theater company . Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "From the mid-1980s , Taylor acted mostly in television productions . She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984 , and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985 . She also starred in several television films , playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland ( 1985 ) , a fading movie star in the drama There Must Be a Pony ( 1986 ) , and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western ( 1987 ) . She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini ( 1988 ) , and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1989 ) , her fourth Tennessee Williams play . During this time , she also began receiving honorary awards for her career โ the Cecil B . DeMille Award in 1985 , and the Film Society of Lincoln Centers Chaplin Award in 1986 .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1990s , Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism . Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1992 ) and The Simpsons ( 1992 , 1993 ) , and cameos in four CBS series โ The Nanny , Cant Hurry Love , Murphy Brown , and High Society โ in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned , but commercially successful , The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role . Taylor received American and British honors for her career : the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997 , and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999 . In 2000 , she was appointed a Dame Commander in the chivalric Order of the British Empire in the millennium New Year Honours List by Queen Elizabeth II . After supporting roles in",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "the television film These Old Broads ( 2001 ) and in the animated sitcom God , the Devil and Bob ( 2001 ) , Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy . She gave one last public performance in 2007 when , with James Earl Jones , she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios .",
"title": "Acting career"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism and helped to raise more than $270 million for the cause . She began her philanthropic work after becoming frustrated with the fact that very little was being done to combat the disease despite the media attention . She later explained for Vanity Fair that she decided that with my name , I could open certain doors , that I was a commodity in myself โ and Im not talking as an actress . I could take the fame Id resented and tried to get away from for",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "so many years โ but you can never get away from it โ and use it to do some good . I wanted to retire , but the tabloids wouldnt let me . So , I thought : If youre going to screw me over , Ill use you .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor began her philanthropic efforts in 1984 by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fundraiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles . In August 1985 , she and Dr . Michael Gottlieb founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease . The following month , the foundation merged with Dr . Mathilde Krims AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research ( amfAR ) . As amfARs focus is on research funding , Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "( ETAF ) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS , paying for its overhead costs herself . Since her death , her estate has continued to fund ETAFs work , and donates 25% of royalties from the use of her image and likeness to the foundation . In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States , Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfARs operations to other countries ; ETAF also operates internationally .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986 , 1990 , and 1992 . She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987 , and publicly criticized presidents George H.W . Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease . Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington , D . C. , and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Center in Los Angeles . In 2015 , Taylors business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal underground network that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s , when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them . The claim was challenged by several people , including amfARs former vice president for development and external affairs , Taylors former publicist , and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": " Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work . She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987 , and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993 , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997 , the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000 , and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001 . Fragrance and jewelry brands .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances . In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden , Inc. , she began by launching two best-selling perfumes โ Passion in 1987 , and White Diamonds in 1991 . Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name . According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger , she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career , and upon her death , the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances . In 2005 , Taylor also founded a jewelry company , House of Taylor , in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov .",
"title": "HIV/AIDS activism"
},
{
"text": "Throughout her adult years , Taylors personal life , especially her eight marriages ( two to the same man ) , drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval . According to biographer Alexander Walker , Whether she liked it or not .. . marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [ when she was sixteen ] . MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948 , and the following year , she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr. , son of US ambassador William D . Pawley",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": ". Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her , and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife . Taylor declined the offer , but was otherwise eager to marry young , as her rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs made her believe that love was synonymous with marriage . Taylor later described herself as being emotionally immature during this time due to her sheltered childhood , and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad Nicky Hilton Jr. , heir to the Hilton Hotels chain , at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6 , 1950 . MGM organized the large and expensive wedding , which became a major media event . In the weeks after their wedding , Taylor realized that she had made a mistake ; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common , but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker . She was granted a divorce in January 1951 , eight months after their",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Herbert_Alton_Meyer#P69#0
|
Which school did Herbert Alton Meyer go to before Jan 1899?
|
Herbert Alton Meyer Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 . During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter . Death . Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": "During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": " Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Herbert_Alton_Meyer#P69#1
|
Which school did Herbert Alton Meyer go to in Feb 1902?
|
Herbert Alton Meyer Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 . During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter . Death . Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .
|
[
"Staunton Military Academy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": "During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": " Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Herbert_Alton_Meyer#P69#2
|
Which school did Herbert Alton Meyer go to after Oct 1904?
|
Herbert Alton Meyer Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 . During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter . Death . Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .
|
[
"George Washington University",
"National University Law School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Herbert Alton Meyer ( August 30 , 1886 โ October 2 , 1950 ) was a U.S . Representative from Kansas . Born in Chillicothe , Ohio , Meyer attended the grade schools , Washington , D.C. , the Staunton Military Academy , Staunton , Virginia from 1900 to 1904 , the George Washington University , Washington , D.C . from 1905 to 1908 , and was graduated from National University Law School , Washington , D.C. , in 1910 . He was admitted to the bar in 1910 .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": "During the First World War served as a captain in the United States Army Air Service . He served as assistant to the Secretary of the Interior 1915-1917 . He was an executive of an oil marketing company from 1919 to 1937 . In 1940 became publisher of the Independence Daily Reporter .",
"title": "Herbert Alton Meyer"
},
{
"text": " Meyer was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses and had won renomination for a third term . He served from January 3 , 1947 , until his death from a heart attack at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland , October 2 , 1950 . He was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery , Independence , Kansas .",
"title": "Death"
}
] |
/wiki/Yuri_Lotman#P463#0
|
What organization or association or team did Yuri Lotman join in 1989?
|
Yuri Lotman Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense . Biography . Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) . Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century . Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department . In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I . Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture . This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere . In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist . - Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) . Bibliography . - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis . - 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 . - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 . - 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p . - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .
|
[
"Swedish Academy of Sciences"
] |
[
{
"text": "Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": "kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense .",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": " Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "- Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Yuri_Lotman#P463#1
|
What organization or association or team did Yuri Lotman join in 1977?
|
Yuri Lotman Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense . Biography . Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) . Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century . Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department . In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I . Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture . This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere . In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist . - Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) . Bibliography . - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis . - 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 . - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 . - 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p . - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .
|
[
"British Academy"
] |
[
{
"text": "Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": "kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense .",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": " Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "- Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/Yuri_Lotman#P463#2
|
What organization or association or team did Yuri Lotman join in 1987?
|
Yuri Lotman Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense . Biography . Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) . Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century . Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department . In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I . Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture . This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere . In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist . - Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) . Bibliography . - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis . - 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 . - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 . - 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p . - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .
|
[
"Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters"
] |
[
{
"text": "Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman ( ; ; 28 February 1922 โ 28 October 1993 ) was a prominent literary scholar , semiotician , and cultural historian , who worked at the University of Tartu . He was elected a member of the British Academy ( 1977 ) , Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters ( 1987 ) , Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1989 ) and Estonian Academy of Sciences ( 1990 ) . He was a founder of the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . The number of his printed works exceeds 800 titles . His archive ( which is now",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": "kept at the University of Tallinn and at the Tartu University Library ) which includes his correspondence with a number of Russian and Western intellectuals , is immense .",
"title": "Yuri Lotman"
},
{
"text": " Yuri Lotman was born in the Jewish intellectual family of lawyer Mikhail Lotman and Sorbonne-educated dentist Aleksandra Lotman in Petrograd , Russia . His elder sister Inna Obraztsova graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and became a composer and lecturer of musical theory , his younger sister Victoria Lotman was a prominent cardiologist , and his third sister Lidia Lotman was a scholar of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century on staff at the Institute for Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Science ( Pushkin House ) ( she lived in Saint-Petersburg ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Lotman graduated from the secondary school in 1939 with excellent marks and was admitted to Leningrad State University without having to pass any exams . There he studied philology , which was a choice he made due to Lidia Lotmans university friends ( actually he attended university lectures in philology whilst he was still at secondary school ) . His professors at university were the renowned lecturers and academicians โ Gukovsky , Azadovsky , Tomashevsky and Propp . He was drafted in 1940 and during World War II served as a radio operator in the artillery . Demobilized from the",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "army in 1946 , he returned to his studies in the university and received his diploma with distinction in 1950 . His first published research papers focused on Russian literary and social thought of the 18th and 19th century .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Unable to find an academic position in Leningrad due to anti-Semitism ( he was unable to apply for a PhD program ) , Lotman went to Estonia in 1950 and from 1954 began his work as a lecturer in the Department of Russian literature of Tartu University and later became head of the department .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In the early 60s Lotman established academic contacts with a group of structuralist linguists in Moscow , and invited them in the first Summer School on Secondary Modeling Systems , that took place in Kรครคriku from 19th to 29 August 1964 . The group gathered at the first summer school later developed into what is now known as the TartuโMoscow Semiotic School . Among participants of the summer school , and later members of the TartuโMoscow school , were such names as Boris Uspensky , Vyacheslav Ivanov , Vladimir Toporov , Mikhail Gasparov , Alexander Piatigorsky , Isaak I .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Revzin and Georgii Lesskis . As a result of their collective work , they established a theoretical framework for the study of the semiotics of culture .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "This school has been widely known for its journal Sign Systems Studies , published by Tartu University Press ( ะขััะดั ะฟะพ ะทะฝะฐะบะพะฒัะผ ัะธััะตะผะฐะผ ) and currently the oldest semiotics journal in the world ( established in 1964 ) . Lotman studied the theory of culture , Russian literature , history , semiotics and semiology ( general theories of signs and sign systems ) , semiotics of cinema , arts , literature , robotics , etc . In these fields , Lotman has been one of the most widely cited authors . His major study in Russian literature was dedicated to",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Pushkin ; among his most influential works in semiotics and structuralism are ยซSemiotics of Cinemaยป , ยซAnalysis of the Poetic Textยป and ยซThe Structure of the Artistic Textยป . In 1984 , Lotman coined the term semiosphere .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1991 he received the Gold Medal of Philology , the highest award for a philological scholar . Yuri Lotmans wife Zara Mints was also a well-known scholar of Russian literature and Tartu professor . They have three sons : - Mihhail Lotman ( born 1952 ) is professor of semiotics and literary theory at Tartu University , is active in politics and has served as a member of the Riigikogu ( Estonian Parliament ) as a member of the conservative Res Publica Party . - Grigori Lotman ( born 1953 ) is an artist .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "- Aleksei Lotman ( born 1960 ) is a biologist , since 2006 he has also been a politician and a member of parliament for the Estonian Greens party ( 2007-2011 ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - 1975 . Lotman Jurij M. ; Uspenskij B.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ; Toporov , V.N . and Pjatigorskij , A.M . 1975 . Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures ( as Applied to Slavic Texts ) . In : Sebeok Thomas A . ( ed. ) , The Tell-Tale Sign : A Survey of Semiotics . Lisse ( Netherlands ) : Peter de Ridder , 57โ84 . - 1976 . Analysis of the Poetic Text . ( Translated by D . Barton Johnson. ) Ann Arbor ( Mich. ) : Ardis .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1976 . The content and structure of the concept of literature . PTL : A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 ( 2 ) : 339โ356 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 1976 . Semiotics of Cinema . ( Transl . by Mark Suino. ) ( Michigan Slavic Contributions. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , ะกะตะผะธะพัะธะบะฐ ะบะธะฝะพ ะธ ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั ะบะธะฝะพัััะตัะธะบะธ - 1977 . The Structure of the Artistic Text . Translated from the Russian by Gail Lenhoff and Ronald Vroon . ( Michigan Slavic Contributions 7. ) Ann Arbor : University of Michigan , Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures . - 1979 . The origin of plot in the light of typology . Poetics Today 1 ( 1โ2 ) , 161โ184 .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": "- 1990 . Universe of the Mind : A Semiotic Theory of Culture . ( Translated by Ann Shukman , introduction by Umberto Eco. ) London & New York : I . B . Tauris & Co Ltd . xiii+288 p .",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " - 2005 . On the semiosphere . ( Translated by Wilma Clark ) Sign Systems Studies , 33 ( 1 ) : 205โ229 . - 2009 . Culture and Explosion . ( Semiotics , Communication and Cognition 1. ) Translated by Wilma Clark , edited by Marina Grishakova.De Gruyter Mouton . - 2014 . Non-Memoirs . Translated and annotated by Caroline Lemak Brickman , edited by Evgenii Bershtein , with an afterword by Caroline Lemak Brickman and Evgenii Bershtein . Dalkey Archive Press : Champaign , London , Dublin . .",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] |
/wiki/VFA-151#P1448#0
|
What was the official name of VFA-151 before Jan 1953?
|
VFA-151 Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname . The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness . History . Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s . Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 . 1950s . In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area . The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island . VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 . 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard . The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity . In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s . The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) . The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters . On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam . From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident . In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 . 1980s . In December 1980 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4S . On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June 1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi . In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s . VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf . In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California . The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 . 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 . The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 . Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s . The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award . In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive . Awards . The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .
|
[
"Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 )"
] |
[
{
"text": " Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": "The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": " Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/VFA-151#P1448#1
|
What was the official name of VFA-151 in early 1980s?
|
VFA-151 Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname . The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness . History . Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s . Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 . 1950s . In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area . The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island . VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 . 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard . The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity . In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s . The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) . The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters . On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam . From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident . In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 . 1980s . In December 1980 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4S . On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June 1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi . In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s . VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf . In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California . The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 . 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 . The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 . Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s . The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award . In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive . Awards . The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .
|
[
"Fighter Squadron One Fifty One"
] |
[
{
"text": " Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": "The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": " Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/VFA-151#P1448#2
|
What was the official name of VFA-151 between Feb 1987 and Jun 1987?
|
VFA-151 Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname . The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness . History . Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s . Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 . 1950s . In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area . The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island . VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 . 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard . The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity . In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s . The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) . The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters . On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam . From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident . In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 . 1980s . In December 1980 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4S . On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June 1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi . In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s . VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf . In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California . The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 . 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 . The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 . Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s . The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award . In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive . Awards . The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .
|
[
"Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 )"
] |
[
{
"text": " Strike Fighter Squadron One Five One ( VFA-151 ) nicknamed the Vigilantes are a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore , California . The squadron is a part of Carrier Air Wing 9 ( CVW-9 ) . As part of CVW-9 , the squadrons tail code is NG and its radio callsign is Ugly . Squadron insignia and nickname .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": "The squadrons first insignia was approved by CNO on 9 August 1949 , and consisted of a blue helmeted knight and a white shield . The squadron also adopted the nickname Flashers in 1949 . The current insignia was approved on 26 May 1955 . The squadron changed its nickname to Vigilantes in 1959 , symbolizing the units around-the-clock vigil of readiness .",
"title": "VFA-151"
},
{
"text": " Four distinct U.S . Navy squadrons have been designated VF-151 . The first VF-151 was established , and then disestablished , in 1945 . The second was established at VF-153 in 1945 and eventually became VFA-192 . The third squadron was originally established as VF-65 in 1951 and was eventually disestablished as VA-23 in 1970 . The fourth squadron to be designated VF-151 was established as VF-23 in 1948 , eventually became VFA-151 , and is the main subject of this article . 1940s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) was originally established as Fighter Squadron 23 ( VF-23 ) at Naval Air Station Oceana , Virginia on August 6 , 1948 . The squadron was attached to Air Group Two aboard and flew the F4U-5 Corsair and F6F-5P Hellcat . By April 1949 , the squadron flew the F4U-4 Corsair exclusively , embarking with that aircraft for a Mediterranean Sea deployment from MayโDecember 1949 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1950 , the squadron moved to NAS Alameda , California , and then deployed for the first of three cruises in support of the Korean War . On 15 September 1950 , the squadron flew combat missions from in support of the amphibious landings at Inchon , Korea . Upon their return to the US , the squadron relocated to NAS Moffett Field in November 1950 . The squadron transitioned to the jet age in Jan 1951 , flying the straight-wing F9F-2 Panther on their second Korea deployment from . During their third Korean War deployment , while",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "flying from in August 1952 , squadron aircraft participated in joint operations with the U.S . Air Force , striking targets in Pyongyang and the surrounding area .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron transitioned to the F2H-3 Banshee in March 1953 and adopted a new role as an all-weather fighter squadron . In March 1954 , the squadron was deployed to the western Pacific aboard USSEssex when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . In December 1956 , VF-23 transitioned to the F4D-1 Skyray , and in August and September 1958 , the squadron flew sorties from in the Taiwan Straits after the Chinese Communists bombarded Quemoy Island .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VF-23 deployed to the WestPac aboard USS Hancock in 1958 and again 1959 . The squadron , now known as the Vigilantes , transitioned to the F3H-2 Demon in January 1959 . A month later , the squadron was redesignated Fighter Squadron One Fifty One ( VF-151 ) on 23 February 1959 and assigned to Carrier Air Group 15 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 1960s . In July 1961 , the squadron moved homeport to NAS Miramar and made the first of three WestPac deployments aboard . In January 1964 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4B Phantom and deployed for its first Vietnam War cruise on 7 December 1964 . During the eleven month combat deployment , the squadron flew nearly 1500 combat sorties , including support of the 1965 Operation Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against military targets in North Vietnam . The squadron returned to Southeast Asia on their second Vietnam deployment in May 1966 aboard .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron made its third deployment of the war aboard USS Coral Sea from July 1967 to April 1968 . On 24 October 1967 the squadrons commanding officer , CDR C.R . Gillespie , and his Radar Intercept Officer , LTJG R.C . Clark , were shot down by a surface-to-air missile over North Vietnam . CDR Gillespie became a prisoner of war and was not released until May 1973 , while LTJG Clark died in captivity .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In March 1968 , USS Coral Sea , with VF-151 embarked , operated on station off the coast of Korea following the capture of by North Korea . The squadron deployed again in September 1968 with Carrier Air Wing 15 ( CVW-15 ) aboard USS Coral Sea again following a short turn-around period . The squadron made its fifth combat deployment of the war in September 1969 aboard USS Coral Sea and flew more than 2100 combat sorties , more than any other Navy squadron in FY1970 . 1970s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed on its sixth combat cruise of the war in April 1971 with Carrier Air Wing 5 ( CVW-5 ) aboard , flying 1012 combat sorties . In April 1972 , the squadron deployed on its seventh and final deployment of the Vietnam War . During this deployment , the squadron spent 205 continuous days in combat flight operations , including support of Operation Linebacker , the bombing campaign designed to disrupt supplies to the North Vietnamese . The squadrons 205 days of continuous combat flight operations was the longest period of combat flight operations in the history",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of the Vietnam War . From 1965 to 1973 , the squadron participated in every major operation of the Vietnam War , made more combat deployments ( 7 ) and spent more time on the line ( 927 days ) than any other carrier based unit โ including the longest deployment of the Vietnam War ( 331 days on USS Coral Sea ) and the longest line period of the Vietnam War ( 208 days on USS Midway ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron returned to San Francisco , California from Vietnam in March 1973 and transitioned to the F-4N . On 11 September 1973 , USS Midway with VF-151 aboard , departed the US for the last time for many years to come . The ship arrived at its new port of United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan and the squadron at its new home of NAF Atsugi , Japan on 5 October . The ship was met by a group of Japanese demonstrators , railing against the home porting of a US โMan-of-Warโ in Japanese waters .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 1 April 1975 , the squadron departed NAF Atsugi and headed for the South China Sea for what would ultimately be called Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of US personnel from Saigon as the country fell to the North Vietnamese . The ship took aboard Marine helicopters as it passed Okinawa and offloaded them when in the vicinity of Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines . The ship then headed for the coast of Vietnam and the squadrons flew Combat Air Patrols as the North Vietnamese moved quickly through South Vietnam .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " From August to September 1976 , the squadron conducted flight operations near the Korean Peninsula following the Axe-murder Incident .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 1977 , the squadron transitioned to the F-4J . In 1978 the squadron was named the top TACAIR squadron in CVW-5 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety S award . The squadron made three Indian Ocean deployments between 1979 and 1980 . During 1979 USS Midway , with VF-151 embarked , deployed to the Gulf of Aden following the outbreak of fighting between North and South Yemen and the Iranian Revolution . During the 1980 deployment following the Iranian seizure of the American Embassy in Teheran , USS Midway , with VF- 151 embarked , proceeded",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "to the Gulf of Oman and remained on station until relieved in early February 1980 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On March 24 , 1986 , the squadron flew off USS Midway for the last time as VF-151 . This event also marked the end of an era , as it was the last flight of the F-4 Phantom II from the deck of an aircraft carrier . The squadron reported to NAS Lemoore , California for transition to the new F/A-18 Hornet . VF-151 was one of only two F-4 fighter squadrons to transition to the F/A-18 and be redesignated a strike fighter squadron . The squadron was re-designated Strike Fighter Squadron 151 ( VFA-151 ) on 1 June",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "1986 . In November of that year , the squadron returned to USS Midway and NAF Atsugi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In September 1988 during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the squadron was embarked on USS Midway and operating in the Sea of Japan to demonstrate U.S . support for a peaceful Olympics . In December 1989 , USS Midway , with VFA-151 embarked , maintained station off the coast of the Philippines during an attempted coup in that country . 1990s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "VFA-151 deployed aboard USS Midway in October 1990 in support of Operation Desert Shield . Hostilities escalated in Iraq , and on January 17 , 1991 the squadron participated in the initial air strikes of Operation Desert Storm . During the campaign , the squadron dropped more than 817,000 pounds of ordnance on key targets in Iraq , Kuwait , and the Northern Persian Gulf .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In August 1991 , the squadron left Japan aboard USS Midway bound for NS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii on the USS Midways last underway period . VFA-151 then transferred to CVW-2 , and moved to NAS Lemoore , California . In February 1993 , the squadron transitioned their aircraft to upgraded Lot 15 F/A-18C Hornets . In May 1993 , the squadron embarked on USS Constellation and travelled from the East Coast around Cape Horn South America to her new homeport in San Diego , California .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron contributed to the enforcement of no-fly zones over southern Iraq during combat-zone WestPac deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch in 1994โ1995 . Additional WESTPAC deployments in support of Operation Southern Watch continued on-board USS Constellation in 1997 and 1999 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . The squadron was the recipient of Strike Fighter Wing Pacifics Battle E award for CY2000 and deployed on USS Constellation again in 2001 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed for its final deployment aboard USS Constellation in November 2002 . Following a successful combat deployment , USS Constellation was decommissioned in San Diego , California August 7 , 2003 . VFA-151 , along with CVW-2 , moved to . In October 2004 , the squadron deployed on its first WESTPAC/Surge in support of the US Navys new Fleet Response Plan . While deployed , the squadron participated in Operation Unified Assistance , the humanitarian relief effort to assist survivors of the tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on December 26 , 2004 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Between 24โ31 March 2006 , during Foal Eagle 2006 exercises , squadrons VFA-2 , VFA-34 , VFA-137 , and VFA-151 from CVW-2 teamed with U.S . Air Force aircraft from the 18th Wing based at Kadena Air Base to provide combat air patrols and coordinated bombing runs via the exercises Combined Air Operations Center . In 2008 VFA-151 deployed again on board the USS Abraham Lincoln in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) which upon returning they again received the Battle E for the year of 2008 . 2010s .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The squadron deployed again aboard USS Abraham Lincoln in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR from October 2010 to March 2011 . The squadron was awarded the Battle E for the year of 2010 as well as the Michael J . Estocin award .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 the squadron was deployed again in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fifth Fleet AOR for a five-month surge deployment . After extending twice , the squadron returned home in August 2012 . After five months flying the F/A-18C post-deployment , VFA-151 began transitioning to Lot 35/36 F/A-18E Super Hornets in February 2013 . With the transition , the squadron left CVW-2 and moved to CVW-9 attached to on 1 June 2013 . August 2019 the Squadron lost an F/A-18E Super Hornet flown out of NAS Lemoore , it crashed into the wall of what is",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "known as Star Wars Canyon , near Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake . The aviator did not survive .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The squadron has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation , eight Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , four Battle โEโ awards , six Safety Ss , six Navy Unit Commendations , the Michael J . Estocin award and seven Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citations .",
"title": "Awards"
}
] |
/wiki/Marjorie_Merriweather_Post#P26#0
|
Who was Marjorie Merriweather Post 's spouse before May 1906?
|
Marjorie Merriweather Post Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida . Early life . Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) . Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library . General Foods Corporation . Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation . While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success . Philanthropy . Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The 425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor . In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter of Minerva . She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her . Lifestyle . Jewelry . Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct ( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian . Russian art collection . According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items . Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities . Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . Notable residences . - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 . - Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine . - Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo . - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space . Personal life . Marriages . Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV . - Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin . Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter : - Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill . Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities . Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post . Death . Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton . In popular culture . Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams . Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries . Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .
