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/wiki/President's_Council_on_Sports,_Fitness,_and_Nutrition#P1448#3
|
President's Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition was officially named what between Jan 2011 and Feb 2011?
|
Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . History . During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans . In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life . In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys . In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance – Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 , 2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords . Past chairmen . - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961–1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964–1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969–1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978–1980 - George Allen chairman 1981–1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988–1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990–1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993–1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993–1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002–2005 - Denise Austin 2002–2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019 Awards . The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012–2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 . Standardized tests . The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run
|
[
"Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness and Nutrition ( PCSFN ) is an American government organization that aims to promote , encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports . It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science , an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . Prior to June 2010 , it was called the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports .",
"title": "Presidents Council on Sports , Fitness , and Nutrition"
},
{
"text": " During the 1940s , the American Medical Association and the National Committee on Physical Fitness had a joint committee encouraging physical fitness . The Presidents Council on Youth Fitness was founded on July 16 , 1956 , to encourage American children . In 1963 , President Kennedy changed the councils name to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to reflect its role to serve all Americans .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1966 , President Lyndon B . Johnson created the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the name of which was later changed to Presidents Challenge Youth Physical Fitness Awards Program . In 1968 , the councils name was changed to Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports to emphasize the importance of sports in life .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , the Presidential Sports Award Program was created . In 1983 , the United States Congress declared May as National Physical Fitness and Sports Month . In 1996 , the Surgeon Generals Report on Physical Activity and Health was released . In 1997 , the Council released its report on Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Boys .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In June 2010 , President Barack Obama renamed the agency the Presidents Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , with a new emphasis on nutrition as an element of fitness . First Lady Michelle Obama announced the new commissions goal to end the epidemic of childhood obesity in a generation and also announced that the president had named , as the new co-chairs of the council , New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On January 11 , 2012 , operators of the website for participants of the Challenge and Active Lifestyle programs learned that the site had been hacked , resulting in the release of personal information of the participants . The Presidents Challenge site displayed a notice that it was down for Site Maintenance – Were taking a little breather . On January 20 , 2012 , the site was modified to explain the hacking . On January 27 , 2012 , The Presidents Challenge sent out emails to its participants saying that the website was functional as of January 24 ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "2012 , and asked participants to reset their user passwords .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - Bud Wilkinson chairman 1961–1963 - Stan Musial Consultant 1964–1967 - Jim Lovell chairman 1969–1977 - Jerry Apodaca chairman 1978–1980 - George Allen chairman 1981–1988 - Dick Kazmaier chairman 1988–1989 - Arnold Schwarzenegger chairman 1990–1993 - Florence Griffith Joyner ( co-chair ) 1993–1998 - Tom McMillen ( co-chair ) 1993–1997 - Lynn Swann chairman 2002–2005 - Denise Austin 2002–2009 - Drew Brees ( co-chair ) 2010 - Dominique Dawes ( co-chair ) 2010 . - Lou Ferrigno 2018 - Misty May-Treanor ( co-chair ) 2019 - Mariano Rivera ( co-chair ) 2019 - Herschel Walker ( co-chair ) 2019",
"title": "Past chairmen"
},
{
"text": " The Council publishes guidelines for awards that are given out . They are the Presidential Physical Fitness Award , the National Physical Fitness Award , and the Participant Physical Fitness Award . However , it has been announced that the Physical Fitness Test on which these awards are based will no longer be available after the 2012–2013 school year . Additionally , there is the Active Lifestyle Award for staying active and the Presidential Champions Award for raising ones amount of activity . The Champions awards ended on 30 June 2018 .",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"text": " The award was given to students who achieved the top fifteenth percentile cumulative scores across these events and were based on age/gender and were taken by all participants . Pull ups/flexed-arm hang was based on gender and was the only event where one was done by boys and the other by girls : - 50-yard dash - 600-yard run - Standing broad jump - Pull-ups ( boys ) - Flexed-arm hang ( girls ) - Sit-ups - Shuttle run",
"title": "Standardized tests"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf#P39#0
|
Kurt Biedenkopf took which position between Sep 1968 and Dec 1968?
|
Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education . Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig . Political career . Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag . In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy . Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman . Minister-President of Saxony . After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 . At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development . He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony . Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 . Political positions . Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election . Other activities . In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time . Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through . In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": "Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": " Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": "At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": ". He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "- Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )",
"title": "Other activities"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf#P39#1
|
Kurt Biedenkopf took which position between May 1974 and Apr 1975?
|
Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education . Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig . Political career . Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag . In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy . Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman . Minister-President of Saxony . After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 . At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development . He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony . Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 . Political positions . Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election . Other activities . In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time . Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through . In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )
|
[
"secretary general of the CDU"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": "Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": " Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": "At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": ". He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "- Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )",
"title": "Other activities"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf#P39#2
|
Kurt Biedenkopf took which position in Dec 1976?