|
[
"Edward Bennett Close"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida .",
"title": "Marjorie Merriweather Post"
},
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "of Minerva .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian .",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": "Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter :",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": "Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Marjorie_Merriweather_Post#P26#1
|
Who was Marjorie Merriweather Post 's spouse between Mar 1927 and May 1931?
|
Marjorie Merriweather Post Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida . Early life . Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) . Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library . General Foods Corporation . Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation . While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success . Philanthropy . Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The 425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor . In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter of Minerva . She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her . Lifestyle . Jewelry . Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct ( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian . Russian art collection . According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items . Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities . Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . Notable residences . - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 . - Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine . - Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo . - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space . Personal life . Marriages . Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV . - Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin . Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter : - Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill . Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities . Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post . Death . Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton . In popular culture . Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams . Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries . Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .
|
[
"Edward Francis Hutton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida .",
"title": "Marjorie Merriweather Post"
},
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "of Minerva .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian .",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": "Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter :",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": "Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Marjorie_Merriweather_Post#P26#2
|
Who was Marjorie Merriweather Post 's spouse in early 1950s?
|
Marjorie Merriweather Post Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida . Early life . Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) . Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library . General Foods Corporation . Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation . While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success . Philanthropy . Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The 425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor . In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter of Minerva . She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her . Lifestyle . Jewelry . Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct ( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian . Russian art collection . According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items . Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities . Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . Notable residences . - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 . - Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings . - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine . - Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo . - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space . Personal life . Marriages . Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV . - Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin . Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter : - Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill . Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities . Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post . Death . Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton . In popular culture . Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams . Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries . Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .
|
[
"Joseph E . Davies"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post ( March 15 , 1887 โ September 12 , 1973 ) was an American businesswoman , socialite , philanthropist , and owner of General Foods , Inc . She used much of her fortune to collect art , particularly pre-revolutionary Russian art , much of which is now on display at Hillwood , the museum which was her estate in Washington , D.C . She is also known for her mansion , Mar-a-Lago , in Palm Beach , Florida .",
"title": "Marjorie Merriweather Post"
},
{
"text": " Marjorie Merriweather Post was born in Springfield , Illinois , the daughter and only child of C . W . Post and the former Ella Letitia Merriweather . At age 27 , following her fathers death in 1914 , she became the owner of the rapidly growing Postum Cereal Company , founded in 1895 . She was subsequently the wealthiest woman in the United States , inheriting US$20 million ( equivalent to US$526 million in 2020 ) .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Post attended the Mount Vernon Seminary and College ( now the George Washington Universitys Mount Vernon Campus ) . She maintained a close lifelong relationship with her alma mater and served as its first alumna trustee . Today , a collection of her correspondence with Mount Vernon administrators is maintained by GWUs Special Collections Research Center . Posts complete collection of personal papers , as well as those of her father , are held by the University of Michigans Bentley Historical Library .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Post became the owner of Postum Cereal Company in 1914 , after the death of her father , and was director of the company until 1958 . She along with her second husband E.F . Hutton began expanding the business and acquiring other American food companies such as Hellmanns Mayonnaise , Jell-O , Bakers Chocolate , Maxwell House and many more . In 1929 , Postum Cereal Company was renamed General Foods Corporation .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "While taking a voyage on her yacht , the Hussar , she came across the innovations of Clarence Birdseye in Gloucester , MA . Birdseye had developed a new way to preserve food by freezing it . Post foresaw the future advantages of frozen food , and bought Birdseyes company which eventually became a success .",
"title": "General Foods Corporation"
},
{
"text": "Post funded a U.S . Army hospital in France during World War I , and , decades later , the French government awarded her the Legion of Honour , in the degree of Commander . Starting in 1929 and throughout the Great Depression , she financed and personally supervised a Salvation Army feeding station in New York . She also donated the cost of the Boy Scouts of America headquarters in Washington . Years later in 1971 , she was among the first three recipients of the Silver Fawn Award , presented by the Boy Scouts of America . The",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "425-acre ( 172 ha ) Lake Merriweather at Goshen Scout Reservation in Goshen , Virginia , was named in her honor .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , at Long Island University Post , she became honorary housemother of Zeta Beta Taus Gamma Delta chapter , often hosting the fraternity brothers for brunches . Post served as the honorary house mother of the colleges first local fraternity , Sigma Beta Epsilon , which , in 1969 , became the New York Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon . Since Post had borne only girls , she referred to the fraternity of sons-in-law as her boys , while they called her Mother Marjorie . Post was honored by Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity as a Golden Daughter",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "of Minerva .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": " She gifted $100,000 to the National Cultural Center in Washington that would later become the John F . Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts . In 1955 , she contributed $100,000 to the National Symphony for free concerts that led to the beginning of the Music for Young America Concerts , which she financed annually . The Merriweather Post Pavilion , an outdoor concert venue in Columbia , Maryland , is named for her .",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"text": "Some of Posts jewelry , bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. , is displayed in the Harry Winston exhibit . Pieces in the collection include the Napoleon Diamond Necklace and the Marie Louise Diadem , a 275-ct ( 55 g ) diamond-and-turquoise necklace and tiara set that Napoleon I gave to his second wife , Empress Marie Louise ; a pair of diamond earrings set with pear shapes , weighing 14 ct ( 2.8 g ) and 20 ct ( 4 g ) , once belonging to Marie Antoinette ; the Blue Heart Diamond , a 30.82-ct",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "( 6.164 g ) heart-shaped blue diamond ring ; and an emerald-and-diamond necklace and ring , once belonging to Mexican emperor Maximilian .",
"title": "Jewelry"
},
{
"text": "According to the Hermitage Museum Foundation , Post was a Russophile . During the 1930s , the Soviet government under Joseph Stalin began selling art treasures and other valuables seized from the Romanov family and former Russian aristocrats after the Russian Revolution to earn hard currency for its industrialization and military armament programs . Critics have claimed that these items were expropriated ; however , the transactions by Post and her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , were from the recognized governmental authority . Neither Post nor Davies were involved with the original seizing of the items .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": "Allegations later surfaced that many works of art from the Tretyakov Gallery and other collections were either donated or offered at nominal prices to the couple , who were both art collectors . Davies is also alleged to have purchased art expropriated from Soviet citizens well after the Russian Revolution , including victims of Stalins Terror at discount prices from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " Many of the items , which remain under the control of the Post estate or its agents , can be viewed at Hillwood , her former estate . Hillwood has operated as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Russian art collection"
},
{
"text": " - Mar-a-Lago , Palm Beach , Florida : Designed by Marion Sims Wyeth and Joseph Urban , Post willed Mar-a-Lago to the United States federal government in 1973 as a retreat for presidents and visiting foreign dignitaries . The mansion was not , however , used for this purpose , prior to being declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980 .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Hillwood ( Washington DC ) : now operates as a private museum since Posts death and displays her French and Russian art collection , featuring the work of Fabergรฉ , Sรจvres porcelain , French furniture , tapestries , and paintings .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Camp Topridge , Upper St . Regis Lake , Adirondacks , NY : considered a rustic retreat . It included a fully staffed main lodge and private guest cabins , each staffed with its own butler . The expansive Great Camp , built in 1923 by Benjamin A . Muncil , eventually contained nearly 70 buildings , as well as a Russian dacha , on 300 acres . It was one of only two Adirondack camps to be featured in Life magazine .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "- Sea Cloud ( Hussar V ) : Yacht that was personally designed by Post , and built as a replacement for the original yacht Hussar IV for her and her second husband , E . F . Hutton , in 1931 . It was the largest privately owned sea-going yacht in the world at the time . They traveled the world on it for portions of the year with their daughter Nedenia . After her divorce from Hutton , she renamed the yacht Sea Cloud , and continued to sail it with her new husband Joseph E . Davies",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": "for his ambassadorial trips to the Soviet Union . She sold the yacht in 1955 to the President of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " - Hillwood ( Long Island ) : Built in 1922 in Brookville , New York after Post purchased and demolished the former Warburton Hall Estate , it was designed in the Tudor style by architect Charles Mansfield Hart . Post sold it in 1951 to Long Island University , and the property later become LIU Post . In 2005 , it was restored and renamed Lorber Hall for campus administration offices and event space .",
"title": "Notable residences"
},
{
"text": " Edward Bennett Close : In 1905 , Post married investment banker Edward Bennett Close of Greenwich , Connecticut . They divorced in 1919 . Together , they had two daughters : - Adelaide Brevoort Close ( 1908โ1998 ) , who married three times , to Thomas Wells Durant , Merrall MacNeille , and Augustus Riggs IV .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Eleanor Post Close ( 1909โ2006 ) , later known in the media as Eleanor Post Hutton , married six times , to film director Preston Sturges , Etienne Marie Robert Gautier , George Curtis Rand , Hans Habe , Owen D . Johnson ( son of author Owen Johnson ) , and orchestra conductor Lรฉon Barzin .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Via his second marriage , Edward Bennett Close would later become the paternal grandfather of actress Glenn Close . Edward Francis Hutton : Post was married for a second time , in 1920 , to financier Edward Francis Hutton . In 1923 , he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company . Together they developed a larger variety of food products , including Birdseye Frozen Foods . The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929 . Post and Hutton divorced in 1935 . They had one daughter :",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "- Nedenia Marjorie Hutton ( 1923-2017 ) , better known as the actress Dina Merrill .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Joseph E . Davies : In 1935 , Post married her third husband , Joseph E . Davies , a Washington , D.C . lawyer . They had no children and were divorced in 1955 . From 1937 to 1938 , in a crucial period leading up to World War II , Davies served as the American ambassador to the Soviet Union , ruled at that time by Joseph Stalin . During this time , Davies and Post acquired many valuable Russian works of art from Soviet authorities .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Herbert A . May : Posts final marriage , in 1958 , was to Herbert A . May , a wealthy Pittsburgh businessman and the former master of fox hounds of the Rolling Rock Hunt Club in Ligonier , Pennsylvania . That marriage ended in divorce in May 1964 and she subsequently reclaimed the name Marjorie Merriweather Post .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Post died at her Hillwood Washington DC estate on September 12 , 1973 , after a long illness , and was buried there . She left the bulk of her estate to her three daughters , Adelaide Close , Eleanor Post Close and Nedenia Hutton .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post was portrayed by Ann Harding in the 1943 film Mission to Moscow , a fictionalization of her third husband , Joseph E . Daviess book detailing his time as Ambassador to the Soviet Union . , a film based on The New York Times feature Mystery on Fifth Avenue , describing a riddle-laden renovation of a triplex undertaken by Eric Clough and the architectural firm 212box , built for Marjorie Merriweather Post in the 1920s , was in development by J . J . Abrams .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": "Merriweather Post was played by Anne Francis in the 1987 miniseries .",
"title": "In popular culture"
},
{
"text": " Merriweather Post is portrayed by Morgan Bradley in the History Channel series , The Food that Built America .",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#0
|
Arthur Havelock took which position before Nov 1877?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"President of Nevis",
"colonys Administrator"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#1
|
Arthur Havelock took which position between Nov 1882 and Mar 1883?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements",
"British consul to Liberia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#2
|
Arthur Havelock took which position in Jul 1885?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"Governor of Trinidad"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#3
|
Arthur Havelock took which position between Oct 1887 and Nov 1887?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"Governor of Natal",
"served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#4
|
Arthur Havelock took which position between Jul 1892 and Oct 1895?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"Godfather to the heirs of their leanage"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#5
|
Arthur Havelock took which position between Sep 1898 and Nov 1898?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"Governor of Madras"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Arthur_Havelock#P39#6
|
Arthur Havelock took which position between Apr 1903 and Sep 1903?
|
Arthur Havelock Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family . Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London . Military career . In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon . Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 . Colonial service . Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain . The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty . The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries . Governor of Trinidad . In 1885 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Trinidad . Governor of Natal . In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels . Governor of Ceylon . In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) . Governor of Madras . Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 . Governor of Tasmania . Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting , of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April . Later life . Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter . Honours . - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .
|
[
"Governor of Tasmania"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock , ( 7 May 1844 โ 25 June 1908 ) was a career British colonial governor , serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880 , of Natal , of Madras , of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895 , and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904 . Early life and family .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "Havelock was born in 1844 in Bath , Somerset , the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Havelock and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin , and the nephew of Sir Henry Havelock . The family moved to India in 1844 , where his father commanded the 14th Light Dragoons but was killed in action at the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848 . The Havelocks returned to England briefly , but settled in Ootacamund in 1850 , where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in London .",
"title": "Arthur Havelock"
},
{
"text": "In 1860 , Havelock entered the Royal Military College , Sandhurst , and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an Ensign in the 32nd ( Cornwall ) Light Infantry . He was promoted Lieutenant on 10 April 1866 , and was stationed at Gibraltar ( 1866โ7 ) , at Mauritius ( 1867โ8 ) , then at the Cape Colony ( 1868โ72 ) . He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colonys paymaster , and was promoted to Captain on 1 February 1873 , serving as aide-de-camp to Selby Smith , the acting governor , and later to the Governor",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": "of Mauritius , Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874 : Chief Civil Commissioner of the Seychelles ( 1874โ75 ) , and Colonial Secretary and Receiver General in Fiji ( 1874โ75 ) . He returned to England in 1876 , and retired from the British Army as a captain in March 1877 .",
"title": "Military career"
},
{
"text": " Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army , and was sent to the West Indies in 1877 as President of Nevis . In 1878 , he was transferred to Saint Lucia as the colonys Administrator , before returning to the Seychelles as Chief Civil Commissioner . Governor of Sierra Leone . In February 1881 , Havelock was assigned his first governorship in Sierra Leone and the West African settlements . In addition , he was appointed British consul to Liberia , and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and Great Britain .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "The area in question was known as the Gallinas territory , an area lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River , and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years . On 20 March 1882 , Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital Monrovia , issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the Mafa River to Great Britain , and pay an indemnity of ยฃ8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim . A",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": "treaty was signed , but its ratification was refused by the Liberian Senate , and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year , demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims , and ratification of the treaty .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " The senate refused once more , and although Havelocks diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict , British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later . Despite the support of the United States , Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile , and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885 . The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries .",
"title": "Colonial service"
},
{
"text": " In 1886 , Havelock became Governor of Natal , where he dealt with the annexation of Zululand in 1887 , and an unsuccessful rebellion led by Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo in 1888 . He returned to England in 1889 , and served on the international anti-slavery commission in Brussels .",
"title": "Governor of Natal"
},
{
"text": "In March 1890 , Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , where his actions included extending the countrys railways to Kurunegala and Bandarawela , and abolishing the paddy tax , a levy on rice cultivation . He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka , with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage . One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike . The de Fonseka family went onto naming",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": "their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands , along with various parts of their large estate ( now Havelocktown ) after Havelock , these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass ( now forming the bridge ) .",
"title": "Governor of Ceylon"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as Governor of Madras from 1896 to 1900 .",
"title": "Governor of Madras"
},
{
"text": "Havelock left Madras in 1901 , and was offered the governorships of the Straits Settlements in Malaya and Victoria in Australia , which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates . He was then offered the post of Governor of Tasmania , which he accepted in May 1901 , arriving in Hobart to be sworn in on 8 November . His health , however , continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years . He notified the premier , William Propsting ,",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": "of his resignation on 6 January 1904 , and left Tasmania on 16 April .",
"title": "Governor of Tasmania"
},
{
"text": " Havelock returned to England , and retired to Torquay , Devon . On 15 August 1871 , Havelock had married Anne Grace , nรฉe Norris , who died in early 1908 . Havelock himself died at Bath , Somerset less than six months later on 25 June . He was survived by a daughter .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " - CMG : Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1880 - KCMG : Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George 1884 - GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 1895 - GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1896 โ after appointment as Governor of Madras - GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 29 April 1901 โ for his services as Governor of Madras",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": "The Havelock Bridge spanning Godavari river at Rajahmundry , India was named after him in the year 1900 .",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Miloลก_Mariฤ_(scientist)#P108#0
|
Who did Miloลก Mariฤ (scientist) work for between May 1908 and Aug 1909?
|
Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist ) Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own right . Biography . Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior . Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name of Martha . The First World War and the arrival in Russia . As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did . Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine . On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again . In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university . He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him . Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov . References . - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg
|
[
"psychiatric clinic"
] |
[
{
"text": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": "right .",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": " Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of Martha .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Miloลก_Mariฤ_(scientist)#P108#1
|
Who did Miloลก Mariฤ (scientist) work for in May 1913?
|
Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist ) Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own right . Biography . Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior . Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name of Martha . The First World War and the arrival in Russia . As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did . Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine . On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again . In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university . He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him . Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov . References . - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg
|
[
"University of Cluj"
] |
[
{
"text": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": "right .",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": " Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of Martha .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/Miloลก_Mariฤ_(scientist)#P108#2
|
Who did Miloลก Mariฤ (scientist) work for between Sep 1934 and Jan 1941?
|
Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist ) Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own right . Biography . Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior . Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name of Martha . The First World War and the arrival in Russia . As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did . Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine . On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again . In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university . He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him . Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov . References . - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg
|
[
"Saratov State Medical University"
] |
[
{
"text": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( ; ; 20 April 1885 , in Ruma , Austria-Hungary , now Serbia โ 3 May 1944 , in Saratov , Soviet Union , now Russia ) was a Russian scientist of Serbian origin , head of the department of histology at the Saratov State University . He entered the history of medicine with his most important research in the field of mitosis and amitosis , which laid the foundation for cloning . His older sister was Mileva Mariฤ , the first wife of Albert Einstein who was also a scientist ( physicist ) in her own",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": "right .",
"title": "Miloลก Mariฤ ( scientist )"
},
{
"text": " Miloลก Mariฤ was the youngest child of Miloลก ( Senior ) and Marija ( nรฉe Ruziฤ ) Mariฤ . He had two older sisters , Mileva ( 1875 ) who was ten years and Zorka ( 1882 ) three years his senior .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Miloลก attended elementary school in Zagreb , but his father , complaining of rheumatism , soon moved the family back to his native village of Kaฤ and a year later ( 1896 ) to a new home in Novi Sad . In 1902 Miloลก graduated from the gymnasium and chose to study medicine at the Hungarian University at Koloszvรกr ( now Cluj-Napoca ) for the next five years . In addition to his mother tongue , Miloลก spoke also Hungarian , German , French and Russian . While studying medicine in 1905 , Miloลก went to visit his sister Mileva",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "Einstein after she gave birth to Hans Albert . There he witnessed Mileva , after doing her domestic chores , sit with her husband and work together on physics problems . After completing his medical studies in 1907 , Miloลก worked for three years in a psychiatric clinic in Cluj . In 1910 he received a job offer at the university he graduated from and became an assistant professor at the Department of Histology at the University of Cluj . In 1913 , according to some sources under his fathers pressure , he married a wealthy girl by the name",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "of Martha .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "As a Hungarian citizen , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ served at the military hospital in Budapest . At the beginning of World War I , he was mobilized in the Austro-Hungarian army as a battalion doctor , first shipped to the South Front against Serbia and then to the North Front against Russia in 1915 . Miloลกs regiment was sent to Przemysl the Polish city under the command of General Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustรคdten , then under siege by Russians troops . Under commander-in-chief Aleksei Brusilovs strategy the Russians were able to take Przemysl , but not the Przemysl Fortress",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "where the Austrian commandant ensconced his entire force . When it became necessary to leave the fortress for a health inspection Dr . Mariฤ decided to surrender himself to the Russians and provide them with vital information to capture the fortress with the least casualties possible which they did .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Life and work in the Soviet Union . He was sent to Moscow to work as a doctor at the Lefortovo Military Hospital , and continued to study and worked at the Moscow University Chair of Histology . In Moscow , Dr . Mariฤ became acquainted with biologist and histologist Professor Vladimir Porfirevich Karpov ( 1870-1943 ) . Karpov became the dean of a Medical School at the University of Ekaterinoslav ( now Dnjepropetrovsk ) and Dr . Mariฤ was invited to work at the Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute in the Dnieper , Ukraine .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "On his arrival in the Dnieper , Dr . Miloลก Mariฤ married Karpovs daughter Marija Vasiljevna Karpova , although his first marriage was officially over when he was declared missing and his first wife Martha was widowed . He never returned to Serbia again .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " In 1925 , when Professor Karpov was called back to Moscow , to resume his former duties , Dr . Mariฤ succeeded Karpov as Chair of the Histology Department of the university . In 1928 , Dr . Mariฤ received a full professorship at the university . In 1930 , he was elected Head of the Department of Histology at the Saratov State Medical University in the Russian city of Saratov . At the same time , Dr . Mariฤ also held the top Chair of the Histology Department at the Zootechnical-Veterinary School of the same university .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He quickly became a respected scientist in Soviet Russia , publishing scientific articles and monographs in the field of mitosis and amitosis . Some Russian scientists are convinced that Milos Mariฤ ( in Russia known as Milos Milosevic Maric ) laid the foundations of the medical field that is now called cloning . Along with these studies , Mariฤ worked and prepared for the study of the nervous system , but was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War . These works were published only after the war and Mariฤs death and served as a basis for further research in this",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "field . In Saratov , there still exists a memorial room dedicated to him .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " Participation in World War II and death . During the Second World War in Saratov , he participated in the training of young doctors for the service on the front . This was helped by his experiences from the First World War . As a reputable scientist , he was called to the Red Army , on the Moscow front , where he died in 1944 . Miloลก Mariฤ died at the age of 59 on 3 May 1944 . He is buried at the Hefortovo cemetery in Saratov .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " - Translated and adapted from Russian Wikipedia : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 - Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia:https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B_ ( %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA ) - Photograph of Miloลก Mariฤ ( Scientist ) : https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milos_Maric_ ( scientist ) .jpg",
"title": "References"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_O2_class#P137#0
|
What was the operator of LSWR O2 class before Feb 1911?
|
LSWR O2 class The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 . Background . Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class . Construction history . The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class . Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 . Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway . All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 . They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways . Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 . Isle of Wight . The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight . The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s . The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall . After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering . LSWR . Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 . Southern Railway . In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 . All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island . British Railways . The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence . Preservation . The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 . W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th . Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped . Models . DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants . External links . - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group
|
[
"London and South Western Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 .",
"title": "LSWR O2 class"
},
{
"text": " Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": "All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": " The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence .",
"title": "British Railways"
},
{
"text": " The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants .",
"title": "Models"
},
{
"text": " - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_O2_class#P137#1
|
What was the operator of LSWR O2 class in Jul 1924?
|
LSWR O2 class The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 . Background . Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class . Construction history . The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class . Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 . Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway . All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 . They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways . Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 . Isle of Wight . The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight . The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s . The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall . After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering . LSWR . Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 . Southern Railway . In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 . All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island . British Railways . The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence . Preservation . The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 . W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th . Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped . Models . DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants . External links . - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group
|
[
"Southern Railway"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 .",
"title": "LSWR O2 class"
},
{
"text": " Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": "All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": " The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence .",
"title": "British Railways"
},
{
"text": " The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants .",
"title": "Models"
},
{
"text": " - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/LSWR_O2_class#P137#2
|
What was the operator of LSWR O2 class between Jun 1961 and Jul 1965?
|
LSWR O2 class The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 . Background . Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class . Construction history . The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class . Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 . Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway . All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 . They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways . Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 . Isle of Wight . The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight . The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s . The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall . After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering . LSWR . Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 . Southern Railway . In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 . All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island . British Railways . The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence . Preservation . The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 . W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th . Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped . Models . DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants . External links . - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group
|
[
"British Railways"
] |
[
{
"text": " The LSWR O2 Class is a class of 0-4-4T steam locomotive designed for the London and South Western Railway by William Adams . Sixty were constructed during the late nineteenth century . They were also the last steam engines to work on the Isle of Wight , with the final two being withdrawn in 1967 .",
"title": "LSWR O2 class"
},
{
"text": " Adams was presented with the problem of a greatly increasing volume of commuter traffic experienced with the suburbanisation of London during the 1880s . This was exacerbated by the fact that there were few locomotive classes in the LSWR stable that could undertake commuter traffic at the desired level of efficiency . The LSWR therefore required a locomotive with attributes of power and compactness , with a small wheel size to gain acceleration on intensive timetables . Adams settled upon the 0-4-4T wheel arrangement to provide the basis of what was to become the O2 Class .",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"text": " The second of William Adams 0-4-4 designs , the O2 Class was a development of his previous T1 class of 1888 . The brief behind the design was to create a locomotive capable of mixed-traffic operations , a characteristic dictated by the relatively small wheel diameter and smaller cylinders , effectively to replace the obsolete Beattie Well Tank . As a result , a compact locomotive with high route availability was produced , a factor that would be essential during the later career of the class .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Production began in 1889 , with the first 20 being constructed at the LSWRs Nine Elms works . The success of the locomotive ensured that a second batch of 30 locomotives was ordered the next year . A final batch of ten was constructed by 1895 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " Operational History ( Mainland ) . 1889โ1922 : LSWR . The class was initially used intensively on London suburban services , but began to be replaced on these as early as 1897 by the introduction of the more powerful Drummond M7 and T1 classes . As a result , the O2s were cascaded to lighter services , and became distributed throughout the LSWR system , being of particular use on restricted branch lines due to their relatively low weight and short wheelbase . 1923โ1948 : Southern Railway .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "All of the O2s survived to be taken into Southern Railway ownership after the Grouping in 1923 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " They continued to be used across the former LSWR network , however , electrification and the introduction of more modern types started to make them redundant . This allowed the Southern Railway to send the first 2 spare examples across to the Isle of Wight ( see below ) . Other redundant mainland locomotives were withdrawn , with eight going in the 1930s , and four more in the 1940s . 1948โ1967 : British Railways .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": "Despite the early withdrawals , a number of O2s lasted well into BR days , working various branch lines until closure began to take place in the late 1950s and early 1960s . As a result , the mainland O2s became redundant and the last to go was number 30225 in 1962 .",
"title": "Construction history"
},
{
"text": " The class is usually best associated with the Isle of Wight railway system , with the Isle of Wight Central Railway making enquires as to the possibility of purchasing some class members in the early twentieth century . This plan fell through , however , and it was not until after Grouping in 1923 that the newly formed Southern Railway was forced to resolve the desperate locomotive power situation on the Isle of Wight .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The solution to this problem presented itself when electrification of the LSWRs suburban network resulted in a cascade of newer , more powerful designs such as the M7s and T1s into the rural strongholds of the O2 class . As a result several O2s became surplus to mainland requirements . Two of these spare engines were modified at Eastleigh works with the addition of a Westinghouse air brakes to allow compatibility with the Isle of Wight coaching stock . These two O2s were shipped across the Solent in 1923 and trialled extensively on services across the island , but particularly",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "the intensive RydeโVentnor services , on which they proved highly successful . Further engines were then shipped across in small batches during the 1920s and 1930s .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "The final two O2s were sent to the island in 1949 , after Nationalisation , resulting in a total of 23 locomotives on the island . Due to tunnel restrictions at Ventnor none of the final series of ten with the higher cab roofs were sent . Thanks to their compact nature , low weight and relatively high power they proved ideal for island duties , although the lack of adequate coal bunker space initially hampered the class . Thus from 1932 a much larger extended bunker was fitted to W19 ( formerly 206 ) , and this design subsequently",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": "became the standard for all the island locomotives . They handled trains of up to six bogie coaches on all the Island lines , including the 1-in-70 Apse bank from Shanklin to Wroxall .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " After the withdrawal of the last LB&SCR E1 class in 1960 , the O2 became the only locomotive class on the island . They survived in service until the end of steam services on the Island , with an O2 operating the final train on 31 December 1966 . Two , numbers W24 Calbourne and W31 Chale , were retained to work engineers trains during the electrification of the surviving RydeโShanklin line . Both were withdrawn on completion of the electrification project in March 1967 . Livery , names and numbering .",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"text": " Initially outshopped in early LSWR passenger Yellow Ochre/Brown livery with the initials LSW on the water tank sides . This was eventually superseded by the later LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery , with black edging and black and white lining . Numbering was in gilt , as was the LSWR lettering on the water tank side . Only a solitary mainland locomotive ever carried a name in service : Number 185 Alexandra for a short period between 1890 and 1896 .",
"title": "LSWR"
},
{
"text": " In Southern Railway days the O2s were painted in Maunsell lined Olive Green and then subsequently Bulleid Malachite Green with Sunshine lettering . The LSWR numbers were retained by the Southern Railway , with mainland locomotives allocated numbers in the series between 177 and 236 . Locomotives on the Isle of Wight were renumbered in a separate sequence with the prefix W and taking the next available number , or the number of the withdrawn locomotive they were sent over to replace . Eventually those on the island occupied the entire sequence between W14 and W36 .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": "All the O2s allocated to the Isle of Wight were named after places on the island .",
"title": "Southern Railway"
},
{
"text": " The class was given the Power Classification of 0P , and initially carried the Southern livery with the addition of British Railways on the water tank sides , though this was promptly changed to the BR Standard Mixed-Traffic Black livery with red and white lining . The Isle of Wights unique numbering system was retained on the BR examples on the island , along with the names . The mainland complement were renumbered by the addition of 30000 to their existing Southern Railway numbers to give a new number in the 30177 to 30236 sequence .",
"title": "British Railways"
},
{
"text": " The two Isle of Wight locomotives used on engineering trains survived long enough for preservation attempts to be made . The attempt to preserve W31 Chale failed , and it was scrapped in 1967 .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": "W24 Calbourne was bought by the Wight Locomotive Society , which in 1971 moved its headquarters to Havenstreet and became the Isle of Wight Steam Railway . Calbourne was restored to operating condition , re-entering service in 1992 , and had a further overhaul in 2010 , hauling tourist trains over the line between Smallbrook Junction and Wootton . A further overhaul began in 2019 and was completed in 2021 for the locomotives 130th anniversary and the railways 50th .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " Calbourne is the sole survivor of the O2 locomotives ; the rest of the class were scrapped .",
"title": "Preservation"
},
{
"text": " DJmodels has produced models of the O2 class in both mainland and IOW variants .",
"title": "Models"
},
{
"text": " - Adams O2 class 0-4-4T Southern E-Group",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Zouma#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Kurt Zouma belong to before Aug 2010?
|
Kurt Zouma Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team . Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for the 2018โ19 season . Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 . Club career . Early career . Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender . Saint-รtienne . Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention . Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on 14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle . Chelsea . 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien . On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 . On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title . 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage . Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months . In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal . 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton . In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February . 2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea . Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup . On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium . 2020โ21 season . Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe . International career . Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory . Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty . On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match . Style of play . A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities . Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 . Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level . Personal life . Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 . Honours . Saint-รtienne - Coupe de la Ligue : 2012โ13 Chelsea - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21 France U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2013 Individual - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "the 2018โ19 season .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Zouma#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Kurt Zouma belong to between Nov 2012 and Dec 2012?
|
Kurt Zouma Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team . Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for the 2018โ19 season . Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 . Club career . Early career . Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender . Saint-รtienne . Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention . Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on 14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle . Chelsea . 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien . On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 . On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title . 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage . Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months . In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal . 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton . In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February . 2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea . Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup . On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium . 2020โ21 season . Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe . International career . Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory . Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty . On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match . Style of play . A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities . Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 . Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level . Personal life . Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 . Honours . Saint-รtienne - Coupe de la Ligue : 2012โ13 Chelsea - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21 France U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2013 Individual - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15
|
[
"Saint-รtienne"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "the 2018โ19 season .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Zouma#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Kurt Zouma belong to in May 2013?
|
Kurt Zouma Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team . Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for the 2018โ19 season . Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 . Club career . Early career . Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender . Saint-รtienne . Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention . Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on 14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle . Chelsea . 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien . On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 . On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title . 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage . Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months . In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal . 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton . In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February . 2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea . Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup . On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium . 2020โ21 season . Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe . International career . Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory . Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty . On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match . Style of play . A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities . Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 . Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level . Personal life . Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 . Honours . Saint-รtienne - Coupe de la Ligue : 2012โ13 Chelsea - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21 France U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2013 Individual - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15
|
[
"Saint-รtiennes"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "the 2018โ19 season .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Zouma#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Kurt Zouma belong to in Jul 2017?
|
Kurt Zouma Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team . Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for the 2018โ19 season . Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 . Club career . Early career . Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender . Saint-รtienne . Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention . Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on 14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle . Chelsea . 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien . On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 . On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title . 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage . Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months . In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal . 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton . In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February . 2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea . Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup . On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium . 2020โ21 season . Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe . International career . Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory . Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty . On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match . Style of play . A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities . Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 . Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level . Personal life . Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 . Honours . Saint-รtienne - Coupe de la Ligue : 2012โ13 Chelsea - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21 France U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2013 Individual - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15
|
[
"France"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "the 2018โ19 season .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Zouma#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Kurt Zouma belong to in Nov 2018?
|
Kurt Zouma Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team . Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for the 2018โ19 season . Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 . Club career . Early career . Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender . Saint-รtienne . Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention . Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on 14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle . Chelsea . 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien . On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 . On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title . 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage . Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months . In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal . 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton . In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February . 2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea . Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup . On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium . 2020โ21 season . Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe . International career . Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory . Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty . On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match . Style of play . A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities . Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 . Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level . Personal life . Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 . Honours . Saint-รtienne - Coupe de la Ligue : 2012โ13 Chelsea - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21 France U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2013 Individual - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15
|
[
"Everton"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Happy Zouma ( born 27 October 1994 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Chelsea and the France national team .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began his career at Saint-รtienne , making his professional debut aged 16 , and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013 . Zouma joined Chelsea for ยฃ12 million in January 2014 , but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season . In his first full campaign in England , Zouma helped Chelsea win the League Cup and the Premier League . In July 2017 , Zouma joined Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . This was followed by another loan move to Everton for",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": "the 2018โ19 season .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Zouma represented France at several youth levels , up to under-21 . He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015 .",
"title": "Kurt Zouma"
},
{
"text": " Born in Lyon , Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15 . He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " Zouma joined Saint-รtienne in 2009 . On 2 April 2011 , he signed his first professional contract , agreeing to a three-year deal . He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011โ12 season , and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old , on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux , playing the entire match in a 3โ1 win . On 17 September , he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3โ0 loss at Lorient ; his first professional goal came on 19 November , replacing Paulรฃo after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2โ0 win before half time at OGC Nice . He totalled 21 league games in his first season โ 13 starts โ and his other goal came on",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": "14 January 2012 , heading Banel Nicolitas corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " On 20 April 2013 , Zouma played in Saint-รtiennes 1โ0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue . Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon , he opened a 1โ1 draw by heading Yohan Mollos corner after half an hour of play . On 7 November 2013 , Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochauxs Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle .",
"title": "Saint-รtienne"
},
{
"text": " 2014โ15 season . On 31 January 2014 , Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a fee believed to be around ยฃ12 million ( โฌ14.6 million ) . He remained at Saint-รtienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013โ14 season . Zouma first appeared as a first-half substitute for Chelsea in a pre-season friendly against Wycombe Wanderers . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2โ1 friendly win against Slovene club Olimpija , on 27 July 2014 . He was given the number 5 shirt , previously worn by Michael Essien .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 24 September , Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea , scoring the opener in a 2โ1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup . He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor , helping his side keep a clean sheet in a 6โ0 win . He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1โ1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014 .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 4 January 2015 , Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3โ0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup . Six days later , he started in the Premier League for the first time , partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2โ0 home win over Newcastle United , which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table . With Nemanja Matiฤ suspended and John Obi Mikel injured , Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2โ0",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "victory over Tottenham Hotspur . On 3 May , he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1โ0 to win the league title .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2015โ2017 . On 2 August 2015 , Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for Cรฉsar Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1โ0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield . Starting ahead of John Terry , he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September , heading in Cesc Fร bregas cross to open a 2โ0 home win over the same opposition . On 24 November , as a late substitute for the injured Terry , he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4โ0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Under interim manager Guus Hiddink , Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelseas form improved . On 7 February 2016 , Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United . He required surgery and was ruled out for six months .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the summer of 2016 , Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason . Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04 . On 24 October , Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months , playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 side in a 2โ2 draw against Derby County . On 8 January 2017 , Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelseas 4โ1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United . On 4 February , he made his first appearance of the 2016โ17 Premier League season as a",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "substitute in a 3โ1 win against rivals Arsenal .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2017โ18 season : Loan to Stoke City . Following agreeing to a new six-year deal with Chelsea , on 21 July 2017 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2017โ18 season . On 12 August , he made his debut in a 1โ0 loss at Everton .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In November 2017 , Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma , who had only missed one match , against his parent club . On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters , in a 2โ2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion . Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017โ18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " 2018โ19 season : Loan to Everton . On 10 August 2018 , Zouma joined fellow Premier League side Everton on loan for the 2018โ19 season . He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2โ2 draw at Bournemouth . Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019 , a header to open a 2โ0 home win also against Bournemouth . He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1โ0 loss at Watford on 9 February .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "2019โ20 season : Return to Chelsea .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton . He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club . On 11 August 2019 , Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4โ0 away defeat to Manchester United . He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019 , in a 7โ1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 January 2020 , Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1โ1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelseas trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020 . He would go on to score the clubs third goal in a 3โ1 win , his first Premier League goal in over 5 years for Chelsea . On 6 December , Zouma headed in his sides second goal of a 3โ1 win over Leeds United . The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season , which meant he had twice",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender . Through the first ten league matches , Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels , which put him among the top 20 players in Europe .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level . He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup . Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 side . He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey . In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize , he headed the last goal of a 4โ0 victory .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaรซl Varane , and on 19 March 2015 , he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark . He made his debut in the latter match ten days later , a 2โ0 win at his former club ground with Saint-รtienne , the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard , replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game . After his injury for Chelsea in February , Zouma missed Frances hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " He returned to the squad in August 2017 , replacing the injured Raphaรซl Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands . He was put on standby for Frances squad at the final tournament in Russia . Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2โ2 friendly draw with Iceland , coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "On 11 June 2019 , Zouma made his first start for the France senior team , played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal , in the 4โ0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zoumas strength , reading of the game , and aerial presence , while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration . In January 2014 , Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe . The newspaper wrote , Blessed with exceptional power and technique , Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": "Match of the Day pundit , Danny Murphy linked Zouma to Marcel Desailly , another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea . Writing after a draw with Manchester City , which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agรผero , Murphy noted Zoumas reliability and confidence against the strong opponent , in addition to his pace . He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come , and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry , then aged 34 .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the ultimate defender for his speed , jump , passing , shooting and tackling , and said that Tottenham Hotspurs Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level .",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"text": " Zoumas parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic . His older brother Lionel plays in the same position , and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender . Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane , Jean-Claude Van Dammes character in the 1989 film Kickboxer , while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names . Zouma is married to Sandra , with whom he has three children . Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Premier League : 2014โ15 , 2016โ17 - Football League Cup : 2014โ15 - UEFA Champions League : 2020โ21 - FA Cup runner-up : 2016โ17 , 2019โ20 , 2020โ21",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2014โ15",
"title": "Individual"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#0
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg before Apr 1954?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Herbert Dallmann"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#1
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg in Dec 1957?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Eberhard Leibnitz"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#2
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg in May 1960?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Heinz Schmellenmeier"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#3
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg in Aug 1962?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Rolf Landsberg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#4
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg between Feb 1965 and Oct 1967?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Hans-Joachim Bittrich"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#5
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg in early 1970s?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Hans-Heinz Emons"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#6
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg between Dec 1978 and Dec 1979?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Gert Naue"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Technical_University_Leuna-Merseburg#P1075#7
|
Who was the rector of Technical University Leuna-Merseburg between Nov 1987 and Jul 1988?
|
Technical University Leuna-Merseburg Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 . History . Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR . The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time . Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education . Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members . A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg . The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician . Rectors . - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975 - Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981 - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993 Structure . Faculties and institutes . Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 . The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck . The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books ) - 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering - 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics - 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry . THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers . Restructuring . The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed : - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics - Institute of Theoretical Physica - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering - Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages Literature . - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 . - Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 . - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU
|
[
"Margit T . Rรคtzsch"
] |
[
{
"text": " Technical University Leuna-Merseburg ( German : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg , abbreviated : THLM ) was an institution of tertiary education in the city of Merseburg in todays Saxony-Anhalt , Germany . It was founded on 1 September 1954 as Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg ( THC ) and closed on 31 March 1993 . Hochschule Merseburg was founded on the grounds of THLM in 1992 .",
"title": "Technical University Leuna-Merseburg"
},
{
"text": " Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie Leuna-Merseburg was founded in a ceremony held in Halle ( Saale ) on 1 September 1954 . The first 207 students were registered on 19 October 1954 in the club house of Leuna chemical works , the mathematician Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) was appointed as the first rector on this occasion , and the foundation stone of the Merseburg campus was laid . Despite the name of the new institution , it never had any facilities in Leuna ; the name only referred to the largest chemical plant in the GDR .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The institution was founded with the aim of creating a Technische Hochschule ( TH ) that offered an application-oriented education in chemistry-related sciences and technology and supported the chemical industry in Central Germany . It can be regarded as a late consequence of the World Wars in the 20th century , and of the economical and political situation of the GDR that required an accelerated development of the industry . Several other institutions of tertiary education were founded at the same time .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Originally intended to be located in Leipzig , the new TH was finally established in the smaller and quieter city of Merseburg , situated between two major chemical plants ( Leunawerke with ca . 30000 employees and Buna Werke Schkopau with ca . 20000 employees ) . It was originally attached to the Ministry of Heavy Industries , in December 1955 it was transferred to the newly founded Ministry of Chemical Industry and finally in February 1958 to the State Secretariat and later Ministry of Higher and Technical Education .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Students accommodation was provided in dormitories on the campus or in a short distance thereof . Dormitory places not used by THLM students were used for students of the associated specialist Abitur classes or the Industrieinstitut ( which prepared industry workers without Abitur for studies at university level ) and also for younger staff members .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " A festival week was held every five years following the foundation of the THLM . On occasion of its tenth anniversary it was awarded the new name Technische Hochschule fรผr Chemie โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg by the Council of Ministers of the GDR , from 1975 on the name was shortened to Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The library of THLM was the first in the new states of Germany after German Reunification that joined the data network Deutsches Wissenschaftsnetz founded in May 1990 . In November 1990 THLM became a member of German Rectors Conference . The government of Saxony-Anhalt decided in December 1990 to liquidate the institution . The result of an evaluation by the German Council of Science and Humanities in March 1991 was published in June . According to it , the departments of chemistry , process engineering and materials and processing technology were found to perform efficiently and competitively , and should",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "join Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg ( MLU ) . Integration was completed in 1993 , when the employees of THLM became employees of MLU . Closure of THLM was",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " legally stipulated on 28 February 1992 and juridically completed on 31 March 1993 . Incidentally , the last rector , Alfred Gรถpfert , who had only assumed the office on 14 December 1992 , was also a mathematician .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Herbert Dallmann ( 1909โ1996 ) , mathematician , 1954 - 1955 - Eberhard Leibnitz ( 1910โ1986 ) , chemist , 1955 - 1958 - Heinz Schmellenmeier ( 1909โ1994 ) , physicist , 1958 - 1961 - Elmar Profft ( 1905โ1978 ) , chemist , March 1961 - December 1961 - Rolf Landsberg ( 1920โ2003 ) , chemist , 1962 - 1964 - Hans-Joachim Bittrich ( 1923โ2010 ) , chemist , 1964 - 1968 - Hans-Heinz Emons ( born 1930 ) , chemist , 1968 - 1975",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": "- Gert Naue ( born 1934 ) , engineer in fluid mechanics , 1975 - 1981",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " - Margit T . Rรคtzsch ( born 1934 ) , physical chemist , 1981 - 1989 - Egon Fanghรคnel ( born 1935 ) , chemist , 1990 - 1992 - Alfred Gรถpfert ( born 1934 ) , mathematician , 1992 - 1993",
"title": "Rectors"
},
{
"text": " Originally , THC was organised into faculties . After the academic senate had constituted itself in December 1955 , Faculty II for Sciences and Supplementary Technological Subjects was founded . It was the predecessor of the later Faculty for Process Engineering and Fundamental Sciences which was formed in September 1958 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in August 1959 .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "The Faculty for Material Sciences was formed in July 1956 and awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in November 1957 . The first doctorate was awarded to Hans-Jรผrgen Papenfuร in January 1958 , the first honorary doctorate in November 1958 to H . H . Franck .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The Faculty for Engineering Economics was also formed in 1956 and was awarded full promotion and habilitation rights in April 1961 . The faculties were subdivided into institutes . Among them were ( in order of their opening ) : - 1954 : Institute of Anorganic Chemistry ; Institute of Mathematics ; Division of Social Sciences ; university library ( initially with 3000 books )",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1955 : Institute of Organic Chemistry ; Institute of Analytical Chemistry ( the only one of its kind in the GDR ) ; Institute of Physical Chemistry ; Division of Language Education ; Division of Studentical Sports",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1956 : Institute of Technical Physics ; Institute of Political Economy ; Institute of Organisation and Planning of Chemical Plants ; Institute of Normatives and Standardisation ; Institute of Accountancy and Finances ; Industrial Institute - 1958 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers - 1959 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts ; Institute of Petroleum Chemistry ; Institute of Chemical Metals ; Institute of MarxismโLeninism ; Institute of Material Sciences and Mechanical Technologies - 1960 : Institute of Economy of the Chemical Industry ; Institute of Process Engineering",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1962 : Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " - 1964 : Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering , Apparatus Technology and Project Designing ; the Institute of Technical Physics was divided into the Institute of Automatisation of Chemical Processes and the Institute of Technical Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "- 1967 : Institute of Socialist Economic Management ; the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry and Organic Intermediates was formed from the Institutes of Petroleum Chemistry and of Chemistry and Technology of Fundamental and Intermediate Organic Chemical Products ; the Institute of Anorganic and Technical Chemistry was formed from the Institutes of Chemical Metals and of Chemistry and Technology of Mineral Salts",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The research department of the pharmaceutical works Fahlberg-List in Magdeburg was attached to THC as Forschungsinstitut Magdeburg in 1955 . Specialist classes for chemistry .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": "THC was the first institution of tertiary education in the GDR to establish specialist Abitur classes in 1964 , with a specialist focus on chemistry . There , students who had passed an entrance exam were accepted after finishing the ten-year secondary school , and received specialist instruction in the sciences , in particular in chemistry , on top of the ordinary extended secondary school curriculum . They were already integrated into the university structures , attended lectures and seminars and practical classes in the laboratory , and were to a large extent educated by university teachers .",
"title": "Faculties and institutes"
},
{
"text": " The university reforms of the late 1960s in the GDR caused changes in the organisational structure towards greater centralisation . Institutes were transformed into sub-departments ( Wissenschaftsbereich ) and grouped into sections ( Sektion ) ( comparable to departments ) . The following sections were formed : - Chemistry - Process Chemistry - Process Engineering - Polymer Sciences ( Hochpolymere ) - Socialist Economic Management ( SBW ) - Cybernetics/Mathematics/Data Processing ( KMD ) New sections were formed in 1972 from the latter two : - Economics - Mathematics and Computing Technology",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "In 1976 , the Sections of Process Chemistry and of Polymer Sciences were dissolved and partly attached to the Section of Chemistry . At the same time two new sections were formed :",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Physics - Materials Sciences There existed also a Section of MarxismโLeninism which had no students of its own , but provided the then obligatory education in MarxismโLeninism for the students of all other sections . After the German reunification , the faculty structure was reintroduced . In 1991 , the following faculties existed : - Faculty of Sciences - Department of Chemistry - Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry - Institute of Anorganic Chemistry - Institute of Organic Chemistry - Institute of Physical Chemistry - Institute of Technical Chemistry - Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry - Department of Physics",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Theoretical Physica",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Experimental Physics - Institute of Applied Physics - Faculty of Technological Sciences and Mathematics - Department of Mathematics and Infoematics - Institute of Analysis - Institute of Applied Mathematics - Institute of Informatics - Computer centre - Department of Process Engineering - Institute of Technical Fluid Mechanics - Institute of Fundamentals of Process Engineering - Institute of Thermal Process Engineering - Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering - Institute of Reaction Technology - Institute of System Process Engineering - Institute of Thechnical Thermodynamics and Energy Management - Institute of Automatisation and Electrical Engineering",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": "- Institute of Technology of Environmental Protection",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Institute of Biotechnology - Department of Materials and Processing Technology - Institute of Plastics and Rubber Technology - Institute of Processing Technology and Rheology - Institute of Materials Technology - Institute of Technical Mechanics - Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences - Department of Economy - Institute of Business Management - Institute of Interdisciplinary Technological Research - Institute of Foreign Languages",
"title": "Restructuring"
},
{
"text": " - Dietrich Werner , D . Herrmann : msr stellt vor : Technische Hochschule โCarl Schorlemmerโ Leuna-Merseburg โ Sektion Verfahrenstechnik , Wissenschaftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik . In : messen , steuern , regeln , Berlin . vol . 27 , no . 5 , 1984 , pp . 231โ235 . - German Council of Science and Humanities : Empfehlungen zur kรผnftigen Struktur der Hochschullandschaft in den neuen Lรคndern und im Ostteil von Berlin . Teil I bis IV . Kรถln 1992 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": "- Klaus Krug , Hans-Joachim Hรถrig , Dieter Schnurpfeil ( editors ) : 50 Jahre Hochschule in Merseburg . Merseburger Beitrรคge zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie Mitteldeutschlands , published by Fรถrderverein Sachzeugen der chemischen Industrie e . V. , Merseburg , vol . 9 , no . 1 , 2004 .",
"title": "Literature"
},
{
"text": " - List of emeriti and retired university teachers including those who had worked at THLM before joining MLU",
"title": "Literature"
}
] |
/wiki/Sopiko_Guramishvili#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Sopiko Guramishvili in 2012?