|
Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education . Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig . Political career . Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag . In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy . Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman . Minister-President of Saxony . After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 . At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development . He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony . Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 . Political positions . Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election . Other activities . In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time . Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through . In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )
|
[
"member of the Bundestag"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": "Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": " Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": "At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": ". He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "- Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )",
"title": "Other activities"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf#P39#3
|
Kurt Biedenkopf took which position in 1977?
|
Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education . Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig . Political career . Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag . In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy . Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman . Minister-President of Saxony . After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 . At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development . He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony . Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 . Political positions . Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election . Other activities . In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time . Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through . In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )
|
[
"deputy chairman of the party"
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": "Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": " Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": "At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": ". He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "- Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )",
"title": "Other activities"
}
] |
/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf#P39#4
|
Kurt Biedenkopf took which position in late 1990s?
|
Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education . Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig . Political career . Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag . In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy . Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman . Minister-President of Saxony . After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 . At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development . He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony . Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 . Political positions . Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election . Other activities . In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time . Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through . In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees - Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Kurt Hans Biedenkopf ( born 28 January 1930 ) is a German politician who served as the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony ( one of Germanys federal states ) from 1990 until 2002 , as such also serving as the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000 . Early life and education .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": "Born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Rhineland-Palatinate , Biedenkopf studied law , economics , and political science , including at Davidson College in North Carolina and at Georgetown University . He is a Master of Laws and holds a Dr . jur . ( law doctorate ) . He worked as a researcher , lecturer , and professor at various German universities including those in Bochum , Frankfurt , and Leipzig .",
"title": "Kurt Biedenkopf"
},
{
"text": " Career in national politics . Kurt Biedenkopf is a member of the Christian-Democratic Union ( CDU ) . He entered his professional political career when he became secretary general of the CDU in 1973 , under the leadership of chairman Helmut Kohl . He resigned from that office after disagreements with Kohl and went on to become one of his fiercest rivals within the party . From 1977 to 1983 Biedenkopf was a deputy chairman of the party . During the terms 1976-1980 and 1987-1990 he was a member of the Bundestag .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "In 1979 , it was revealed that Christel Broszey , Biedenkopf’s secretary in his position as deputy chairman of the Christian Democratic Party , disappeared and was presumed to have fled to East Germany . Media reported that Broszey had been a spy .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Career in North Rhine-Westphalia . In the 1980 , state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia , Biedenkopf unsuccessfully ran against the incumbent Minister-President Johannes Rau . He served as chairman of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – the party’s largest chapter – until 1987 , when he was succeeded by Norbert Blüm . In late 1989 , he joined forces with Lothar Späth , Heiner Geißler , Rita Süssmuth and others in an unsuccessful effort to oust Kohl as CDU chairman .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " After the re-unification of Germany in 1990 Biedenkopf was elected as Minister-President in the newly formed state of Saxony . His party also won the subsequent elections in 1994 and 1999 with an absolute majority . He held his office until April 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": "At the CDUs initiative , the state parliament resolved to declare Saxony a free state once again , recalling its 19th century history . Early in his tenure , Biedenkopf emerged as a kind of unofficial spokesman for the regions of East Germany . He enjoyed great popularity among a majority of the people of Saxony . Known for his autocratic leadership style , he was often referred to as the Saxon king or King Kurt . During his time in office , he doubled outlays on primary and secondary education and sharply ramped up spending on research and development",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": ". He also led a legal battle against the European Commission on subsidies for Volkswagen investments in Saxony .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Ahead of the German presidential election in 1994 , Biedenkopf was widely seen as a likely candidate ; the post instead went to Roman Herzog . In 2000 , Biedenkopf held the rotating presidency of the Bundesrat of Germany . In this capacity , he oversaw the bodys move to Berlin to complete the governments return to the prewar capital from Bonn . In January 2001 , Biedenkopf dismissed State Minister of Finance Georg Milbradt because Milbradt had started a debate about Biedenkopfs succession . Milbradt eventually succeeded Biedenkopf in 2002 .",
"title": "Minister-President of Saxony"
},
{
"text": " Before the introduction of the euro , Biedenkopf was the only German state leader to vote against the monetary union in the Bundesrat , the legislative body that represents the German states ; he later argued that Europe wasnt ready for that epochal step . Already in 1997 , he had joined the ministers-president of two other German states , Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber , in making the case for a five-year delay in Europes currency union .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": "Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair . He later supported Armin Laschets candidacy to succeed Kramp-Karrenbauer in the 2021 leadership election .",
"title": "Political positions"
},
{
"text": " In 1983 , Biedenkopf became a member of the Advisory Board of the non-profit Bertelsmann Stiftung . In 1987 , he became chairman of the board ( until 1990 ) . During his term , the Carl Bertelsmann Prize ( today Reinhard Mohn Prize ) was awarded for the first time .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "Between 2004 and 2006 , Biedenkopf and Christine Bergmann served as ombudsmen , observing the impact of the Schröder government’s labour market reforms , with a mandate to advise government and parliament on any recommended revisions to it . In 2005 , he was appointed by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to head a commission on the future of codetermination in Germany . Both Biedenkopf and Schröder later served as mediators in a 2006 conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn ; the plans eventually fell through .",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": " In addition , Biedenkopf has been holding a number of paid and unpaid positions , including the following : - Dresden Frauenkirche , Member of the Board of Trustees - International Law Institute ( ILI ) , Member of the International Advisory Board - Independent Commission on Turkey , Member - Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , Member of the Board of Trustees - Hertie School of Governance , Chairman of the Board of Trustees ( 2003-2010 ) - Lions Club Germany Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees",
"title": "Other activities"
},
{
"text": "- Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen , Chairman of the Supervisory Board ( 1991-2015 )",
"title": "Other activities"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Perry#P39#0
|
Which position did Rick Perry hold in late 1980s?