|
Sopiko Guramishvili Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women . Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016 , with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp . Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Early life and background . Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi . Chess career . 2002โ06 : Under-16 World Champion . Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place . After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 . 2007โ09 : Woman Grandmaster title . Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili . One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place . 2010โ13 : International Master title . Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title . Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri . With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time . Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating . 2014โpresent : World Championship competitor . Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh , an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance . In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov . Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds . Playing style . Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) . Personal life . Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand . Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish . External links . - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"International Master"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": ", with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": " Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Early life and background .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sopiko_Guramishvili#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Sopiko Guramishvili in 2009?
|
Sopiko Guramishvili Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women . Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016 , with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp . Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Early life and background . Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi . Chess career . 2002โ06 : Under-16 World Champion . Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place . After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 . 2007โ09 : Woman Grandmaster title . Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili . One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place . 2010โ13 : International Master title . Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title . Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri . With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time . Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating . 2014โpresent : World Championship competitor . Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh , an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance . In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov . Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds . Playing style . Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) . Personal life . Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand . Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish . External links . - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"Woman Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": ", with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": " Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Early life and background .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Sopiko_Guramishvili#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Sopiko Guramishvili in 2007?
|
Sopiko Guramishvili Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women . Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016 , with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp . Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Early life and background . Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi . Chess career . 2002โ06 : Under-16 World Champion . Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place . After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 . 2007โ09 : Woman Grandmaster title . Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili . One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place . 2010โ13 : International Master title . Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title . Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri . With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time . Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating . 2014โpresent : World Championship competitor . Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh , an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance . In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov . Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds . Playing style . Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) . Personal life . Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 . Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand . Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish . External links . - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"Woman Grandmaster"
] |
[
{
"text": " Sopiko Guramishvili ( ; born 1 January 1991 ) is a Georgian-born Dutch chess player , author , and commentator who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She has been an under-16 girls World Youth Champion and an under-18 girls Georgian national champion . Guramishvili has a peak FIDE rating of 2441 and has been ranked as high as No . 42 in the world among women .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili began playing chess at age five . She regularly qualified for and participated in the World Youth Chess Championships from age ten onwards . She won a silver medal in the under-12 girls division in 2003 and a gold medal in the under-16 girls division in 2006 . Guramishvili first qualified for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship at age 17 . Her best finish was in 2009 , when she came in joint second place and earned a WGM norm . Guramishvili was awarded the WGM title in 2009 at age 18 and the IM title in 2012 at",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "age 21 . She earned her last IM norm at the 2011 Nakhchivan Open , during which she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2662 . Guramishvili has routinely perfomed well at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , earning a double IM norm in 2010 and twice qualifying for the Womens World Chess Championship 64-player knockout tournament because of her 2013 and 2015 results . At the 2017 Womens World Championship , she eliminated higher-seeded Sarasadat Khademalsharieh and reached the round of 16 . Guramishvili had her two best tournament performance ratings in 2016",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": ", with a career-best of 2509 at the Tata Steel Tienkamp .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": " Beyond competing at chess , Guramishvili has developed online courses and other instructional videos , in particular for chess24 . With fellow IM Anna Rudolf , she has co-hosted an instructional series on chess24 where Rudolf and Guramishvili are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . She was also one of the official commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match . Guramishvili is married to Anish Giri , a Dutch Grandmaster who has been ranked as high as No . 3 in the world . She switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Early life and background .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Sopiko Guramishvili was born on 1 January 1991 in Tbilisi , the capital of the Georgian SSR and the modern-day capital of Georgia . She was first introduced to chess inadvertently at age five while her grandmother was teaching her how to play draughts . After she was more intrigued by the chess pieces that they werent using , her mother taught her the game . Guramishvili first qualified for the World Youth Chess Championships in 2001 in Oropesa del Mar at age ten . She finished in equal ninth out of 70 competitors in the under-10 girls division with",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "a score of 7/11 , three points behind the winner Tan Zhongyi .",
"title": "Sopiko Guramishvili"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili first earned a FIDE rating in October 2002 , starting at 2142 at age eleven . By the middle of 2003 , she had earned the Woman FIDE Master ( WFM ) title . That year , she finished on the podium in the under-12 girls division at both the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . At the former in Budva in Montenegro , she earned a bronze medal with a score of 7/9 , tied with Elena Tairova and behind only Anastasia Bodnaruk , having lost to both of them . She fared better at the",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "latter tournament in Kallithea in Greece , earning a silver medal . With a score of 8ยฝ/11 , she finished ahead of Tan only on the tiebreak criteria and was runner-up to Ding Yixin , having won her games against Tan , Tairova , and Bodnaruk , but losing to the winner Ding . Guramishvili moved up to the under-14 girls division the following year , but had less success . Over the next two years , her best result in this division came at the 2004 World Championships , where she finished in equal fourth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "After more than three years with a steady rating just below 2150 , Guramishvili reached a new peak rating of 2180 in April 2006 with a good performance at the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship . She scored 5ยฝ/9 , a point behind the winners . Although she narrowly did not qualify because of the tiebreak criteria , she gained 31 rating points . Guramishvili had a strong finish to the year at the World Youth Chess Championships , which were hosted by her home country in Batumi . Despite an opening round loss to a much",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "lower-rated player , she recovered to dominate the rest of the under-16 girls event with wins in nine of her last ten games . She finished with 9ยฝ/11 , winning the division easily by 1ยฝ points . She also reached a rating of 2200 for the first time . This win was part of a stretch where Georgia won the gold medal in the under-16 girls division seven out of ten times from 1999 through 2008 .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili consolidated her 2006 World Championship gold medal with another excellent year in 2007 , gaining about another 100 rating points and earning her first norm for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . Early in the year , she fared well at both the Georgian under-18 boys championship and the qualification tournament for the open Georgian Chess Championship , helping her climb to a rating of 2267 . A few months later , she also performed well at the Georgian under-20 boys championship . Guramishvilis first WGM norm came in early September at the Open Internacional DEscacs de",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Sants in Barcelona . She scored 6ยฝ/10 for a performance rating of 2400 . This result also helped her reach a rating of 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title , for the first time . At the end of year in Antalya in Turkey , Guramishvili attempted to defend her under-16 girls world championship , but finished a ยฝ point behind the four leaders . The tournament was won by her compatriot Keti Tsatsalashvili .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "One of Guramishvilis biggest achievements in 2008 was qualifying for the Georgian Georgian Womens Chess Championship for the first time , finishing in equal second with a score of 6ยฝ/9 in the qualification tournament . In the main championship , a 14-player round robin , she finished in the middle of the field with 5ยฝ/12 , a result consistent with her rating . She qualified for the Womens Championship again in 2009 . With only 12 players in the field , she had a much better result , finishing in equal second with four other players who scored 6ยฝ/11 ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a ยฝ point behind the winner Maia Lomineishvili . Moreover , she earned her second WGM norm . Guramishvili earned her third and final WGM norm at her next tournament , the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , and was awarded the title in June at 18 years old . Later in the year in May , she won the Georgian under-18 girls championship and also finished in equal first in the Georgian under-20 girls championship , narrowly coming in second place to Miranda Mikadze on the tiebreak criteria . At another tournament , she had a win against Gevorg",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Harutjunyan , an Armenian Grandmaster ( GM ) rated 2504 , at a tournament in Tbilisi . At the end of the year , Guramishvili was in contention to win the under-18 girls division at the World Youth Chess Championships , but lost to the eventual winner Olga Girya in the penultimate round and ultimately finished in sixth place .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Although Guramishvili maintained a rating in the low 2300s through the middle of 2011 , she continued to progress by attaining all three of her norms for the International Master ( IM ) title over this span . She earned her first two IM norms as a double norm at the 2010 European Individual Womens Chess Championship . She improved on her 2009 result of 6/11 with a score of 6ยฝ/11 , corresponding to a performance rating of 2467 . In August , Guramishvili participated in the under-20 World Junior Chess Championships in Chotowa in Poland , finishing in eighth",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place , 2ยฝ points behind the winner Anna Muzychuk . A month later , she also participated in the womens event at the 2010 World University Chess Championship in Zurich and had a much better result , winning the bronze medal , having finished in joint second with Ljilja Drljeviฤ and a ยฝ point behind the winner Batkhuyagiin Mรถngรถntuul . Guramishvilis best results from late 2010 through the first half of 2011 were at the 2010 Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali in Spain and the 2011 Nakhchivan Open in Azerbaijan . She won the former tournament , a ten-player",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "womens round robin , ahead of higher-rated players Alina lAmi and her compatriot Ana Matnadze . At the latter tournament , she earned her third and final IM norm . Although she only scored 4/9 , she still had a performance rating of 2451 due to her opponents having a much higher average rating of 2492 . During the tournament , she defeated Sergey Fedorchuk , a Ukrainian GM rated 2662 . With all three IM norms , she only needed to reach a rating of 2400 to qualify for the title .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Over the next twelve months , Guramishvili gained about another 100 rating points , a stretch that began in May 2011 after the Nakhchivan Open . In particular , she finished a ยฝ point behind the winner at the Paleochora International Chess Tournament in Greece , gaining 31 rating points . She then won two tournaments , namely the qualification tournament for the Georgian Womens Chess Championship in December , followed by the womens round robin event at the Reggio Emilia tournament in January . The open event at the latter tournament was won by her future husband Anish Giri",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". With another score of 6ยฝ/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship in March , Guramishvili passed the 2400 rating threshold to earn the IM title at age 21 . She ended 2012 by winning the Torneo Internacional Femenino Gran Hotel Bali for a second time .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili continued to steadily increase her rating through most of 2013 , reaching her career-best rating of 2441 in November . She also reached a career-best womens ranking of No . 42 in the world a month earlier . One of the few tournaments where she had a sub-par performance and did not gain rating points was at the Georgian Womens Chess Championship , where her score of 6ยฝ/11 was only sufficient for joint fourth place . Her better performances during the year included a career-best score of 7/11 at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship and an joint first",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "place finish at the Torneo Cerrado Internacional Femenino Ciudad De Linares where she was runner-up on the tiebreak criteria . At the end of the year , Guramishvili dropped below a rating of 2400 after a poor performance at the Chennai Open in India where she had a negative score against opponents with a lower average rating .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "Since 2014 , Guramishvili has largely maintained a steady rating just below 2400 while generally playing fewer tournaments . Her biggest tournament during this span was the Womens World Chess Championship , which was played as a 64-player knockout event at the time . She qualified for the world championship tournament twice , in 2015 as the 46th seed and in 2017 as the 45th seed . She had qualified through her performances at the European Individual Womenโs Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015 respectively , at which she scored 7/11 and 6ยฝ/11 . In 2015 , she was eliminated",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "in the first round by her compatriot Lela Javakhishvili by losing one of the two games in the second set of tiebreaks , played in a 10+10 rapid format . They had each won one of the two classical games , and both of the 25+10 rapid games in the first set of tiebreaks ended in draws . In 2017 , Guramishvili had a much better result , winning two rounds and advancing to the round of 16 . All three of her matches were decided on tiebreaks . In the first round , she upset 20th-seed Sarasadat Khademalsharieh ,",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "an IM rated 2445 . After they each won a classical game , Guramishvili won both of the games in the first set of rapid tiebreaks to advance . In the next round , she faced a lower-rated opponent , 52nd-seed Nataliya Buksa , who had also advanced via an upset . Nonetheless , the match was decided through 5+3 blitz tiebreaks . They each won a classical game and a 10+10 rapid game , having drawn both 25+10 rapid games in-between . In the blitz tiebreak , Guramishvili won the second game to advance . She was eliminated in",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "the following round by 4th-seed Dronavalli Harika , a GM rated 2539 . After they had drawn both classical games and both 25+10 rapid games , Dronavalli won the first of the two 10+10 rapid games to advance .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "In-between competing at the two Womens World Championships , Guramishvili had the two best tournaments of her career by performance rating in 2016 . She was one of the participants in the Tata Steel Tienkamp , a ten-player round robin played alongside the Tata Steel Masters in Wijk aan Zee in the Netherlands . Anna Rudolf , her regular broadcast partner , was one of the other participants . Guramishvili finished in joint second with 6/9 , a ยฝ point behind the winner Vladimir Dobrov , a GM rated 2518 . Her only loss in the event was to Dobrov",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": ". Overall , her opponents had an average rating of 2384 , similar to her own rating of 2374 , and her performance rating was 2509 . Later in the year , Guramishvili also scored 6/9 at the London Chess Classic . With her opponents having an average rating of 2348 , that score corresponded to a performance rating of 2473 . Guramishvili had the opportunity to participate in the more prestigious Tata Steel Challengers in 2017 , an event where the winner is invited to compete in the Tata Steel Masters the following year . She did not have",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": "a good result , however , finishing in last place . Against opponents with an average rating of 2610 , she did not win any of her games , drawing three times in thirteen rounds .",
"title": "Chess career"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili primarily plays 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) with the white pieces . She also prefers 1.Nf3 ( the Zukertort Opening ) or 1.c4 ( the English Opening ) compared to 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) . With the black pieces , she often defends against 1.e4 with the Sicilian defence ( 1.e4 c5 ) , which she commonly continues with the Najdorf variation ( 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 ) .",
"title": "Playing style"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili married fellow chess player Anish Giri in July 2015 . Giri is a Dutch Grandmaster who has frequently been ranked in the top 10 in the world since 2014 , peaking at No . 3 . They met at the Reggio Emilia tournament that took place around New Years Day in 2012 , where Guramishvili won the womens event and Giri won the open event . They live in The Hague in the Netherlands , and have one son who was born in October 2016 . Guramishvili switched federations from Georgia to the Netherlands in 2019 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Guramishvili has been a regular online instructor for chess24 . Together with fellow International Master Anna Rudolf , she has been making videos for the Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics series since 2014 , in which Rudolf plays the role of Miss Strategy and Guramishvili plays the role of Miss Tactics . The series combines strategical and tactical approaches to chess . Guramishvili has also authored a chess24 series on how to play with the black pieces in the Sicilian Najdorf variation , and has two Chessable courses on how to play with the black pieces in the Queens Gambit",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Accepted . In addition to instructional videos , Guramishvili has also commentated on chess tournaments for both chess24 and Chess.com . In particular , she and Peter Svidler were the official English language commentators for the 2014 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Guramishvili graduated from Ilia State University in Georgia in 2013 , where she studied English and Spanish .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Sopiko Guramishvili chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Carter_(Texas_politician)#P69#0
|
Where was John Carter (Texas politician) educated between Feb 1959 and Jul 1959?
|
John Carter ( Texas politician ) John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 . After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock . In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district . For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division . In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress . Tenure . Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall . On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen . On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public . Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks . Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes . On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations . Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House . On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee Electoral history . Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 . Year Winning candidate Party Opponent Party Personal life . Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas . External links . - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress
|
[
"Texas Tech University"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Carter_(Texas_politician)#P69#1
|
Where was John Carter (Texas politician) educated after Oct 1965?
|
John Carter ( Texas politician ) John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 . After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock . In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district . For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division . In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress . Tenure . Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall . On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen . On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public . Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks . Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes . On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations . Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House . On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee Electoral history . Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 . Year Winning candidate Party Opponent Party Personal life . Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas . External links . - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress
|
[
"University of Texas School of Law"
] |
[
{
"text": " John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/John_Carter_(Texas_politician)#P69#2
|
Where was John Carter (Texas politician) educated between Jul 1957 and Oct 1957?
|
John Carter ( Texas politician ) John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 . After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock . In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district . For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division . In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress . Tenure . Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall . On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen . On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public . Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks . Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes . On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations . Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House . On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee Electoral history . Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 . Year Winning candidate Party Opponent Party Personal life . Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas . External links . - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " John Rice Carter ( born November 6 , 1941 ) is the U.S . Representative serving since 2003 . He is a Republican . The district includes the northern suburbs of Austin , as well as Fort Hood . Early life , education , and career . Carter was born in Houston , but has spent most of his life in central Texas . He graduated from Texas Tech University with a degree in history in 1964 , and earned a law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1969 .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": "After graduating from law school , Carter served as the first general counsel to the Texas House of Representatives Agriculture Committee . Carter later began a private law practice in Round Rock .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " In 1981 , Carter was appointed as judge of the 277th District Court of Williamson County . He was elected to the post a year later , the first Republican elected to a countywide position in the county . He was reelected four times . U.S . House of Representatives .",
"title": "John Carter ( Texas politician )"
},
{
"text": " Carter retired from the bench in 2001 in order to run for Congress in the newly created Texas 31st District . After finishing second in the Republican primary , he defeated Peter Wareing in the runoff , which was tantamount to election in what was then reckoned as a heavily Republican district .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "For his first term , 2003โ2005 , Carter represented a district that stretched from the suburbs of Austin to far western Houston , and included College Station , home of Texas A&M University . From the 2003 Texas redistricting until 2013 , Carter represented a district stretching from the fringes of the DallasโFort Worth Metroplex through more rural portions of Central Texas . Redistricting after the 2010 census , which first affected the 2013โ2015 term , reduced the 31st to Bell and Williamson counties . The 31st District now includes Fort Hood , home of the U.S . Armys 3d",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": "Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Division .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " In the November 2016 general election , Carter won his eighth term in Congress . With 166,060 votes ( 58.4 percent ) , he defeated Democrat Mike Clark and Libertarian Scott Ballard , who received 103,852 votes ( 34.5 percent ) and 14,676 ( 5.2 percent ) , respectively . In the November 2018 general election , Carter defeated Democrat MJ Hegar , getting 144,680 votes ( 50.6% ) to her 136,362 votes ( 47.7% ) , the 3% margin was the smallest victory margin of his nine terms in Congress .",
"title": "Elections"
},
{
"text": " Carter is best known as the author of a law that made it easier to prove identity theft and provides stiff penalties for the offense . It was signed into law by George W . Bush in 2004 . In the 110th Congress , Carter sponsored and co-sponsored a number of bills including the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act , the Terrorist Death Penalty Act of 2008 , and a bill condemning the vandalism of the Vietnam War Memorial on the National Mall .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On June 12 , 2009 , Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 1503 , which would require the production of a birth certificate from presidential candidates . The bill was introduced as a result of conspiracy theories which claimed that U.S . President Barack Obama is not a natural born U.S . citizen .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 15 , 2009 , in an opinion piece published in The Hill , Carter called the 111th Congress a house of hypocrisy after the House of Representatives voted to rebuke South Carolina Representative Joe Wilson for an outburst , but would not go after New York Representative and House Ways and Means Chair Charlie Rangel , who had been the subject of numerous ethical problems involving taxes and property . Carter is also a proponent of the Rangel Rule , where IRS penalties and interest would be eliminated if one paid back taxes , similar to the treatment",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Rangel , Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner , and former South Dakota Senator ( and one-time Secretary of Health and Human Services nominee ) Tom Daschle received after their tax problems were made public .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Carter introduced a Privileged Resolution that would have forced the resignation of Rangel from his position as Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee after he declined to resign voluntarily , citing the inaction of the House Democratic Caucus and the ongoing investigations as reasons . The resolution failed along a largely party-line vote , with two Democrats and six Republicans breaking ranks .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter amended his financial disclosure forms in mid-October 2009 to list nearly $300,000 in capital gains from the sale of ExxonMobil stock in 2006 and 2007 . Though Carter listed the sale of the assets , he did not list the actual amount of capital gains , on which he did pay taxes .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On November 16 , 2009 , Carter introduced legislation to give combatant casualty status to the victims of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting , similar to those who were killed in Afghanistan and Iraq . On May 16 , 2018 , Carter was named the new chairman of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee on Appropriations following the retirement of Charlie Dent . He had previously served as chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Appropriations .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Carter signed on as a co-sponsor of H.R . 4760 , the Securing Americas Future Act of 2018 , which failed to pass the House .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " On December 18 , 2019 , Carter voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump . Of the 195 Republicans who voted , all voted against both impeachment articles .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies ( Ranking Member ) - Subcommittee on Defense Party leadership and caucus memberships . - House Army Caucus ( Co-Chairman ) - House Republican Conference ( Secretary ) - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Republican Steering Committee - Sportsmens Caucus - Tea Party Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus - I-14 Caucus - Republican Study Committee",
"title": "Committee assignments"
},
{
"text": " Carter was re-elected to his tenth term in Congress on November 3 , 2020 .",
"title": "Electoral history"
},
{
"text": " Carter married his wife , Erika , in 1968 . They have four grown children and six grandchildren . Since 1971 , the couple has lived in Round Rock , Texas .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Congressman John Carter official U.S . House website - John Carter for Congress",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Nicola_Roxon#P39#0
|
Which position did Nicola Roxon hold before Jun 2006?
|
Nicola Roxon Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life . Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old . Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident . Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 . Political career . Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum . Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until 2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing . Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have been on time if he had wanted to . Minister for Health . In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging . Attorney-General . Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March . In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War . Resignation . Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .
|
[
"Labor seat of Gellibrand"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "cancer when she was 10 years old .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "been on time if he had wanted to .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging .",
"title": "Minister for Health"
},
{
"text": " Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": "In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": " Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Nicola_Roxon#P39#1
|
Which position did Nicola Roxon hold between Jul 2011 and Sep 2011?
|
Nicola Roxon Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life . Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old . Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident . Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 . Political career . Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum . Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until 2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing . Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have been on time if he had wanted to . Minister for Health . In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging . Attorney-General . Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March . In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War . Resignation . Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .
|
[
"Minister for Health and Ageing"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "cancer when she was 10 years old .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "been on time if he had wanted to .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging .",
"title": "Minister for Health"
},
{
"text": " Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": "In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": " Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Nicola_Roxon#P39#2
|
Which position did Nicola Roxon hold in Jan 2012?
|
Nicola Roxon Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life . Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old . Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident . Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 . Political career . Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum . Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until 2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing . Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have been on time if he had wanted to . Minister for Health . In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging . Attorney-General . Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March . In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War . Resignation . Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .
|
[
"Attorney-General"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "cancer when she was 10 years old .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "been on time if he had wanted to .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging .",
"title": "Minister for Health"
},
{
"text": " Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": "In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": " Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Nicola_Roxon#P39#3
|
Which position did Nicola Roxon hold in Jun 2013?
|
Nicola Roxon Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life . Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from cancer when she was 10 years old . Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident . Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 . Political career . Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum . Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until 2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing . Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have been on time if he had wanted to . Minister for Health . In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging . Attorney-General . Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March . In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War . Resignation . Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .
|
[
"backbencher"
] |
[
{
"text": " Nicola Louise Roxon ( born 1 April 1967 ) is a former Australian politician , who was a member of the House Representatives representing the seat of Gellibrand in Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from the 1998 federal election until her retirement in August 2013 . Between 2011 and 2013 , Roxon was the first female Attorney-General of Australia . Roxon is currently an adjunct professor at Victoria University . Early and personal life .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was born in Sydney , New South Wales . She is the second of three daughters and the niece of the late Australian journalist and Sydney Push member Lillian Roxon . Her paternal grandparents were Jewish and migrated from Poland to Australia in 1937 . Anglicising the family name from Ropschitz to Roxon , her grandfather worked as a GP in Gympie and Brisbane , Queensland . Her mother Lesley trained as a pharmacist , while her father Jack was a microbiologist . He was a strong influence in her life and she was devastated by his death from",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "cancer when she was 10 years old .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was educated at the Methodist Ladies College in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne , Victoria . She studied for a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at the University of Melbourne , winning the university medal for law . She ultimately came to the view that governments have got a role to make sure they can help people in circumstances they cant controlโeither through their health failing or an accident .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": "Between 1992 and 1994 , Roxon was employed as a judges associate to High Court Justice Mary Gaudron . She then became involved with the trade union movement , joining the National Union of Workers as an organiser . Roxon was also an industrial lawyer and senior associate with the law firm Maurice Blackburn and Co . from 1996 to 1998 .",
"title": "Nicola Roxon"
},
{
"text": " Roxon was elected to the comfortably safe Labor seat of Gellibrand in 1998 , succeeding longtime member Ralph Willis . She served on a number of committees , including the Standing Committee on Industry , Science and Resources and the Joint Select Committee on the Republic Referendum .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon was promoted to the Shadow Ministry after Labors loss in the 2001 election . Initially , she was appointed Shadow Minister for Child Care , Family Support and Youth . Roxon then had a brief stint as Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration later that year , when Julia Gillard moved from the Immigration portfolio to Health . In 2003 , new leader Mark Latham appointed her shadow Attorney-General and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women . She remained as Shadow Attorney-General following Lathams election loss in the 2004 election , holding this position until",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "2006 . Kevin Rudd appointed her to the position of Shadow Health Minister upon his elevation to the Labor leadership in December 2006 , and she retained the portfolio when Labor won government , replacing Tony Abbott as Minister for Health and Ageing .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "Roxon made headlines during the 2007 federal election campaign when , on 31 October 2007 , then Health Minister Tony Abbott arrived half an hour late for a televised debate . After apologising on behalf of the absent party to the audience of media and health industry figures , Roxon had the debate to herself and made light of the situation by stating that her staff felt she did a good impersonation of Abbott and could play his part . When Abbott arrived , he apologised for being late , but swore at Roxon when she claimed he could have",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "been on time if he had wanted to .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2009 , Roxon attempted to introduce legislation backing the alcopops tax increase into parliament . In 2010 , Roxon aimed to introduce major health reform in Australia . She said the Government would hold a referendum on hospital reform even if the Senate rejected the idea . In 2012 Roxon was featured in the Australian Story television program in an episode entitled Kicking The Habit , about her advocacy for plain cigarette packaging .",
"title": "Minister for Health"
},
{
"text": " Prime Minister Julia Gillard implemented a major change to her Cabinet on 14 December 2011 . Roxon was promoted from Health and Ageing to become Australias first woman to serve as Attorney-General . In a reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012 , Roxon was given the additional portfolio of Emergency Management . She was sworn into that portfolio on 5 March .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": "In May 2012 , Attorney-General Roxon announced that the Australian Government would not seek a pardon for Harry Breaker Morant from the British Government , on the grounds that Morant and his two fellow officers did , in fact , kill unarmed prisoners and others during the Second Boer War .",
"title": "Attorney-General"
},
{
"text": " Roxon resigned as Attorney-General on 2 February 2013 . She continued as a backbencher for the remainder of her term , and retired when the parliament was dissolved before the 2013 federal election .",
"title": "Resignation"
}
] |
/wiki/Cory_Booker#P69#0
|
Cory Booker went to which school in Dec 1986?
|
Cory Booker Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 . Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 . Early life and education . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots . Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center , a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California . Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active in the National Black Law Students Association . Municipal Council of Newark . Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike , living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted . Mayor of Newark . Mayoral campaigns . 2002 election . On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election . During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election . On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government . 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote . Tenure . Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June 20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor . In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime . First term . Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs . One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m . Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog . In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to make anonymously . On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity . Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway . Second term . In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy . On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 . On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote . In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive . Newark Watershed . The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty . Public opinion polling . Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were : September 2008 - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8% April 2009 - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10% May 2010 - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% May 2012 - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% January 2013 - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13% March 2014 - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23% Legacy . Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions . While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points . U.S . Senate . 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 . On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro . On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father . Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . 2014 election . On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978 . Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 . Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election . In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism . In the November 3 general election , Booker defeated Mehta , 57%โ41% . Tenure . In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington . Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing . Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now . In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders . In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated . At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing . On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus . In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs . Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 . Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . Current . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy - Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking ) - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism Previous . - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Black Caucus - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus 2020 presidential campaign . On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates , he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president . Political positions . Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year . Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill . On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend . Other activities . Obama association . In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark . Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press . Affiliations and honors . Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards . In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 . In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center . During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary . Films . Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media . Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch . Conan OBrien feud . In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien , who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched . Waywire . In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month . Book . In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book : Personal life . Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark . Booker has never been married , and in 2013 he was named one of Town & Countrys Top 40 Bachelors . Although he has generally tried to keep his personal life private , Booker has in the past called himself as a straight male and said that he is trying to date more in hopes of finding someone to settle down with . He has been romantically linked to poet Cleo Wade . In March 2019 , actress Rosario Dawson confirmed to TMZ that she was in a relationship with Booker . In a 1992 column in The Stanford Daily , Booker admitted that as a teenager he had hated gays . He has himself been the target of rumors about being gay and has generally refused to address these on principle , as he explained in 2013 : Because I want to challenge people on their homophobia . I love seeing on Twitter when someone says Im gay , and I say , So what does it matter if I am ? So be it . I hope you are not voting for me because you are making the presumption that Im straight . In 1992 , Booker recounted in his column for The Stanford Daily that as a 15-year-old kissing a friend on New Years Eve , he reached for her breast , had his hand pushed away once and then reached [ his ] mark . The column described Bookers changed attitudes towards sexual relations and how skewed attitudes lead to rape . The Daily Caller and Fox News brought up the column during the Kavanaugh confirmation hearings in September 2018 . From 1998 to 2006 , Booker lived in Brick Towers , a troubled housing complex in Newarks Central Ward . In November 2006 , as one of the last remaining tenants in Brick Towers , Booker left his apartment for the top unit in a three-story rental on Hawthorne Avenue in Newarks South Ward , an area described as a drug- and gang-plagued neighborhood of boarded-up houses and empty lots . Brick Towers has since been demolished , and a new mixed-income development was built there in 2010 . Since 2013 , Booker has lived in a townhouse he owns in the Lincoln Park section of Newarks Central Ward , also known as the Coast for its arts , jazz , and nightlife history . Booker speaks Spanish ; he attended a Spanish immersion program in Ecuador . In 2020 , Booker learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins , after both appeared on the TV show Finding Your Roots .
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"Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan"
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"text": " Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
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"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": ", a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the National Black Law Students Association .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike ,",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "make anonymously .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty .",
"title": "Newark Watershed"
},
{
"text": " Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were :",
"title": "Public opinion polling"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8%",
"title": "September 2008"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10%",
"title": "April 2009"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2010"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2012"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13%",
"title": "January 2013"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23%",
"title": "March 2014"
},
{
"text": "Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": ". Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": "- Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking )",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 )",
"title": "Previous"
},
{
"text": "On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": ", he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": " Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien ,",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched .",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": "Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month .",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book :",
"title": "Book"
},
{
"text": " Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Cory_Booker#P69#1
|
Cory Booker went to which school in 1987?
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Cory Booker Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 . Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 . Early life and education . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots . Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center , a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California . Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active in the National Black Law Students Association . Municipal Council of Newark . Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike , living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted . Mayor of Newark . Mayoral campaigns . 2002 election . On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election . During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election . On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government . 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote . Tenure . Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June 20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor . In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime . First term . Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs . One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m . Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog . In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to make anonymously . On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity . Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway . Second term . In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy . On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 . On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote . In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive . Newark Watershed . The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty . Public opinion polling . Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were : September 2008 - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8% April 2009 - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10% May 2010 - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% May 2012 - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% January 2013 - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13% March 2014 - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23% Legacy . Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions . While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points . U.S . Senate . 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 . On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro . On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father . Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . 2014 election . On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978 . Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 . Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election . In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism . In the November 3 general election , Booker defeated Mehta , 57%โ41% . Tenure . In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington . Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing . Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now . In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders . In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated . At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing . On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus . In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs . Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 . Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . Current . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy - Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking ) - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism Previous . - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Black Caucus - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus 2020 presidential campaign . On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates , he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president . Political positions . Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year . Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill . On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend . Other activities . Obama association . In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark . Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press . Affiliations and honors . Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards . In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 . In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center . During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary . Films . Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media . Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch . Conan OBrien feud . In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien , who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched . Waywire . In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month . Book . In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book : Personal life . Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark . Booker has never been married , and in 2013 he was named one of Town & Countrys Top 40 Bachelors . Although he has generally tried to keep his personal life private , Booker has in the past called himself as a straight male and said that he is trying to date more in hopes of finding someone to settle down with . He has been romantically linked to poet Cleo Wade . In March 2019 , actress Rosario Dawson confirmed to TMZ that she was in a relationship with Booker . In a 1992 column in The Stanford Daily , Booker admitted that as a teenager he had hated gays . He has himself been the target of rumors about being gay and has generally refused to address these on principle , as he explained in 2013 : Because I want to challenge people on their homophobia . I love seeing on Twitter when someone says Im gay , and I say , So what does it matter if I am ? So be it . I hope you are not voting for me because you are making the presumption that Im straight . In 1992 , Booker recounted in his column for The Stanford Daily that as a 15-year-old kissing a friend on New Years Eve , he reached for her breast , had his hand pushed away once and then reached [ his ] mark . The column described Bookers changed attitudes towards sexual relations and how skewed attitudes lead to rape . The Daily Caller and Fox News brought up the column during the Kavanaugh confirmation hearings in September 2018 . From 1998 to 2006 , Booker lived in Brick Towers , a troubled housing complex in Newarks Central Ward . In November 2006 , as one of the last remaining tenants in Brick Towers , Booker left his apartment for the top unit in a three-story rental on Hawthorne Avenue in Newarks South Ward , an area described as a drug- and gang-plagued neighborhood of boarded-up houses and empty lots . Brick Towers has since been demolished , and a new mixed-income development was built there in 2010 . Since 2013 , Booker has lived in a townhouse he owns in the Lincoln Park section of Newarks Central Ward , also known as the Coast for its arts , jazz , and nightlife history . Booker speaks Spanish ; he attended a Spanish immersion program in Ecuador . In 2020 , Booker learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins , after both appeared on the TV show Finding Your Roots .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": ", a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the National Black Law Students Association .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike ,",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "make anonymously .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty .",
"title": "Newark Watershed"
},
{
"text": " Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were :",
"title": "Public opinion polling"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8%",
"title": "September 2008"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10%",
"title": "April 2009"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2010"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2012"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13%",
"title": "January 2013"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23%",
"title": "March 2014"
},
{
"text": "Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": ". Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": "- Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking )",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 )",
"title": "Previous"
},
{
"text": "On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": ", he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": " Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien ,",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched .",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": "Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month .",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book :",
"title": "Book"
},
{
"text": " Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Cory_Booker#P69#2
|
Cory Booker went to which school between Apr 1991 and Oct 1991?
|
Cory Booker Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 . Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 . Early life and education . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots . Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center , a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California . Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active in the National Black Law Students Association . Municipal Council of Newark . Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike , living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted . Mayor of Newark . Mayoral campaigns . 2002 election . On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election . During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election . On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government . 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote . Tenure . Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June 20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor . In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime . First term . Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs . One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m . Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog . In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to make anonymously . On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity . Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway . Second term . In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy . On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 . On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote . In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive . Newark Watershed . The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty . Public opinion polling . Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were : September 2008 - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8% April 2009 - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10% May 2010 - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% May 2012 - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% January 2013 - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13% March 2014 - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23% Legacy . Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions . While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points . U.S . Senate . 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 . On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro . On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father . Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . 2014 election . On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978 . Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 . Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election . In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism . In the November 3 general election , Booker defeated Mehta , 57%โ41% . Tenure . In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington . Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing . Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now . In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders . In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated . At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing . On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus . In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs . Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 . Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . Current . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy - Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking ) - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism Previous . - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Black Caucus - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus 2020 presidential campaign . On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates , he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president . Political positions . Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year . Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill . On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend . Other activities . Obama association . In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark . Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press . Affiliations and honors . Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards . In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 . In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center . During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary . Films . Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media . Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch . Conan OBrien feud . In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien , who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched . Waywire . In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month . Book . In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book : Personal life . Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark . Booker has never been married , and in 2013 he was named one of Town & Countrys Top 40 Bachelors . Although he has generally tried to keep his personal life private , Booker has in the past called himself as a straight male and said that he is trying to date more in hopes of finding someone to settle down with . He has been romantically linked to poet Cleo Wade . In March 2019 , actress Rosario Dawson confirmed to TMZ that she was in a relationship with Booker . In a 1992 column in The Stanford Daily , Booker admitted that as a teenager he had hated gays . He has himself been the target of rumors about being gay and has generally refused to address these on principle , as he explained in 2013 : Because I want to challenge people on their homophobia . I love seeing on Twitter when someone says Im gay , and I say , So what does it matter if I am ? So be it . I hope you are not voting for me because you are making the presumption that Im straight . In 1992 , Booker recounted in his column for The Stanford Daily that as a 15-year-old kissing a friend on New Years Eve , he reached for her breast , had his hand pushed away once and then reached [ his ] mark . The column described Bookers changed attitudes towards sexual relations and how skewed attitudes lead to rape . The Daily Caller and Fox News brought up the column during the Kavanaugh confirmation hearings in September 2018 . From 1998 to 2006 , Booker lived in Brick Towers , a troubled housing complex in Newarks Central Ward . In November 2006 , as one of the last remaining tenants in Brick Towers , Booker left his apartment for the top unit in a three-story rental on Hawthorne Avenue in Newarks South Ward , an area described as a drug- and gang-plagued neighborhood of boarded-up houses and empty lots . Brick Towers has since been demolished , and a new mixed-income development was built there in 2010 . Since 2013 , Booker has lived in a townhouse he owns in the Lincoln Park section of Newarks Central Ward , also known as the Coast for its arts , jazz , and nightlife history . Booker speaks Spanish ; he attended a Spanish immersion program in Ecuador . In 2020 , Booker learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins , after both appeared on the TV show Finding Your Roots .
|
[
"Stanford University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": ", a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the National Black Law Students Association .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike ,",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "make anonymously .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty .",
"title": "Newark Watershed"
},
{
"text": " Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were :",
"title": "Public opinion polling"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8%",
"title": "September 2008"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10%",
"title": "April 2009"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2010"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2012"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13%",
"title": "January 2013"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23%",
"title": "March 2014"
},
{
"text": "Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": ". Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": "- Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking )",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 )",
"title": "Previous"
},
{
"text": "On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": ", he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": " Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien ,",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched .",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": "Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month .",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book :",
"title": "Book"
},
{
"text": " Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Cory_Booker#P69#3
|
Cory Booker went to which school in 1994?
|
Cory Booker Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 . Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 . Early life and education . Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots . Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center , a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California . Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active in the National Black Law Students Association . Municipal Council of Newark . Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike , living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted . Mayor of Newark . Mayoral campaigns . 2002 election . On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election . During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election . On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government . 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote . Tenure . Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June 20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor . In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime . First term . Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs . One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m . Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog . In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to make anonymously . On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity . Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway . Second term . In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy . On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 . On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote . In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive . Newark Watershed . The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty . Public opinion polling . Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were : September 2008 - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8% April 2009 - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10% May 2010 - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% May 2012 - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6% January 2013 - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13% March 2014 - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23% Legacy . Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions . While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points . U.S . Senate . 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 . On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro . On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father . Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . 2014 election . On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978 . Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 . Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election . In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism . In the November 3 general election , Booker defeated Mehta , 57%โ41% . Tenure . In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington . Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing . Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now . In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders . In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated . At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing . On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus . In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs . Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 . Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump . Committee assignments . Current . - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy - Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking ) - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism Previous . - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 ) Caucus memberships . - Congressional Black Caucus - Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus 2020 presidential campaign . On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates , he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president . Political positions . Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year . Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill . On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend . Other activities . Obama association . In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark . Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press . Affiliations and honors . Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards . In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 . In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center . During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary . Films . Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media . Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch . Conan OBrien feud . In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien , who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched . Waywire . In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month . Book . In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book : Personal life . Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark . Booker has never been married , and in 2013 he was named one of Town & Countrys Top 40 Bachelors . Although he has generally tried to keep his personal life private , Booker has in the past called himself as a straight male and said that he is trying to date more in hopes of finding someone to settle down with . He has been romantically linked to poet Cleo Wade . In March 2019 , actress Rosario Dawson confirmed to TMZ that she was in a relationship with Booker . In a 1992 column in The Stanford Daily , Booker admitted that as a teenager he had hated gays . He has himself been the target of rumors about being gay and has generally refused to address these on principle , as he explained in 2013 : Because I want to challenge people on their homophobia . I love seeing on Twitter when someone says Im gay , and I say , So what does it matter if I am ? So be it . I hope you are not voting for me because you are making the presumption that Im straight . In 1992 , Booker recounted in his column for The Stanford Daily that as a 15-year-old kissing a friend on New Years Eve , he reached for her breast , had his hand pushed away once and then reached [ his ] mark . The column described Bookers changed attitudes towards sexual relations and how skewed attitudes lead to rape . The Daily Caller and Fox News brought up the column during the Kavanaugh confirmation hearings in September 2018 . From 1998 to 2006 , Booker lived in Brick Towers , a troubled housing complex in Newarks Central Ward . In November 2006 , as one of the last remaining tenants in Brick Towers , Booker left his apartment for the top unit in a three-story rental on Hawthorne Avenue in Newarks South Ward , an area described as a drug- and gang-plagued neighborhood of boarded-up houses and empty lots . Brick Towers has since been demolished , and a new mixed-income development was built there in 2010 . Since 2013 , Booker has lived in a townhouse he owns in the Lincoln Park section of Newarks Central Ward , also known as the Coast for its arts , jazz , and nightlife history . Booker speaks Spanish ; he attended a Spanish immersion program in Ecuador . In 2020 , Booker learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins , after both appeared on the TV show Finding Your Roots .
|
[
"Oxford University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Cory Anthony Booker ( born April 27 , 1969 ) is an American politician , attorney , and author who has served as the junior United States Senator from New Jersey since 2013 . A member of the Democratic Party , Booker is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He was the 38th mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013 , and served on the Municipal Council of Newark for the Central Ward from 1998 to 2002 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. , and raised in Harrington Park , New Jersey . He attended Stanford University , receiving a BA in 1991 and a masters degree a year later . He studied abroad at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship before attending Yale Law School . He won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark in 1998 , staging a 10-day hunger strike and briefly living in a tent to draw attention to urban development issues in the city . He ran for mayor in 2002 but lost",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "to incumbent Sharpe James . He ran again in 2006 and defeated Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice . Bookers first term saw the doubling of affordable housing under development and the reduction of the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million . He was reelected in 2010 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate in a 2013 special election and reelected in 2014 and in 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Throughout his Senate tenure , Booker has written , sponsored , and passed legislation advancing womens rights , affirmative action , same-sex marriage , and single-payer healthcare . He has pushed for economic reforms to address wealth inequality in the U.S. , particularly the racial wealth gap . Booker has pursued measures to reform the criminal justice system , combat climate change , and restructure national immigration policy . In foreign policy , he has voted successfully for tougher sanctions against Iran , voiced support for the withdrawal of U.S . troops from Afghanistan , and lobbied for increased diplomacy",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the Middle East . He was the first senator to ever testify against another senator during Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessionss 2017 confirmation hearing . Booker was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S . presidential election , suspending his campaign on January 13 , 2020 .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was born in Washington , D.C. ; he grew up in Harrington Park , New Jersey , northeast of Newark . His parents , Carolyn Rose ( nรฉe Jordan ) and Cary Alfred Booker , were among the first black IBM executives . Booker has said that he was raised in a religious household and that he and his family attended a small African Methodist Episcopal Church in New Jersey . Booker has Sierra Leonean ancestry ; he learned that information when he was featured on the PBS television program Finding Your Roots .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker graduated from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan , where he played varsity football and was named to the 1986 USA Today All-USA high school football team . He graduated from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1991 and a master of arts in sociology in 1992 . He played football for Stanford at the position of tight end and was teammates with Brad Muster and Ed McCaffrey , making the AllโPacific-10 Academic team . He was elected senior class president . In addition , Booker ran The Bridge Peer Counseling Center",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": ", a student-run crisis hotline , and organized help from Stanford students for youth in East Palo Alto , California .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Booker was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at Oxford University , earning a degree in United States history in 1994 as a member of The Queens College . At Oxford , Booker served as president of the Oxford University LChaim Society . He obtained his Juris Doctor in 1997 from Yale Law School and operated free legal clinics for low-income residents of New Haven , Connecticut . At Yale , Booker was a founding member of the Chai Society ( now Shabtai ) . He also was a Big Brother with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and active",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "in the National Black Law Students Association .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "Contemplating advocacy work and a run for city council in Newark after graduating from law school , Booker lived in the city during his final year at Yale . After graduation , he served as staff attorney for the Urban Justice Center in New York and program coordinator of the Newark Youth Project . In 1998 , Booker won an upset victory for a seat on the Municipal Council of Newark , defeating four-term incumbent George Branch . To draw attention to the problems of open-air drug dealing and associated violence , he went on a 10-day hunger strike ,",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "living in a tent and later in a motor home near drug-dealing areas of the city . Booker also proposed council initiatives that affected housing , young people , law and order , and the efficiency and transparency of City Hall , but was regularly outvoted .",
"title": "Cory Booker"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2002 , Booker announced his campaign for mayor of Newark rather than running for reelection as councilman . That pitted him against longtime incumbent Sharpe James . James , who had easily won election four consecutive times , saw Booker as a real threat and responded with mudslinging . At one campaign event James called him a Republican who took money from the KKK [ and ] Taliban .. . [ whos ] collaborating with the Jews to take over Newark . In the campaign Jamess supporters questioned Bookers suburban background , calling him a carpetbagger",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "who was not black enough to understand the city . Booker lost the election , garnering 47% of the vote to Jamess 53% . The Oscar-nominated documentary Street Fight chronicles the election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " During the campaign , Booker founded the nonprofit organization Newark Now . 2006 election .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "On February 11 , 2006 , Booker announced that he would run for mayor again . Although James filed paperwork to run for reelection , he announced shortly thereafter that he would instead cancel his bid to focus on his work as a state senator , a position to which he was elected in 1999 . At Jamess discretion , Deputy Mayor Ronald Rice decided to run for mayor . Bookers campaign outspent Rices 25 to 1 , for which Rice attacked him . In addition to raising over $6 million in the race , Booker attacked Rice as a",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "political crony of James . Booker won the May 9 election with 72% of the vote . His slate of city council candidates , known as the Booker Team , swept the council elections , giving Booker firm leadership of the city government .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": " 2010 election . On April 3 , 2010 , Booker announced his candidacy for reelection . At his announcement event , he remarked that a united government was crucial to progress , knowing his supporters in the city council faced tough reelections . Heavily favored to win , Booker faced former judge and Essex County prosecutor Clifford J . Minor and two minor candidates . Booker was reelected with 59% of the vote .",
"title": "Mayoral campaigns"
},
{
"text": "Before taking office as mayor , Booker sued the James administration , seeking to terminate cut-rate land deals favoring two redevelopment agencies that had contributed to Jamess campaigns and listed James as a member of their advisory boards . Booker argued that the states pay-to-play laws had been violated and that the land deals would cost the city more than $15 million in lost revenue . Specifically , Booker referenced a parcel at Broad and South Streets that would generate only $87,000 under the proposed land deals yet was valued at $3.7 million under then-current market rates . On June",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "20 , 2006 , Superior Court Judge Patricia Costello ruled in Bookers favor .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In late June 2006 , before Booker took office , New Jersey investigators foiled a plot to assassinate him led by Bloods gang leaders inside four New Jersey state prisons . The motive for the plot was unclear , but was described variously as a response to the acrimonious campaign and to Bookers campaign promises to take a harder line on crime .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker took office as mayor of Newark on July 1 , 2006 . After his first week in office , he announced a 100-day plan to implement reforms . The proposed changes included increasing police forces , ending background checks for many city jobs to help former offenders find employment in the city , refurbishing police stations , improving city services , and expanding summer youth programs .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "One of Bookers first priorities was to reduce the citys crime rate . In furtherance of this , he appointed former deputy commissioner of operations of the New York City Police Department Garry McCarthy director of the Newark Police Department . Crime reduction was such a central concern of Bookers administration that he and his security team were known to personally patrol the Newarks streets until as late as 4 a.m .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with a stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . In October 2009 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence gave him the Sarah Brady Visionary Award for his work in reducing gun violence . During his mayoralty , crime dropped significantly in Newark , which led the nation in violent crime reduction from 2006 to 2008 . March 2010 marked Newarks first murder-free month in over 44 years , although murder and overall crime rates began",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "to rise again after 2008 . In addition to his crime-lowering initiatives , Booker doubled the amount of affordable housing under development and quadrupled the amount under pre-development , and reduced the city budget deficit from $180 million to $73 million .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "After taking office , Booker voluntarily reduced his own salary twice , first by 8% early in his first year as mayor . He also raised the salaries of many city workers . But his administration imposed one-day-a-month furloughs for all non-uniformed employees from July through December 2010 , as well as 2% pay cuts for managers and directors earning more than $100,000 a year . In 2008 and 2009 , the City of Newark received the Government Finance Officers Associations Distinguished Budget Presentation Award . In an effort to make government more accessible , Booker held regular open office",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "hours during which city residents could meet with him to discuss their concerns . In 2010 , Booker was among the finalists for the World Mayor prize , ultimately placing seventh ; he was also an unsuccessful candidate for the 2012 award . In March 2010 , Booker won a Shorty Award in the government category for having the best microblog .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "In July 2010 , Booker attended a dinner at a conference in Sun Valley , Idaho , where he was seated with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg . Zuckerberg , who had no known ties to Newark , announced in September 2010 that he was donating $100 million to the Newark school system . According to The New York Times , Booker and Zuckerberg continued their conversation about Bookers plans for Newark . The initial gift was made to start a foundation for education . The gift was formally announced when Booker , New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , and Zuckerberg",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "appeared together on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Some considered the timing of Zuckerbergs donation a move for damage control to his image , as it was announced on the opening day of the movie The Social Network , a film that painted an unflattering portrait of Zuckerberg . But on her show , Winfrey told the audience that Zuckerberg and Booker had been in talks for months , had planned the announcement for the month before , and that she and Booker had to force Zuckerberg to put his name on the donation , which he had wanted to",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "make anonymously .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " On October 10 , 2010 , Booker established Lets Move ! Newark as part of First Lady Michelle Obamas national Lets Move ! initiative against childhood obesity .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": "Booker gained national attention on December 28 , 2010 , when a constituent asked him on Twitter to send someone to her elderly fathers house to shovel his driveway because he was about to attempt to do it himself . Booker responded by tweeting , I will do it myself ; where does he live ? Other people volunteered , including one person who offered his help on Twitter , and 20 minutes later Booker and some volunteers showed up and shoveled the mans driveway .",
"title": "First term"
},
{
"text": " In October 2011 , Booker expanded the Lets Move ! Newark program to include Lets Move ! Newark : Our Power , a four-month fitness challenge for Newark public school students run by public health advocate Jeff Halevy .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On April 12 , 2012 , Booker saved a woman from a house fire , suffering smoke inhalation and second-degree burns on his hands in the process . Newark Fire Chief John Centanni said that Bookers actions possibly saved the womans life . After Hurricane Sandy destroyed much of New Jerseys and New Yorks shoreline areas in late October 2012 , Booker invited Newarkers without electrictiy and similar services to eat and sleep in his home . In February 2013 , responding to a Twitter post , Booker helped a nervous constituent propose to his girlfriend . Booker rescued a",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "dog from freezing temperatures in January 2013 and another dog that had been abandoned in a cage in July 2013 .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "On November 20 , 2012 , a melee occurred at a Newark City Council meeting Booker attended . The nine-seat council was to vote on the successor to the seat vacated by newly elected U.S . Representative Donald M . Payne , Jr . Bookers opponents on the council , including Ras Baraka , sought to appoint John Sharpe James , son of former mayor Sharpe James , while Booker and his supporters favored Shanique Speight . Booker attended the meeting to deal with the eventuality of the lack of a quorum or a tie vote , in which state",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": "law would allow him to cast a deciding vote . After acting Council President Anibal Ramos Jr . refused Baraka an opportunity to address the council , Baraka and two other council members walked away in protest . Booker cast the deciding vote for Speight . Supporters of James stormed the stage and were held back by riot police , who eventually used pepper spray on some members of the crowd . Baraka later blamed Booker for inciting the disturbance . Booker refused to comment to the media after the vote .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " In December 2012 , after discussions with a constituent about New Jerseys Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( SNAP ) , Booker began a weeklong challenge attempting to live on a food budget of $30 per weekโthe amount SNAP recipients receive . When critics noted that the very name of the SNAP program shows that it is intended to supplement an individuals food budget , not be its sole source , Booker replied that his aim was to spark a discussion about the reality that many Americans rely solely on food stamps to survive .",
"title": "Second term"
},
{
"text": " The Newark Watershed comprises 35,000 acres of pristine land and reservoirs that supply water to municipalities in northern New Jersey . A February 2014 New Jersey State Comptroller report revealed irregularities and corruption within the Newark Watershed and Development Corporation , which was being dismantled after being taken over by the city during Bookers mayoralty .",
"title": "Newark Watershed"
},
{
"text": " Throughout Bookers mayoralty , Fairleigh Dickinson Universitys public opinion poll PublicMind asked New Jersey residents whether they had heard of Booker and whether they had a favorable or unfavorable opinion of him . The results were :",
"title": "Public opinion polling"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 56% - Favorable opinion : 32% - Unfavorable opinion : 8%",
"title": "September 2008"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 62% - Favorable opinion : 39% - Unfavorable opinion : 10%",
"title": "April 2009"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 66% - Favorable opinion : 42% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2010"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 67% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 6%",
"title": "May 2012"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 75% - Favorable opinion : 66% - Unfavorable opinion : 13%",
"title": "January 2013"
},
{
"text": " - Name recognition : 88% - Favorable opinion : 47% - Unfavorable opinion : 23%",
"title": "March 2014"
},
{
"text": "Bookers mayoralty and celebrity drew substantial media attention to Newark . While he had high ratings from Newarkers , his legacy has received mixed reviews . During his tenure , millions of dollars were invested in downtown development , but underemployment and high murder rates continue to characterize many of the citys neighborhoods . Despite legal challenges initiated during his term , Newark Public Schools remained under state control for nearly 20 years . Newark received $32 million in emergency state aid in 2011 and 2012 , requiring a memorandum of understanding between Newark and the state that obligated the",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "city to request and the state to approve appointments to City Hall administrative positions .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " While mayor , Booker claimed in an interview that Newarks unemployment rate had fallen by two percentage points . PolitiFact rated the claim false because he used data that had not been seasonally adjusted ; the adjusted rate was 0.7 percentage points .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " 2013 election . On December 20 , 2012 , Booker announced that he would explore running for the U.S . Senate seat then occupied by Frank Lautenberg in the 2014 election , ending speculation that he would challenge Governor Chris Christie in the 2013 gubernatorial election . On January 11 , 2013 , Booker filed papers to form a campaign committee without announcing whether he would run . About a month later , Lautenbergโthen 89 years oldโannounced that he would not seek reelection in 2014 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On June 3 , Lautenberg died of viral pneumonia ; five days later , Booker announced his intention to run for Lautenbergs seat in a 2013 special election . Booker announced his candidacy at two events , one in Newark and the other in Willingboro .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " On August 13 , 2013 , Booker was declared the winner of the Democratic primary , with approximately 59% of the vote . On October 16 , he defeated Republican Steve Lonegan in the general election , 54.9% to 44.0% . Booker was the first African-American to be elected to the Senate since Barack Obama in 2004 . The night before his victory , he visited the gravesite of Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson , offering prayers and lighting a vigil candle in memory of his father .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "Booker resigned as mayor of Newark on October 30 , and on October 31 was sworn in as the junior U.S . Senator from New Jersey . He is the first African-American U.S . Senator from New Jersey .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "On January 9 , 2014 , Brian D . Goldberg , a West Orange resident and New Jersey businessman , announced that he would seek the Republican nomination for U.S . Senate . On January 27 , 2014 , Freehold Township businessman Richard J . Rich Pezzullo announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination . Pezzullo had run for the US Senate in 1996 as the Conservative Party candidate . On February 4 , 2014 , conservative political consultant Jeff Bell announced his bid for the nomination . Bell was the Republican Party nominee for U.S . Senate in 1978",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": ". Ramapo College professor Murray Sabrin , who ran for the Senate in 2000 and 2008 , announced his candidacy on February 13 .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": " Bell won the Republican primary and received support from the conservative American Principles Fund , which ran a direct-mail operation costing over $80,000 , and the National Organization for Marriage , an organization opposing same-sex marriage , which paid for $6,000 of automated calling . Booker defeated Bell in the general election with 55.8% of the vote to Bells 42.4% . 2020 election .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In his reelection campaign , Booker faced Republican nominee Rik Mehta , a pharmaceutical executive and attorney . The election was primarily conducted by mail-in ballots , as mandated by Governor Phil Murphy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic . Booker and Mehta participated in a virtual debate sponsored by the New Jersey Globe , in which they sparred over issues including the Trump presidency , COVID-19 lockdowns , the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court , and systemic racism .",
"title": "U.S . Senate"
},
{
"text": "In November 2013 , Booker co-sponsored and voted for the Employment Non-Discrimination Act . In December 2013 , he was one of the original cosponsors of Bob Menรฉndezs Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013 , which would toughen sanctions against Iran . He also voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 . In January 2014 , he cosponsored the Respect for Marriage Act . In February 2014 , Booker voted against the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 . In March , Booker pledged to",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "meet with each of his Republican colleagues in the Senate in order to find common ground , and was spotted having dinner with Senator Ted Cruz in Washington .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Leading up to the 2016 presidential election , Booker endorsed Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination . He was considered a potential vice-presidential candidate during the primary and as the general election began , though he said on June 16 that he was not being vetted . After the election , in which Donald Trump defeated Clinton , Booker testified on January 11 , 2017 , against Attorney General nominee Jeff Sessions , the first instance of a sitting senator testifying against another during a cabinet position confirmation hearing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker supported fellow New Jersey Senator Bob Menendez when Menendez faced trial on federal corruption and bribery charges . During the trial , Booker was a character witness for Menendez , giving him effusive praise . After the judge declared a mistrial , Booker argued that prosecutors ought not to take Menendez to trial again . When Menendez ran for reelection , Booker praised Menendez , saying he was so grateful for Bob Menendez and that I get to work with him and stand beside him . Booker downplayed the corruption allegations , saying to try to continue to try",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "to throw this kind of mud at him , its not going to stick . It didnt stick when the government tried to do it and it should not stick now .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In 2018 , Politico named Booker part of the Hell-No Caucus , along with Senators Kamala Harris , Kirsten Gillibrand , Elizabeth Warren , and Bernie Sanders , after he voted overwhelmingly to thwart his [ Trumps ] nominees for administration jobs , including Rex Tillerson , Betsy De Vos , and Mike Pompeo ; all the senators on the list were considered potential 2020 presidential contenders .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "In April 2018 , after the FBI raided the hotel room and offices of Trumps personal attorney , Michael Cohen , Booker , Chris Coons , Lindsey Graham , and Thom Tillis introduced new legislation to limit President Trumps ability to fire special counsel Robert Mueller . Termed the Special Counsel Independence and Integrity Act , the legislation would allow any special counsel , in this case Mueller , to receive an expedited judicial review in the 10 days following being dismissed to determine if said dismissal was suitable . If not , the special counsel would be reinstated .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "At the same time , according to The Hill , the bill would codify regulations that a special counsel could be fired by only a senior Justice Department official , while having to provide reasons in writing .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "On September 5 , 2018 , during the Senate Judiciary Committees confirmation hearings for Brett Kavanaugh ( nominated by Trump to replace retiring Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy on the Supreme Court ) , Booker questioned Kavanaugh on a series of emails marked committee confidential dating to Kavanaughs time in the office of the White House Counsel during George W . Bushs presidency . The emails , which Bookers office released to the public the next day , show Kavanaugh and others in the Counsels office discussing racial profiling as a means to combat terrorism , particularly after 9/11 . Booker",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "said that he was violating Senate rules in releasing the documents , with the penalty including possible expulsion from the Senate ; he nonetheless defended his decision , referring to the process of producing documents for the hearing as a sham and challenging those who warned him about the consequences to bring it on . Booker also described the release as probably the closest Ill ever have in my life to an I am Spartacus moment , referring to a line in the 1960 film Spartacus . Committee chairman Chuck Grassley said the documents had already been cleared for public",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "release the night before , and that Booker was not violating any rules , leading some Republicans to accuse Booker of engaging in theatrics and histrionics . Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas mocked Booker in comments the following week , saying , Honorableโif we could use that word about more people who are in public life , people who actually ask the questions at confirmation hearings , instead of Spartacus .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " In November 2018 , Booker co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( S.270 ) , which made it a federal crime , punishable by a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment , for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He has introduced the Marijuana Justice Act , which would legalize cannabis in the United States on the federal level , defund some law enforcement in jurisdictions that have shown racial bias in marijuana arrests , and increase funding to communities affected by the war on drugs .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " Booker announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for president in the 2020 election on February 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": "Booker was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count on January 6 , 2021 , when Trump supporters stormed the U.S . Capitol . Minutes after rioters breached the Capitol , Booker and his fellow senators were evacuated from the chambers . Booker blamed Trump for inciting the attack . After the attack , Booker called for the invocation of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and/or impeachment to remove Trump .",
"title": "Tenure"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition , and Forestry ( 2021-present ) - Subcommittee on Conservation , Climate , Forestry , and Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Food and Nutrition , Specialty Crops , Organics , and Research ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Livestock , Dairy , Poultry , Local Food Systems , and Food Safety and Security - Committee on Foreign Relations ( 2017-present ) - Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health Policy - Subcommittee on Multilateral International Development , Multilateral Institutions , and International Economic , Energy , and Environmental Policy",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": "- Subcommittee on State Department and USAID Management , International Operations , and Bilateral International Development ( Ranking )",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship - Committee on the Judiciary ( 2018-present ) - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights - Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration - Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism",
"title": "Current"
},
{
"text": " - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation ( 2013-2018 ) - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ( 2015-2017 ) - Committee on Environment and Public Works ( 2013-2021 )",
"title": "Previous"
},
{
"text": "On February 1 , 2019 , Booker announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election . Before his announcement , it was widely speculated that he would run for president but he expressed uncertainty about it . Within a month after Booker announced his candidacy , Governor Phil Murphy , Bob Menendez , and every Democratic member of the House of Representatives from New Jersey endorsed him . Booker held a campaign kickoff rally in Newark on April 13 . After qualifying for the first five Democratic Party presidential debates",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": ", he failed to meet the polling thresholds to participate in the sixth debate in December 2019 . On January 13 , 2020 , Booker announced that he was suspending his campaign . In March 2020 , Booker endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president .",
"title": "Caucus memberships"
},
{
"text": " Booker has been called a liberal and progressive Democrat . As a senator , he has a liberal voting record . In a July 2013 Salon interview , Booker said , theres nothing in that realm of progressive politics where you wont find me . In a September 2013 interview with The Grio , when asked whether he considered himself a progressive , he said he was a Democrat and an American . According to the Humane Society , Booker has had the most pro-animal welfare voting record in the Senate year after year .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Booker supports long-term deficit reduction efforts to ensure economic prosperity , cap and trade taxation to combat climate change , and increased funding for education . He has spoken in favor of creating a federal job guarantee and baby bonds ( low-risk savings accounts that minors get access to at age 18 ) . In the Senate , he has emphasized issues of racial and social justice . He played a leading role in the push to pass the First Step Act , a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill . He supports ending the War on Drugs . Booker supports",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "abortion rights and affirmative action . He also supports a single-payer health care plan : in September 2017 , he joined Bernie Sanders and 14 other co-sponsors in submitting a single-payer health care plan to Congress called the Medicare for All bill .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "On foreign policy , Booker supports scaling down U.S . involvement in Afghanistan and opposes intervention in Syria . After the US strike on Syria in April 2017 , he criticized military action without a clear plan or authorization from Congress . He supports a two-state solution to the IsraeliโPalestinian conflict . Booker has stated that Iran poses a direct threat to American and Israeli security and feels all options should be on the table for dealing with the conflict , but his decision to back the Iran nuclear deal framework damaged his long-term relationship with some Jewish voters and",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "supporters . In an attempt to reduce the damage , he initiated an emergency summit for Jewish leaders , which some of his longstanding supporters did not attend .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , after Barack Obama became President of the United States , Booker was offered the leadership of the new White House Office of Urban Affairs . He turned the offer down , citing a commitment to Newark .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "Booker generated controversy on May 12 , 2012 , when he appeared on Meet The Press as a surrogate for Obamas reelection campaign and made remarks critical of that campaign . Booker said that the attacks on Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romneys record at Bain Capital were nauseating to me on both sides . Its nauseating to the American public . Enough is enough . Stop attacking private equity . Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright . The Romney campaign used the comments against Obama . Booker made follow-up comments clarifying that he believed Obamas attacks on Romneys record at Bain were",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": "legitimate but did not retract his point about attacking private equity in general . Two weeks later , Bookers communications director Anne Torres tendered her resignation , although she maintained it was unrelated to Meet the Press .",
"title": "Obama association"
},
{
"text": " Booker sits on the board of advisers of the political action committee Democrats for Education Reform . He is a member of the board of trustees at Teachers College , Columbia University and was formerly a member of the Executive Committee at Yale Law School and the board of trustees at Stanford University . In 2010 , Booker received the U.S . Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official , an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "In May 2009 , Booker received an honorary doctor of humane letters degree from the Newark-based New Jersey Institute of Technology for his outstanding career in public service as the Mayor of Newark . In May 2009 , he received an honorary doctorate from Brandeis University and was a commencement speaker that year . Booker received another honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in December 2010 from Yeshiva University for his bold vision for Newark and setting a national standard for urban transformation . In June 2011 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree for the urban transformation",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "of Newark and served as that years commencement speaker at Williams College . In May 2012 , Booker received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Bard College and gave the commencement speech . In 2010 , he delivered the commencement addresses at Pitzer College on May 15 ; at Columbia Universitys Teachers College on May 17 ; and at Suffolk University Law School on May 23 . Booker gave the commencement address to New York Law School graduates on May 13 , 2011 , at Avery Fisher Hall ( now David Geffen Hall ) at Lincoln Center . He",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "gave the commencement address at the University of Rhode Island in May 2011 ; he also received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree . He delivered a commencement address to Stanford University graduates on June 17 , 2012 , at Stanford Stadium . He also received an honorary degree at Fairleigh Dickinsons 69th commencement ceremony in May 2012 .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " In May 2013 , Booker gave the commencement address at Washington University in St . Louis and received an honorary doctorate of law . On May 16 , 2014 , Booker gave the commencement speech at Ramapo College of New Jersey at the IZOD Center .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": "During the 2016 presidential election , when Clinton had an illness described as pneumonia , Donna Brazile , the then-DNC interim chair considered that her ideal replacement ticket would consist of Biden and Booker . But the possibility of a divisive reaction and the possibility of allowing Trump to capture votes in confusion caused her to not entertain any more thoughts of replacing Hillary .",
"title": "Affiliations and honors"
},
{
"text": " Filmmaker Marshall Curry chronicled Bookers 2002 mayoral campaign in the documentary Street Fight . The film was nominated in 2005 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Since 2009 , Booker has starred in the documentary series Brick City . The series focuses on Bookers efforts to improve Newark by reducing crime and bring about economic renewal . Brick City won a Peabody Award in 2009 and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in 2010 . Booker contributed to the 2011 documentary Miss Representation and commented on the representations of women in politics in mass media .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "Booker appeared in a scene in the 2015 Parks and Recreation episode Ms . Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington alongside Orrin Hatch .",
"title": "Films"
},
{
"text": "In the fall of 2009 , Tonight Show host Conan OBrien engaged in a satirical on-air and YouTube feud with Booker , with OBrien jokingly insulting Newark and Booker responding that he would ban OBrien from the Newark airport . Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for the feud to end during a prepared comedy skit , telling Booker to chalk it up to a head injury OBrien suffered less than two weeks earlier . Booker then appeared on OBriens show and assured viewers that the feud was over and that he was actually a big fan of OBrien ,",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "who agreed that every time he made a joke about Newark , he would donate $500 to the City of Newark , and also made a $50,000 donation to the Newark Now charity , which NBC Universal matched .",
"title": "Conan OBrien feud"
},
{
"text": "In 2012 , Booker and tech executives Sarah Ross and Nathan Richardson formed Waywire , a company focused on video sharing technology . Early investors included Oprah Winfrey , Eric Schmidt , Jeff Weiner , and Troy Carter . After Bookers relationship to Waywire was discussed in a front-page New York Times story , board member Andrew Zucker stepped down from his position . Shortly thereafter , Waywire CEO Richardson departed the business as the company shifted its focus from content creation to content curation . In August 2013 , Booker told NBC News he intended to resign from the",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": "Waywire board and put his holdings in a trust if elected to the Senate ; by September , he had resigned from the board and donated his share of the company to charity . Waywire was sold to another video curation business the next month .",
"title": "Waywire"
},
{
"text": " In 2016 , Booker wrote an autobiography , United : Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good . In an article in HuffPost , Shmuly Yanklowitz said of the book :",
"title": "Book"
},
{
"text": " Booker regularly exercises and has been a vegetarian since 1992 , when he was a student at Oxford University . He abstains from alcohol and has no known vices or addictions other than coffee . In 2014 , Booker began practicing a vegan diet and has expressed his vegan ethical philosophy and advocacy for animals . As of June 2016 , Booker worshiped at the Metropolitan Baptist Church in Newark .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka#P39#0
|
What position did Kalonzo Musyoka take before Mar 1985?
|
Kalonzo Musyoka Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 . Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association . Early life and education . He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in 1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business . In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016 Politics . Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 . 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government . In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus . 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections . On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing IGAD in 1995 . Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet . Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya . Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the general election . The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed . Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) . After 2007 . According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9 January . The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs . In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy . 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate . When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case . After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in . Other responsibilities . Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city . In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government . Personal life . Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 . External links . - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline
|
[
"Assistant Minister",
"Deputy Speaker of the National assembly",
"KANUs National Organizing Secretary"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "IGAD in 1995 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "general election .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "January .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": " Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka#P39#1
|
What position did Kalonzo Musyoka take in Jan 1995?
|
Kalonzo Musyoka Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 . Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association . Early life and education . He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in 1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business . In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016 Politics . Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 . 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government . In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus . 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections . On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing IGAD in 1995 . Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet . Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya . Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the general election . The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed . Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) . After 2007 . According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9 January . The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs . In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy . 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate . When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case . After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in . Other responsibilities . Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city . In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government . Personal life . Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 . External links . - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline
|
[
"Minister for Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "IGAD in 1995 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "general election .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "January .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": " Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka#P39#2
|
What position did Kalonzo Musyoka take in May 1998?
|
Kalonzo Musyoka Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 . Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association . Early life and education . He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in 1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business . In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016 Politics . Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 . 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government . In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus . 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections . On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing IGAD in 1995 . Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet . Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya . Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the general election . The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed . Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) . After 2007 . According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9 January . The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs . In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy . 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate . When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case . After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in . Other responsibilities . Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city . In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government . Personal life . Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 . External links . - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline
|
[
"Kenyan Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "IGAD in 1995 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "general election .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "January .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": " Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka#P39#3
|
What position did Kalonzo Musyoka take in Mar 2003?
|
Kalonzo Musyoka Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 . Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association . Early life and education . He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in 1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business . In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016 Politics . Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 . 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government . In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus . 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections . On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing IGAD in 1995 . Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet . Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya . Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the general election . The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed . Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) . After 2007 . According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9 January . The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs . In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy . 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate . When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case . After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in . Other responsibilities . Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city . In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government . Personal life . Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 . External links . - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline
|
[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "IGAD in 1995 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "general election .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "January .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": " Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Kalonzo_Musyoka#P39#4
|
What position did Kalonzo Musyoka take after Jun 2010?
|
Kalonzo Musyoka Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 . Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association . Early life and education . He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in 1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business . In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016 Politics . Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 . 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government . In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus . 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections . On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing IGAD in 1995 . Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet . Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya . Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the general election . The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed . Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) . After 2007 . According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9 January . The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs . In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy . 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate . When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case . After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in . Other responsibilities . Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city . In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government . Personal life . Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 . External links . - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline
|
[
"Vice-President",
"Minister of Home Affairs",
"Minister of the Environment"
] |
[
{
"text": " Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka ( born 24 December 1953 ) is a Kenyan politician who was the tenth Vice-President of Kenya from 2008 to 2013 . Musyoka served in the government under President Daniel arap Moi and was Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 until 1998 ; subsequently , under President Mwai Kibaki , he was Minister of Foreign Affairs again from 2003 to 2004 , then Minister of the Environment from 2004 to 2005 . He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2007 presidential election , after which he was appointed as Vice-President by Kibaki in January 2008 .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka is the party leader of the Wiper Democratic Movement ( formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya ) . He also serves as Chief Commissioner for The Kenya Scouts Association .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "He was born in Tseikuru , in a remote part of Mwingi District ( then part of Kitui District ) in Kenyas Eastern Province . Between 1960 and 1967 he studied at Tseikuru Full Primary School to attain basic education . Then he went to Kitui High School in Kitui for the ordinary level and eventually to Meru School in Meru from where he graduated in the advanced level in 1973 . Kalonzo Musyoka graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of Nairobi in 1977 . He continued further studies at the Kenya School of Law in",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "1978 where he was awarded a Post graduate diploma in Law . In 1979 , he attended the Mediterranean Institute of Management in Cyprus where he earned a post graduate Diploma in Business .",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "In 2009 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity among other 17 beneficiaries at the Charter hall in Nairobi . This was one of the honorary professorships and doctorate degrees that were issued by Professor Clyde Rivers , the International Commissioner of the Latin University of Theology , based in Inglewood , California . On 19 December 2008 , Kalonzo Musyoka was honoured with a Doctorate in Humane Letters ( honoris causa ) in recognition of his achievements in peace making , conflict resolution efforts , sustainable community development and humanistic ideals by Kenyatta University during its 25th",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "graduation . Named African Dignitary Man of the year 2016",
"title": "Kalonzo Musyoka"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka vied for the Kitui North Constituency parliamentary seat in 1983 , but was defeated . At the time , Kenya was one-party state and the only party fielding candidates was Kenya African National Union ( KANU ) . However , only two years later , in 1985 the Kitui North seat was vacated and Musyoka won subsequent by-elections , thus becoming an MP at the age of 32 . In 1986 he was appointed Assistant Minister for Works , Housing and Physical Planning , serving until 1988 . He was re-elected at the 1988 parliamentary elections and served as",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Deputy Speaker of the National assembly from 1988 to 1992 . He was also KANUs National Organizing Secretary from 1988 to 2002 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1992โ1997 Kenyan Parliament . Kenyas first multiparty elections were held in 1992 . Musyoka stayed in KANU , renewed his parliamentary position and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation . He also held couple of other ministerial positions while part of the KANU government .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "In June 1993 , he addressed the World Conference on Human Rights in Austria which was the first human rights conference held since the end of the Cold War . He termed the illicit mineral trade which fuels and finances what he called the cause of incessant conflicts , environmental degradation but ultimately and sadly too , poverty . The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action was the major result from this meeting after the participants reached a consensus .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " 1997โ2002 Kenyan Parliament . He was again elected to the parliament at the 1997 elections , but now from Mwingi North Constituency , since his former constituency Kitui North was split into new constituencies . 2002โ2007 Kenyan Parliament . In the months leading up to the 2002 general election , under the leadership of then KANU secretary general , Raila Odinga , he decamped from KANU to join the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) as a founding member under the banner of the National Rainbow Coalition , which went on to win the general elections .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "On 1 December 2003 , as the Minister for home affairs and international co-operation for Kenya , he welcomed the people to this meeting , whose theme was Strengthening the role of IGAD in regional peace initiatives and post conflict reconstruction on behalf of the republic of Kenya and thanked the Danish government , IGAD Secretariat and the ISS on behalf of the IGAD Member States for their preparations and funding of the meeting . Kalonzo Musyoka was involved in the Sudan peace process between 1993 and 1997 and he was part of the team that reconstituted the draft establishing",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "IGAD in 1995 .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka became Minister for Foreign Affairs for a second time under President Mwai Kibaki , but in a cabinet reshuffle on 30 June 2004 he was moved to the post of Minister for the Environment . In late August 2004 , he was additionally removed from his position as chairman of the Sudanese and Somali peace talks and was replaced by John Koech . Musyoka was reportedly unhappy with President Kibakis refusal to honour a pre-election Memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) which they had signed with the presidents party NAK . He was one of the leaders of the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "successful No-campaign in the November 2005 referendum on the proposed new constitution . Following the referendum , he was dismissed from the Cabinet .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " Subsequently , Kalonzo Musyoka decamped Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) into the little-known Labor Party of Kenya .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Kalonzo Musyoka was widely expected to vie for the presidency in the December 2007 election . Musyoka campaigned for the ODM-Kenya ticket , facing a number of other contenders . His rating for December 2007 election steadily dropped , and political analysts wondered whether he would make a significant impact . His relationship with fellow ODM-Kenya leader Raila Odinga , who was also after the ODM-Kenya presidential ticket , was the subject of much speculation . Many observers questioned whether the presidential hopefuls of ODM-Kenya , particularly Raila and Musyoka , could unite to support one common candidate for the",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "general election .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": " The ODM-Kenya split into two factions , one gathered around Musyoka and the other around Odinga , in August 2007 . Musyoka was elected by his faction as its presidential candidate on 31 August 2007 , receiving 2,835 votes in a secret ballot against Julia Ojiambo , who received 791 votes . Musyoka has been quoted as saying .. . the war against poverty could not be won unless environmental issues were addressed .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "Musyoka launched his presidential campaign at Uhuru Park in Nairobi on 14 October 2007 . This move was criticised by those who saw him as a traitor to the ODM party of Raila Odinga . Kalonzo however said that atapitia katikati ( passing between two people ) .",
"title": "Politics"
},
{
"text": "According to official results , Musyoka placed a distant third behind Kibaki and Odinga with 9% of the vote . Amid a violent crisis over the results , with supporters of Kibaki and Odinga disputing the outcome , Kibaki appointed Musyoka as Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs on 8 January 2008 . Musyoka expressed gratitude to Kibaki and , referring to the ongoing dispute and violence , said that he was intensely aware that the appointment has come at a difficult time when our nation is going through a painful moment . He took office as Vice-President on 9",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "January .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " The political crisis eventually led to the signing of a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga . In the Grand Coalition Cabinet that was announced on 13 April 2008 , Musyoka remained Vice-President and Minister of Home Affairs .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "In 2010 Musyoka supported the draft constitution in the campaign for 4 August referendum but Members of the campaign team opposing the draft constitution claimed that he was secretly opposing the draft leading to a satirical comparison of Musyoka to a watermelon which is naturally green outside and red inside , the team supporting the draft constitution was represented by color green while the team opposing the draft constitution was represented by the color red hence the green team and the red team , Musyokas nickname watermelon was because of his alleged open support for the green team and secret",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "support for the red team . Most of the opposition of the draft constitution were the clergy .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " 2013 Elections . In the race for the 4th president of Kenya , Kalonzo Musyoka joined his longtime political opponent Raila Odinga to form the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy ( CORD ) with Musyoka shelving his presidential ambition to run as Odingas running mate .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": "When the first round of the presidential election took place on 4 March 2013 , Uhuru Kenyatta was declared the president-elect of Kenya by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . Raila Odinga challenged this in the Supreme Court of Kenya . Questions were raised why Musyoka was not a petitioner in the case .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " After the Supreme Court dismissed the CORD Petition , he left office when the President-elect , Uhuru Kenyatta , was sworn in .",
"title": "After 2007"
},
{
"text": " Dr Kalonzo Musyoka has , since 10 June 2013 , served as the University Chancellor of the Uganda Technology and Management University ( UTAMU ) , a privately owned university in Uganda , based in Kampala , that countrys capital and largest city .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": "In July 2019 , Dr Kalonzo Musyoka was appointed by President Uhuru Kenyatta as a special envoy to the republic of South Sudan . In February 2020 , he was able to broker a peace deal in South Sudan between President Salva Kiir and former rebel leader Riek Machar . The deal saw the two form a unity government .",
"title": "Other responsibilities"
},
{
"text": " Kalonzo Musyoka is married to Pauline . They have four children . He was baptised by Pastor Masila Munyoki . He is the patron of the Kalonzo Musyoka Foundation and he has served since 2006 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Vice Presidents Profile - Kalonzo Musyoka- Profile , Biography & Timeline",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brave_New_Waves#P371#0
|
Who was the presenter of Brave New Waves before Jul 1984?
|
Brave New Waves Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it . History . The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music . Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges . The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted . In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions . Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz . In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics . In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable . On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs . On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 . Album . In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label . Track listing . 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 ) 9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 ) 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 ) External links . - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists
|
[
"Augusta La Paix"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it .",
"title": "Brave New Waves"
},
{
"text": " The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label .",
"title": "Album"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": "9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brave_New_Waves#P371#1
|
Who was the presenter of Brave New Waves in Dec 1989?
|
Brave New Waves Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it . History . The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music . Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges . The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted . In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions . Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz . In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics . In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable . On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs . On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 . Album . In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label . Track listing . 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 ) 9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 ) 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 ) External links . - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists
|
[
"Brent Bambury"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it .",
"title": "Brave New Waves"
},
{
"text": " The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label .",
"title": "Album"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": "9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Brave_New_Waves#P371#2
|
Who was the presenter of Brave New Waves between Mar 2001 and Jun 2006?
|
Brave New Waves Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it . History . The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music . Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges . The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted . In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions . Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz . In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics . In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable . On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs . On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 . Album . In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label . Track listing . 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 ) 9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 ) 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 ) External links . - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists
|
[
"Patti Schmidt"
] |
[
{
"text": " Brave New Waves was a Canadian radio program which aired on CBC Stereo , later known as CBC Radio 2 , from 1984 to 2007 . Airing overnight five nights a week , the show profiled alternative and indie music and culture , including film , comics , literature and art . The show was once described by longtime host Brent Bambury as explaining fringe culture to a comfortable mainstream audience , and by his successor Patti Schmidt as invented with an idea of what John Peels show was , but without ever having heard it .",
"title": "Brave New Waves"
},
{
"text": " The show was created after Augusta La Paix submitted a demo tape for a show on avant garde culture , featuring music by Laurie Anderson , Brian Eno , Klaus Nomi and Nina Hagen . In an early interview with The Globe and Mail , La Paix told the newspaper that she was only a recent convert to underground music , having previously been primarily a fan of country music .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Produced throughout its run at the CBCs studios in Montreal and originally hosted by La Paix , the show aired for the first time on February 6 , 1984 . The first song it ever played was Simple Minds Promised You a Miracle . In its first year , the show was briefly the subject of a police investigation into obscenity charges , when a CBC employee who disliked the show filed an anonymous complaint about an interview with underground performance artist Karen Finley , although the investigation was dropped by the police without charges .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The shows initial audience figures could not be directly measured , as the Bureau of Broadcast Measurement did not track radio ratings for the shows overnight time slot ; however , indirect indications of success were available as both its lead-in and lead-out programs , A Little Night Music and Stereo Morning , posted significant and sustained audience gains after Brave New Waves debuted .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1985 , La Paix left the show to become host of CBC Stereos Two New Hours , and was replaced by Bambury , previously a researcher for and occasional substitute host of the show . Music programming in these days , was the work of Kevin Komoda , who later went on to produce the first in studio sessions .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Throughout the 1980s , Brave New Waves was an influential show , providing many Canadians without access to campus radio with their main exposure to alternative music , and was widely credited for significant increases in both record sales and concert attendance for both Canadian and international bands who were playlisted on the show . In addition , the show also increased the profile of underground and experimental writers and artists and filmmakers , including Laurie Anderson , Kathy Acker , bill bissett and Todd Solondz .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1990 , the program was scheduled to receive a short-term trial run on WXPN in Philadelphia , with an eye toward being picked up for U.S . syndication by National Public Radio ; however , due to the obscenity controversies that were prominent in American music at the time , NPR opted to cancel the contract because Brave New Waves did not censor songs with potentially objectionable lyrics .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In the 1990s , when alternative rock became the decades dominant commercial genre , the show kept its focus on the underground . In 1995 , Bambury left the program to become cohost of CBC Televisions Midday , and was replaced by Patti Schmidt , who also became the executive producer of the program . Since 1991 , she had been writing and programming music for the show . Schmidt remained the programs main host for the remainder of its run ; however , due to budgetary pressures at the CBC , Schmidt was forced to work with a smaller",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "staff and budget than Bambury had enjoyed , with the result that the program became more squarely focused on playing music , with interviews reduced to one per week . The program became a reference and filter for all manner of new and contemporary music from indie rock , pop , metal and weird folk , to IDM , electronic dance music , edgy hip hop , avant garde jazz , noise , sound art , modern classical and all things uncategorizable .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On May 27 , 2006 , the program aired an episode which was structured as a finale , with Schmidt conducting the show as a wrap party and then ending it by naming and thanking everybody who had ever worked on the show from its premiere in 1984 . The final piece of music played was William Basinskis Disintegration Loops . Although the show continued to air after that date , for the remainder of its run it was reduced to just one hour per night of new programming hosted by a rotating stable of guest hosts , with the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "remaining three hours filled by repeats of past BNW programs .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " On January 17 , 2007 , it was announced that Brave New Waves would be removed from the CBC Radio 2 line-up as part of a rebranding of the network . The program aired for the last time on March 16 , 2007 . The show was inducted into Hour magazines Montreal RocknRoll Hall of Fame in 2010 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , the program also began recording live in-studio sessions curated by producer Kevin Komoda , some of which were released on the 1991 compilation album Brave New Waves . It was released in 1991 on CBC Records , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations internal record label .",
"title": "Album"
},
{
"text": " 1 . Bolero Lava , Easy ( 4:06 ) 2 . Jr . Gone Wild , I Dont Know About All That ( 3:18 ) 3 . The Amateurs , Wishing Hoping Praying ( 4:22 ) 4 . The Grapes of Wrath , Backwards Town ( 2:42 ) 5 . Change of Heart , Pats Decline ( 3:38 ) 6 . Fifth Column , Like This ( 5:35 ) 7 . Sarah McLachlan , Steaming ( 5:36 ) 8 . Gordie Adamson and Kevin Komoda , Are There No Workhouses ? ( 4:41 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": "9 . Moev , Alibi ( 4:49 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " 10 . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , Santas Compromise ( 2:21 ) 11 . Pretty Green , Kick the Bike ( 3:06 ) 12 . Three OClock Train , This Train ( 2:40 ) 13 . Asexuals , Sunday ( 3:19 ) 14 . The Nils , Bandito Calling ( 4:24 ) 15 . Flying Bulgar Klezmer Band , Der Nayer Sher ( 2:23 ) 16 . Rheostatics , Dope Fiends ( 3:37 ) 17 . Sons of Freedom , USA Long Distance ( 3:10 )",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"text": " - Brave New Waves ( archived ) - Searchable database of Brave New Waves playlists",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#0
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party before Mar 1950?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"รmile Reuter"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#1
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party between Feb 1964 and Oct 1964?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Tony Biever"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#2
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party between Dec 1969 and Dec 1970?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Jean Dupong"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#3
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party in Dec 1973?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Nicolas Mosar"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#4
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party in late 1970s?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Jacques Santer"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#5
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party in Jun 1985?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Jean Spautz"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#6
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party in Nov 1993?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Jean-Claude Juncker"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party#P488#7
|
Who was the head of Christian Social People's Party after Nov 1999?
|
Christian Social Peoples Party The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) . The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected . The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election . History . The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat . From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability . In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM . In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission . Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history . Party office-holders . Presidents . - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day ) General Secretaries . - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent ) Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies . - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office
|
[
"Erna Hennicot-Schoepges"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Christian Social Peoples Party ( , , ) , abbreviated to CSV or PCS , is the largest political party in Luxembourg . The party follows a Christian-democratic ideology and , like most parties in Luxembourg , is strongly pro-European . The CSV is a member of the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) and the Centrist Democrat International ( CDI ) .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": "The CSV has been the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies since the partys formation , and currently holds 23 of 60 seats in the Chamber . Since the Second World War , every Prime Minister of Luxembourg has been a member of the CSV , with only two exceptions : Gaston Thorn ( 1974โ1979 ) , and Xavier Bettel ( 2013โ ) . It holds three of Luxembourgs six seats in the European Parliament , as it has for 20 of the 30 years for which MEPs have been directly elected .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The partys President is since January 2019 Frank Engel . However , the leading figure from the party is the former Prime Minister , Jean-Claude Juncker , who previously governed in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) until the 2013 general election .",
"title": "Christian Social Peoples Party"
},
{
"text": " The earliest roots of the CSV date back to the foundation of the Party of the Right on 16 January 1914 . In 1944 , the Party of the Right was officially transformed into the CSV . The first elections after the Second World War took place in 1945 ; the party won 25 out of 51 seats , missing an absolute majority by a single seat .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "From 1945 to 1974 , the party was in government and gave Luxembourg the following Prime Ministers : Pierre Dupong , Joseph Bech , Pierre Frieden , and Pierre Werner . Mostly in coalition with the Democratic Party ( DP ) , it gave Luxembourg a certain economic and social stability .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s , the party structure underwent a certain democratisation : the partys youth section ( founded in 1953 ) and womens section received representation in the partys central organs . The party went into opposition for the first time in 1974 , when the Democratic Partys Gaston Thorn became Prime Minister in coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers Party ( LSAP ) . In 1979 , the party returned to government after its victory in the 1979 general election ; Pierre Werner became PM .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1984 , Jacques Santer became PM . He remained as such until 1995 , when Jean-Claude Juncker became PM , with Santer meanwhile taking up the post of President of the European Commission .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2013 general election , the party went into opposition for the second time in its history as the Democratic Partys Xavier Bettel became Prime Minister in coalition with the LSAP and The Greens , making it the first time in Luxembourgs history that a three-party coalition government had been formed . This also marked the first time that The Greens were part of a governmental coalition . Despite remaining the largest party , the result of the 2018 general election represented the lowest public support in the partys history .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - รmile Reuter ( 1945โ1964 ) - Tony Biever ( 1964โ1965 ) - Jean Dupong ( 1965โ1972 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1974โ1982 ) - Jean Spautz ( 1982โ1990 ) - Jean-Claude Juncker ( 1990โ1995 ) - Erna Hennicot-Schoepges ( 1995โ2003 ) - Franรงois Biltgen ( 2003โ2009 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2009โ2014 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2014โ2019 ) - Frank Engel ( 2019โpresent day )",
"title": "Presidents"
},
{
"text": " - Nicolas Hommel ( 1944โ1946 ) - Lambert Schaus ( 1945โ1952 ) - Pierre Grรฉgoire ( 1952โ1960 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1960โ1972 ) - Jacques Santer ( 1972โ1974 ) - Jean Weber ( 1974โ1977 ) - Jean-Pierre Kraemer ( 1977โ1984 ) - Willy Bourg ( 1984โ1990 ) - Camille Dimmer ( 1990โ1995 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 1995โ2000 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2000โ2006 ) - Marco Schank ( 2006โ2009 ) - Marc Spautz ( 2009โ2012 ) - Laurent Zeimet ( 2012โ2019 ) - Fรฉlix Eischen ( 2019โpresent )",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": "Presidents of Christian Social Peoples Party in the Chamber of Deputies .",
"title": "General Secretaries"
},
{
"text": " - Tony Biever ( 1959โ1974 ) - Pierre Werner ( 1974โ1979 ) - Nicolas Mosar ( 1979โ1984 ) - Franรงois Colling ( 1984โ1995 ) - Lucien Weiler ( 1996โ2004 ) - Michel Wolter ( 2004โ2009 ) - Jean-Louis Schiltz ( 2009โ2011 ) - Lucien Thiel ( 2011 ) + - Marc Spautz ( 2011โ2013 ) - Gilles Roth ( 2013 ) - Claude Wiseler ( 2014โ2018 ) - Martine Hansen ( 2018โpresent ) + Died in office",
"title": "General Secretaries"
}
] |
/wiki/Doris_Day#P26#0
|
Who was Doris Day 's spouse between Feb 1941 and Sep 1941?
|
Doris Day Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) . In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . Early life . Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting . The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer . Career . Early career ( 1938โ1947 ) . While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words . Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career . During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job . While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band . While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me , Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 ) Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States . Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl . Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career . The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star . She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers . Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States . Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers . During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) . Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit . Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan . After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) . Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) . In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) . Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star . Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight . By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) . One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive . She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 . From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series . Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 . Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show . Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise . By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s . In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you . 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it . In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in 1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million . Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher . Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion . Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches . Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom . 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam . Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated : Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia . She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers . 2010s . Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) . After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation . Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined . Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career . In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song . To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends . I miss him . Animal welfare activism . Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death . It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would agree to go back to work . In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows . In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently . To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day , the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated . A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Personal life . After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 . Marriages . Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband . Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science . Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer . Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him . Death . Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated . Discography . Studio albums . - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 ) - The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) - With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 ) Source
|
[
"Al Jorden"
] |
[
{
"text": " Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I miss him .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "agree to go back to work .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": ", the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- The Pajama Game ( 1957 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
}
] |
/wiki/Doris_Day#P26#1
|
Who was Doris Day 's spouse between Mar 1948 and Jun 1948?
|
Doris Day Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) . In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . Early life . Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting . The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer . Career . Early career ( 1938โ1947 ) . While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words . Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career . During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job . While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band . While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me , Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 ) Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States . Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl . Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career . The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star . She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers . Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States . Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers . During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) . Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit . Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan . After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) . Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) . In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) . Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star . Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight . By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) . One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive . She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 . From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series . Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 . Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show . Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise . By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s . In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you . 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it . In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in 1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million . Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher . Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion . Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches . Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom . 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam . Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated : Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia . She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers . 2010s . Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) . After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation . Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined . Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career . In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song . To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends . I miss him . Animal welfare activism . Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death . It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would agree to go back to work . In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows . In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently . To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day , the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated . A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Personal life . After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 . Marriages . Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband . Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science . Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer . Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him . Death . Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated . Discography . Studio albums . - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 ) - The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) - With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 ) Source
|
[
"George William Weidler"
] |
[
{
"text": " Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I miss him .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "agree to go back to work .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": ", the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- The Pajama Game ( 1957 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
}
] |
/wiki/Doris_Day#P26#2
|
Who was Doris Day 's spouse in late 1950s?
|
Doris Day Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) . In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . Early life . Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting . The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer . Career . Early career ( 1938โ1947 ) . While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words . Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career . During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job . While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band . While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me , Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 ) Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States . Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl . Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career . The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star . She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers . Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States . Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers . During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) . Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit . Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan . After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) . Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) . In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) . Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star . Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight . By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) . One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive . She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 . From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series . Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 . Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show . Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise . By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s . In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you . 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it . In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in 1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million . Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher . Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion . Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches . Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom . 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam . Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated : Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia . She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers . 2010s . Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) . After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation . Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined . Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career . In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song . To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends . I miss him . Animal welfare activism . Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death . It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would agree to go back to work . In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows . In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently . To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day , the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated . A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Personal life . After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 . Marriages . Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband . Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science . Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer . Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him . Death . Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated . Discography . Studio albums . - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 ) - The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) - With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 ) Source
|
[
"Martin Melcher"
] |
[
{
"text": " Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I miss him .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "agree to go back to work .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": ", the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- The Pajama Game ( 1957 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
}
] |
/wiki/Doris_Day#P26#3
|
Who was Doris Day 's spouse between Jun 1979 and Sep 1979?
|
Doris Day Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 . Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) . In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times . Early life . Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting . The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer . Career . Early career ( 1938โ1947 ) . While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words . Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career . During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job . While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band . While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me , Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 ) Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States . Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl . Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career . The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star . She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers . Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States . Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers . During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) . Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit . Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan . After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) . Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) . In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) . Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star . Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight . By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) . One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive . She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 . From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series . Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 . Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show . Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise . By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s . In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you . 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it . In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in 1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million . Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher . Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion . Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches . Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom . 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam . Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated : Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia . She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers . 2010s . Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) . After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation . Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined . Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career . In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song . To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends . I miss him . Animal welfare activism . Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death . It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would agree to go back to work . In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows . In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently . To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day , the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated . A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Personal life . After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 . Marriages . Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband . Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science . Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer . Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him . Death . Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated . Discography . Studio albums . - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 ) - The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) - With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 ) Source
|
[
"Barry Comden"
] |
[
{
"text": " Doris Day ( born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff ; April 3 , 1922 โ May 13 , 2019 ) was an American actress , singer , and animal welfare activist . She began her career as a big band singer in 1939 , achieving commercial success in 1945 with two No . 1 recordings , Sentimental Journey and My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time with Les Brown & His Band of Renown . She left Brown to embark on a solo career and recorded more than 650 songs from 1947 to 1967 .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was one of the biggest film stars in the 1950sโ1960s era . Days film career began during the Golden Age of Hollywood with the film Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . She starred in films of many genres , including musicals , comedies , dramas , and thrillers . She played the title role in Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) and starred in Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . Her best-known films are those in which she co-starred with Rock Hudson , chief among them 1959s Pillow",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Talk , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also worked with James Garner on both Move Over , Darling ( 1963 ) and The Thrill of It All ( 1963 ) , and starred alongside Clark Gable , Cary Grant , James Cagney , David Niven , Ginger Rogers , Jack Lemmon , Frank Sinatra , Kirk Douglas , Lauren Bacall , and Rod Taylor in various movies . After ending her film career in 1968 , only briefly removed from the height of her popularity , she starred in her own",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "sitcom The Doris Day Show ( 1968โ1973 ) .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , she was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2008 , she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as well as a Legend Award from the Society of Singers . In 2011 , she was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Associations Career Achievement Award . Also in 2011 , she released her 29th studio album My Heart which contained new material and became a UK Top 10 album . As of 2020 , she",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "was one of eight record performers to have been the top box-office earner in the United States four times .",
"title": "Doris Day"
},
{
"text": "Day was born Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff on April 3 , 1922 in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Alma Sophia ( nรฉe Welz ; 1895โ1976 ) and William Joseph Kappelhoff ( 1892โ1967 ) . Her mother was a homemaker , and her father was a music teacher and choirmaster . Doris was named after actress Doris Kenyon . Her maternal and paternal grandparents were German ; her paternal grandfather Franz Joseph Wilhelm Kappelhoff immigrated to the United States in 1875 and settled in Cincinnati which had a large German community with its own churches , clubs , and",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "German-language newspapers . For most of her life , Day stated she was born in 1924 ; it was not until her 95th birthday โ when the Associated Press found her birth certificate , showing a 1922 date of birth โ that she stated otherwise . It was common among actresses in Hollywood to state an age younger than they actually were in reality because youth was everything when it came to casting .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " The youngest of three siblings , she had two older brothers : Richard ( who died before her birth ) and Paul , two to three years older . Due to her fathers alleged infidelity , her parents separated . She developed an early interest in dance , and in the mid-1930s formed a dance duo with Jerry Doherty that performed locally in Cincinnati . A car accident on October 13 , 1937 injured her right leg and curtailed her prospects as a professional dancer .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "While recovering from her car accident , Kappelhoff started to sing along with the radio and discovered a talent she did not know she had . During this long , boring period , I used to while away a lot of time listening to the radio , sometimes singing along with the likes of Benny Goodman , Duke Ellington , Tommy Dorsey , and Glenn Miller , she told A . E . Hotchner , one of Days biographers . But the one radio voice I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald . There was a quality to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "her voice that fascinated me , and Id sing along with her , trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice , the casual yet clean way she sang the words .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Observing her daughter sing rekindled Almas interest in show business , and she decided Doris must have singing lessons . She engaged a teacher , Grace Raine . After three lessons , Raine told Alma that young Doris had tremendous potential ; Raine was so impressed that she gave Doris three lessons a week for the price of one . Years later , Day said that Raine had the biggest effect on her singing style and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "During the eight months she was taking singing lessons , Kappelhoff had her first professional jobs as a vocalist , on the WLW radio program Carlins Carnival , and in a local restaurant , Charlie Yees Shanghai Inn . During her radio performances , she first caught the attention of Barney Rapp , who was looking for a female vocalist and asked if she would like to audition for the job . According to Rapp , he had auditioned about 200 singers when Kappelhoff got the job .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " While working for Rapp in 1939 , she adopted the stage surname Day , at Rapps suggestion . Rapp felt that Kappelhoff was too long for marquees , and he admired her rendition of the song Day After Day . After working with Rapp , Day worked with bandleaders Jimmy James , Bob Crosby , and Les Brown . In 1941 , Day appeared as a singer in three Soundies with the Les Brown band .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "While working with Brown , Day recorded her first hit recording , Sentimental Journey , released in early 1945 . It soon became an anthem of the desire of World War II demobilizing troops to return home . The song continues to be associated with Day , and she re-recorded it on several occasions , including a version in her 1971 television special . During 1945โ46 , Day ( as vocalist with the Les Brown Band ) had six other top ten hits on the Billboard chart : My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time , Taint Me ,",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Till The End of Time , You Wont Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) , The Whole World is Singing My Song , and I Got the Sun in the Mornin . Les Brown said , As a singer Doris belongs in the company of Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra . ( Aljean Harmetz ( 2019 ) . Wholesome Box-Office Star and Golden Voice of Que Sera , Sera . The New York Times . p . 1 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Early film career ( 1948โ1954 ) . While singing with the Les Brown band and for nearly two years on Bob Hopes weekly radio program , she toured extensively across the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Her performance of the song Embraceable You impressed songwriter Jule Styne and his partner , Sammy Cahn , and they recommended her for a role in Romance on the High Seas ( 1948 ) . Day was cast for the role after auditioning for director Michael Curtiz . She was shocked at being offered the role in the film , and admitted to Curtiz that she was a singer without acting experience . But he said he liked that she was honest , not afraid to admit it , and he wanted someone who looked like the All-American Girl .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was the discovery of which Curtiz was proudest during his career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " The film provided her with a hit recording as a soloist , Its Magic , which followed by two months her first hit ( Love Somebody in 1948 ) recorded as a duet with Buddy Clark . Day recorded Someone Like You , before the film My Dream Is Yours ( 1949 ) , which featured the song . In 1950 , U.S . servicemen in Korea voted her their favorite star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) , By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) , and Tea For Two ( 1950 ) for Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Her most commercially successful film for Warner was Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) , which broke box-office records of 20 years . The film is a musical biography of lyricist Gus Kahn . It was Days fourth film directed by Curtiz . Day appeared as the title character in the comedic western-themed musical , Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) . A song from the film , Secret Love , won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Days fourth No . 1 hit single in the United States .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Between 1950 and 1953 , the albums from six of her movie musicals charted in the Top 10 , three of them at No . 1 . After filming Lucky Me ( 1954 ) with Bob Cummings and Young at Heart ( 1955 ) with Frank Sinatra , Day chose not to renew her contract with Warner Brothers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " During this period , Day also had her own radio program , The Doris Day Show . It was broadcast on CBS in 1952โ1953 . Breakthrough ( 1955โ1958 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Having become primarily recognized as a musical-comedy actress , Day gradually took on more dramatic roles to broaden her range . Her dramatic star turn as singer Ruth Etting in Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) , with top billing above James Cagney , received critical and commercial success , becoming Days biggest hit thus far . Cagney said she had the ability to project the simple , direct statement of a simple , direct idea without cluttering it , comparing her to Laurette Taylors Broadway performance in The Glass Menagerie ( 1945 ) , one of the",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "greatest performances by an American actor . Day said it was her best film performance . Producer Joe Pasternak said , I was stunned that Doris did not get an Oscar nomination . The soundtrack album from that movie was a No . 1 hit .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day starred in Alfred Hitchcocks suspense film The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1956 ) with James Stewart . She sang two songs in the film , Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and Well Love Again . The film was Days 10th movie to be in the Top 10 at the box office . Day played the title role in the thriller/noir Julie ( also 1956 ) with Louis Jourdan .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "After three successive dramatic films , Day returned to her musical/comedic roots in The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) with John Raitt . The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name . She worked with Paramount Pictures for the comedy Teachers Pet ( 1958 ) , alongside Clark Gable and Gig Young . She co-starred with Richard Widmark and Gig Young in the romantic comedy film The Tunnel of Love ( also 1958 ) , but found scant success opposite Jack Lemmon in It Happened to Jane ( 1959 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Billboard annual nationwide poll of disc jockeys had ranked Day as the No . 1 female vocalist nine times in ten years ( 1949 through 1958 ) , but her success and popularity as a singer was now being overshadowed by her box-office appeal . Box-office success ( 1959โ1968 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1959 , Day entered her most successful phase as a film actress with a series of romantic comedies . This success began with Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson who became a lifelong friend , and Tony Randall . Day received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the only Oscar nomination she received in her career . Day , Hudson , and Randall made two more films together , Lover Come Back ( 1961 ) and Send Me No Flowers ( 1964 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Along with David Niven and Janis Paige , Day starred in Please Dont Eat the Daisies ( 1960 ) and with Cary Grant in the comedy That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) . During 1960 and the 1962 to 1964 period , she ranked number one at the box office , the second woman to be number one four times , an accomplishment equalled by no other actress except Shirley Temple . She set a record that has yet to be equaled , receiving seven consecutive Laurel Awards as the top female box office star .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day teamed up with James Garner starting with The Thrill of It All , followed by Move Over , Darling ( both 1963 ) . The films theme song , Move Over Darling , co-written by her son , reached in the UK . In between these comedic roles , Day co-starred with Rex Harrison in the movie thriller Midnight Lace ( 1960 ) , an updating of the stage thriller Gaslight .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "By the late 1960s , the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex . Times changed , but Days films did not . Days next film Do Not Disturb ( 1965 ) was popular with audiences , but her popularity soon waned . Critics and comics dubbed Day The Worlds Oldest Virgin , and audiences began to shy away from her films . As a result , she slipped from the list of top box-office stars , last appearing in the top ten with the hit film The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 )",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". One of the roles she turned down was that of Mrs . Robinson in The Graduate , a role that eventually went to Anne Bancroft . In her published memoirs , Day said she had rejected the part on moral grounds : she found the script vulgar and offensive .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " She starred in the western film The Ballad of Josie ( 1967 ) . That same year , Day recorded The Love Album , although it was not released until 1994 . The following year ( 1968 ) , she starred in the comedy film Where Were You When the Lights Went Out ? which centers on the Northeast blackout of November 9 , 1965 . Her final feature , the comedy With Six You Get Eggroll , was released in 1968 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "From 1959 to 1970 , Day received nine Laurel Award nominations ( and won four times ) for best female performance in eight comedies and one drama . From 1959 through 1969 , she received six Golden Globe nominations for best female performance in three comedies , one drama ( Midnight Lace ) , one musical ( Jumbo ) , and her television series .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Bankruptcy and television career . After her third husband Martin Melcher died on April 20 , 1968 , a shocked Day discovered that Melcher and his business partner and adviser Jerome Bernard Rosenthal had squandered her earnings , leaving her deeply in debt . Rosenthal had been her attorney since 1949 , when he represented her in her uncontested divorce action against her second husband , saxophonist George W . Weidler . Day filed suit against Rosenthal in February 1969 , won a successful decision in 1974 , but did not receive compensation until a settlement in 1979 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day also learned to her displeasure that Melcher had committed her to a television series , which became The Doris Day Show .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day hated the idea of performing on television , but felt obligated to do it . The first episode of The Doris Day Show aired on September 24 , 1968 , and , from 1968 to 1973 , employed Que Sera , Sera as its theme song . Day persevered ( she needed the work to help pay off her debts ) , but only after CBS ceded creative control to her and her son . The successful show enjoyed a five-year run , and functioned as a curtain raiser for the Carol Burnett Show . It is remembered today",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "for its abrupt season-to-season changes in casting and premise .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " By the end of its run in 1973 , public tastes had changed , as had those of the television industry , and her firmly established persona was regarded as passรฉ . She largely retired from acting after The Doris Day Show , but did complete two television specials , The Doris Mary Anne Kappelhoff Special ( 1971 ) and Doris Day Today ( 1975 ) , and was a guest on various shows in the 1970s .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1985โ86 season , Day hosted her own television talk show , Doris Days Best Friends , on the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) . The network canceled the show after 26 episodes , despite the worldwide publicity it received . Much of that attention came from the episode featuring Rock Hudson , in which Hudson was showing the first public symptoms of AIDS including severe weight loss and admitted fatigue ; Hudson would die from the disease a year later . Day later said , He was very sick . But I just brushed that off and",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "I came out and put my arms around him and said , Am I glad to see you .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 1980s and 1990s . Days husband and agent , Martin Melcher , had Beverly Hills lawyer Jerome Rosenthal handle his wifes money since the 1940s . During that period , Rosenthal committed breaches of professional ethics that are difficult to exaggerate , as one court put it .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In October 1985 , the California Supreme Court rejected Rosenthals appeal of the multimillion-dollar judgment against him for legal malpractice , and upheld conclusions of a trial court and a Court of Appeal that Rosenthal acted improperly . In April 1986 , the U.S . Supreme Court refused to review the lower courts judgment . In June 1987 , Rosenthal filed a $30 million lawsuit against lawyers he claimed cheated him out of millions of dollars in real estate investments . He named Day as a co-defendant , describing her as an unwilling , involuntary plaintiff whose consent cannot be",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "obtained . Rosenthal claimed that millions of dollars Day lost were in real estate sold after Melcher died in 1968 , in which Rosenthal asserted that the attorneys gave Day bad advice , telling her to sell , at a loss , three hotels , in Palo Alto , California , Dallas , Texas , and Atlanta , Georgia , plus some oil leases in Kentucky and Ohio . He claimed he had made the investments under a long-term plan , and did not intend to sell them until they appreciated in value . Two of the hotels sold in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "1970 for about $7 million , and their estimated worth in 1986 was $50 million .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Terry Melcher stated that his adoptive fathers premature death saved Day from financial ruin . It remains unresolved whether Martin Melcher had himself also been duped . Day stated publicly that she believed her husband innocent of any deliberate wrongdoing , stating that he simply trusted the wrong person . According to Days autobiography , as told to A . E . Hotchner , the usually athletic and healthy Martin Melcher had an enlarged heart . Most of the interviews on the subject given to Hotchner ( and included in Days autobiography ) paint an unflattering portrait of Melcher .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Author David Kaufman asserts that one of Days costars , actor Louis Jourdan , maintained that Day herself disliked her husband , but Days public statements regarding Melcher appear to contradict that assertion .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day was scheduled to present , along with Patrick Swayze and Marvin Hamlisch , the Best Original Score Oscar at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989 but she suffered a deep leg cut and was unable to attend . She had been walking through the gardens of her hotel when she cut her leg on a sprinkler . The cut required stitches .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day was inducted into the Ohio Womens Hall of Fame in 1981 and received the Cecil B . DeMille Award for career achievement in 1989 . In 1994 , Days Greatest Hits album became another entry into the British charts . Her cover of Perhaps , Perhaps , Perhaps was included in the soundtrack of the Australian film Strictly Ballroom .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " 2000s . Day participated in interviews and celebrations of her birthday with an annual Doris Day music marathon . In July 2008 , she appeared on the Southern California radio show of longtime friend and newscaster George Putnam .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day turned down a tribute offer from the American Film Institute and from the Kennedy Center Honors because they require attendance in person . In 2004 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W . Bush for her achievements in the entertainment industry and for her work on behalf of animals . President Bush stated :",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Columnist Liz Smith and film critic Rex Reed mounted vigorous campaigns to gather support for an Honorary Academy Award for Day to herald her film career and her status as the top female box-office star of all time . According to The Hollywood Reporter in 2015 , the Academy offered her the Honorary Oscar multiple times , but she declined as she saw the film industry as a part of her past life . Day received a Grammy for Lifetime Achievement in Music in 2008 , albeit again in absentia .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "She received three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards , in 1998 , 1999 and 2012 , for her recordings of Sentimental Journey , Secret Love , and Que Sera , Sera , respectively . Day was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame in 2007 , and in 2010 received the first Legend Award ever presented by the Society of Singers .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Day , aged 89 , released My Heart in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , her first new album in nearly two decades since the release of The Love Album , which , although recorded in 1967 , was not released until 1994 . The album is a compilation of previously unreleased recordings produced by Days son , Terry Melcher , before his death in 2004 . Tracks include the 1970s Joe Cocker hit You Are So Beautiful , the Beach Boys Disney Girls and jazz standards such as My Buddy , which Day originally sang in",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "the film Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " After the disc was released in the United States it soon climbed to No . 12 on Amazons bestseller list , and helped raise funds for the Doris Day Animal League . Day became the oldest artist to score a UK Top 10 with an album featuring new material . In January 2012 , the Los Angeles Film Critics Association presented Day with a Lifetime Achievement Award . In April 2014 , Day made an unexpected public appearance to attend the annual Doris Day Animal Foundation benefit . The benefit raises money for her Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Clint Eastwood offered Day a role in a film he was planning to direct in 2015 . Although she reportedly was in talks with Eastwood , her neighbor in Carmel , about a role in the film , she eventually declined .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Day granted ABC a telephone interview on her birthday in 2016 , which was accompanied by photos of her life and career .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In a rare interview with The Hollywood Reporter on April 4 , 2019 , the day after her 97th birthday , Day talked about her work on the Doris Day Animal Foundation , founded in 1978 . On the question of what her favorite film was , she answered Calamity Jane : I was such a tomboy growing up , and she was such a fun character to play . Of course , the music was wonderful , tooโSecret Love , especially , is such a beautiful song .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "To commemorate her birthday , her fans gathered each year to take part in a three-day party in her hometown of Carmel , California , in late March . The event was also a fundraiser for her Animal Foundation . During the 2019 event , there was a special screening of her film Pillow Talk ( 1959 ) to celebrate its 60th anniversary . About the film , Day stated in the same interview that she had such fun working with my pal , Rock . We laughed our way through three films we made together and remained great friends",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": ". I miss him .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": " Days interest in animal welfare and related issues apparently dated to her teen years . While recovering from an automobile accident , she took her dog Tiny for a walk without a leash . Tiny ran into the street and was killed by a passing car . Day later expressed guilt and loneliness about Tinys untimely death .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "It was during the making of The Man Who Knew Too Much , when she saw how camels , goats and other animal extras in a marketplace scene were being treated , that Doris Day began actively preventing animal abuse . She was so appalled at the conditions the animals used in filming were kept in , that she refused to work unless they were properly fed and cared for . The production company had to set up feeding stations for the various goats , sheep , camels , et cetera , and feed them every day before Day would",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "agree to go back to work .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " In 1971 , she co-founded Actors and Others for Animals , and appeared in a series of newspaper advertisements denouncing the wearing of fur , alongside Mary Tyler Moore , Angie Dickinson , and Jayne Meadows .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "In 1978 , Day founded the Doris Day Pet Foundation , now the Doris Day Animal Foundation ( DDAF ) . A non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) grant-giving public charity , DDAF funds other non-profit causes throughout the US that share DDAFs mission of helping animals and the people who love them . The DDAF continues to operate independently .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "To complement the Doris Day Animal Foundation , Day formed the Doris Day Animal League ( DDAL ) in 1987 , a national non-profit citizens lobbying organization whose mission is to reduce pain and suffering , and protect animals through legislative initiatives . Day actively lobbied the United States Congress in support of legislation designed to safeguard animal welfare on a number of occasions , and in 1995 she originated the annual Spay Day USA . The DDAL merged into The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) in 2006 . The HSUS now manages World Spay Day",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": ", the annual one-day spay/neuter event that Day originated .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": " A facility bearing her name , the Doris Day Horse Rescue and Adoption Center , which helps abused and neglected horses , opened in 2011 in Murchison , Texas , on the grounds of an animal sanctuary started by her late friend , author Cleveland Amory . Day contributed $250,000 toward the founding of the center . A posthumous auction of 1,100 of Days possessions in April 2020 generated $3 million for the Doris Day Animal Foundation .",
"title": "Animal welfare activism"
},
{
"text": "After her retirement from films , Day lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea , California . She had many pets and adopted stray animals . She was a lifelong Republican . Her only child was music producer and songwriter Terry Melcher , who had a hit in the 1960s with Hey Little Cobra under the name The Rip Chords . before becoming a successful producer whose acts included The Byrds , Paul Revere & the Raiders , andโin the late 1980sโThe Beach Boys ; he died of melanoma in November 2004 . Since the 1980s Day owned a hotel in Carmel-by-the-Sea called the",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Cypress Inn which she originally co-owned with her son . It was an early petโfriendly hotel and was featured in Architectural Digest in 1999 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Day was married four times . From March 1941 to February 1943 , she was married to trombonist Al Jorden ( 1917โ1967 ) , whom she met in Barney Rapps Band . Jorden was a violent schizophrenic who later died by suicide . When Day became pregnant and refused to have an abortion , he beat her in an attempt to force a miscarriage . Their son , Terrence Terry Paul Jorden , was born in 1942 , and changed his name to Terrence Paul Melcher when he was adopted by Days third husband .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Her second marriage was to George William Weidler ( 1926โ1989 ) from March 30 , 1946 , to May 31 , 1949 , a saxophonist and the brother of actress Virginia Weidler . Weidler and Day met again several years later during a brief reconciliation , and he introduced her to Christian Science .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day married American film producer Martin Melcher ( 1915โ1968 ) on April 3 , 1951 , her 29th birthday , and this marriage lasted until he died in April 1968 . Melcher adopted Days son Terry , who became a successful musician and record producer under the name Terry Melcher . Martin Melcher produced many of Days movies . They were both Christian Scientists , resulting in her not seeing a doctor for some time for symptoms which suggested cancer .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Days fourth marriage was to Barry Comden ( 1935โ2009 ) from April 14 , 1976 , until April 2 , 1982 . He was the maรฎtre dhรดtel at one of Days favorite restaurants . He knew of her great love of dogs and endeared himself to her by giving her a bag of meat scraps and bones on her way out of the restaurant . He later complained that she cared more for her animal friends than she did for him .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Day died on May 13 , 2019 , at the age of 97 , after having contracted pneumonia . Her death was announced by her charity , the Doris Day Animal Foundation . Per Days requests , the Foundation announced that there would be no funeral services , grave marker , or other public memorials . She was cremated .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " - Youre My Thrill ( 1949 ) - Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) - Tea for Two ( 1950 ) - Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) - On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) - Ill See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) - By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) - Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) - Young at Heart ( 1954 ) - Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) - Day Dreams ( 1955 ) - Day by Day ( 1956 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- The Pajama Game ( 1957 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Day by Night ( 1957 ) - Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ) - Cuttin Capers ( 1959 ) - What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) - Show Time ( 1960 ) - Listen to Day ( 1960 ) - Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) - I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) - Duet ( 1962 ) - Youll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) - Billy Roses Jumbo ( 1962 ) - Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) - Love Him ( 1963 ) - The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": "- With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
},
{
"text": " - Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) - Doris Days Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) - The Love Album ( recorded 1967 ; released in 1994 ) - My Heart ( with 8 previously unissued tracks recorded in 1985 ; released in 2011 )",
"title": "Studio albums"
}
] |
/wiki/President's_Council_on_Sports,_Fitness,_and_Nutrition#P1448#0
|
President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition was officially named what in early 1960s?
|
Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . History . During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans . In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life . In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys . In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 , 2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords . Past chairmen . - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019 Awards . The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 . Standardized tests . The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run
|
[
"Presidents Council on Youth Fitness"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports .",
"title": "Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition"
},
{
"text": " During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019",
"title": "Past chairmen"
},
{
"text": " The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run",
"title": "Standardized tests"
}
] |
/wiki/President's_Council_on_Sports,_Fitness,_and_Nutrition#P1448#1
|
President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition was officially named what in Jul 1965?
|
Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . History . During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans . In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life . In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys . In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 , 2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords . Past chairmen . - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019 Awards . The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 . Standardized tests . The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run
|
[
"Presidents Council on Physical Fitness"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports .",
"title": "Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition"
},
{
"text": " During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019",
"title": "Past chairmen"
},
{
"text": " The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run",
"title": "Standardized tests"
}
] |
/wiki/President's_Council_on_Sports,_Fitness,_and_Nutrition#P1448#2
|
President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition was officially named what in Nov 1988?
|
Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . History . During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans . In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life . In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys . In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 , 2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords . Past chairmen . - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019 Awards . The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 . Standardized tests . The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run
|
[
"Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports .",
"title": "Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition"
},
{
"text": " During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance โ Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961โ1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964โ1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969โ1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978โ1980 - George Allen chairman 1981โ1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988โ1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990โ1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993โ1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993โ1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002โ2005 - Denise Austin 2002โ2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019",
"title": "Past chairmen"
},
{
"text": " The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012โ2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run",
"title": "Standardized tests"
}
] |
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