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Rick Perry James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections . Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction . Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 . Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 . Early life . A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution . His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn . Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award . College . Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science . In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester . First jobs . In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served me well in my life since then . Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father . Early political career . Texas Legislature . In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 . Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature . In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan . Agriculture Commissioner . In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager . In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) . During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption . As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales . In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare . In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 . Lieutenant Governor . In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 . Governor of Texas . Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% . According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction . In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor . Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa . Fiscal policies . In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources . A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes . Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales . In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits . Healthcare . As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas . During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered . Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them . In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life . In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled , but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims . On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas . Religion . Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated . In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be . In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references . In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign . Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum . Education . In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted . In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program . LGBT rights . In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution . In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain it to me . Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) . In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states . After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue . In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence . During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts . Crime . Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession . Death penalty . Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia . Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said . Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year . Infrastructure . In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects . Gun ownership . Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access . Immigration . During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false . In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall . Veto controversy and exoneration . On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated . Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Retirement as governor . By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott . However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead . Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina . While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 . 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 . Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference . Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency . Secretary of Energy . On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power . In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?” In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change . For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil . On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December . Trump–Ukraine scandal . A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska . A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden , Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State . Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani . Career outside politics . In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman . Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place . Bibliography . - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 ) Personal life . In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women . Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart . In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment . Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .
|
[
"Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 ,"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": " A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "me well in my life since then .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": "Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 .",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": ", but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "it to me .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession .",
"title": "Crime"
},
{
"text": " Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects .",
"title": "Infrastructure"
},
{
"text": " Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access .",
"title": "Gun ownership"
},
{
"text": " During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?”",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden ,",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "both Trump and Giuliani .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": "Chairman .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Perry#P39#1
|
Which position did Rick Perry hold between Dec 1999 and Mar 2000?
|
Rick Perry James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections . Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction . Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 . Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 . Early life . A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution . His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn . Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award . College . Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science . In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester . First jobs . In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served me well in my life since then . Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father . Early political career . Texas Legislature . In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 . Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature . In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan . Agriculture Commissioner . In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager . In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) . During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption . As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales . In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare . In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 . Lieutenant Governor . In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 . Governor of Texas . Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% . According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction . In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor . Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa . Fiscal policies . In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources . A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes . Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales . In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits . Healthcare . As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas . During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered . Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them . In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life . In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled , but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims . On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas . Religion . Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated . In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be . In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references . In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign . Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum . Education . In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted . In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program . LGBT rights . In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution . In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain it to me . Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) . In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states . After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue . In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence . During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts . Crime . Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession . Death penalty . Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia . Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said . Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year . Infrastructure . In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects . Gun ownership . Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access . Immigration . During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false . In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall . Veto controversy and exoneration . On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated . Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Retirement as governor . By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott . However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead . Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina . While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 . 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 . Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference . Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency . Secretary of Energy . On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power . In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?” In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change . For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil . On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December . Trump–Ukraine scandal . A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska . A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden , Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State . Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani . Career outside politics . In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman . Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place . Bibliography . - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 ) Personal life . In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women . Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart . In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment . Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .
|
[
"Lieutenant Governor"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": " A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "me well in my life since then .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": "Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 .",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": ", but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "it to me .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession .",
"title": "Crime"
},
{
"text": " Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects .",
"title": "Infrastructure"
},
{
"text": " Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access .",
"title": "Gun ownership"
},
{
"text": " During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?”",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden ,",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "both Trump and Giuliani .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": "Chairman .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Perry#P39#2
|
Which position did Rick Perry hold in late 2000s?
|
Rick Perry James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections . Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction . Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 . Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 . Early life . A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution . His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn . Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award . College . Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science . In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester . First jobs . In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served me well in my life since then . Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father . Early political career . Texas Legislature . In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 . Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature . In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan . Agriculture Commissioner . In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager . In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) . During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption . As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales . In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare . In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 . Lieutenant Governor . In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 . Governor of Texas . Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% . According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction . In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor . Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa . Fiscal policies . In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources . A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes . Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales . In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits . Healthcare . As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas . During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered . Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them . In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life . In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled , but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims . On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas . Religion . Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated . In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be . In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references . In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign . Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum . Education . In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted . In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program . LGBT rights . In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution . In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain it to me . Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) . In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states . After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue . In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence . During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts . Crime . Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession . Death penalty . Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia . Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said . Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year . Infrastructure . In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects . Gun ownership . Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access . Immigration . During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false . In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall . Veto controversy and exoneration . On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated . Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Retirement as governor . By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott . However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead . Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina . While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 . 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 . Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference . Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency . Secretary of Energy . On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power . In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?” In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change . For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil . On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December . Trump–Ukraine scandal . A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska . A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden , Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State . Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani . Career outside politics . In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman . Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place . Bibliography . - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 ) Personal life . In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women . Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart . In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment . Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .
|
[
"Governor of Texas"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": " A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "me well in my life since then .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": "Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 .",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": ", but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "it to me .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession .",
"title": "Crime"
},
{
"text": " Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects .",
"title": "Infrastructure"
},
{
"text": " Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access .",
"title": "Gun ownership"
},
{
"text": " During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?”",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden ,",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "both Trump and Giuliani .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": "Chairman .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Rick_Perry#P39#3
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Which position did Rick Perry hold in Sep 2017?
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Rick Perry James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections . Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction . Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 . Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 . Early life . A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution . His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn . Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award . College . Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science . In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester . First jobs . In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served me well in my life since then . Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father . Early political career . Texas Legislature . In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 . Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature . In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan . Agriculture Commissioner . In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager . In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) . During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption . As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales . In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare . In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 . Lieutenant Governor . In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 . Governor of Texas . Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% . According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction . In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor . Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa . Fiscal policies . In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources . A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes . Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales . In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits . Healthcare . As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas . During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered . Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them . In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life . In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled , but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims . On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas . Religion . Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated . In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be . In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references . In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign . Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum . Education . In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted . In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program . LGBT rights . In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution . In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain it to me . Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) . In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states . After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue . In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence . During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts . Crime . Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession . Death penalty . Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia . Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said . Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year . Infrastructure . In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects . Gun ownership . Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access . Immigration . During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false . In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall . Veto controversy and exoneration . On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated . Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Retirement as governor . By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott . However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead . Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina . While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 . 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 . Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference . Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency . Secretary of Energy . On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 . On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power . In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?” In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change . For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil . On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December . Trump–Ukraine scandal . A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska . A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden , Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State . Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted both Trump and Giuliani . Career outside politics . In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice Chairman . Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place . Bibliography . - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 ) Personal life . In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women . Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart . In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment . Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .
|
[
"Secretary of Energy"
] |
[
{
"text": " James Richard Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 and as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 . Perry also ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 and 2016 elections .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Born into a family of cotton farmers in Haskell , Texas , Perry graduated from Texas A&M University in 1972 and entered into the United States Air Force , serving a five-year stint and achieving the rank of captain . After leaving the Air Force in 1977 , Perry returned to Texas and entered politics , serving as a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 . In 1989 , Perry switched parties and became a Republican , and was elected Agriculture Commissioner of Texas the following year . In 1998 , Perry was elected",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Lieutenant Governor of Texas , becoming the states first Republican Lieutenant Governor since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the governorship of Texas in December 2000 , after Governor George W . Bush resigned following his election as President . Perry was re-elected Governor three times , becoming the longest-serving Governor in Texas history . As Governor , Perry identified as a staunch conservative , enacting conservative fiscal policies , restrictions on abortion and expanded gun rights . Long considered a potential presidential candidate , Perry officially announced his candidacy for the 2012 Republican nomination for President in August 2011 . Perry initially performed well in polling and showed strong fundraising prowess , leading to him being",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "considered a serious contender for the nomination , however his support declined following poor performances in debates and early primaries and he withdrew from the race in January 2012 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Perry declined to run for re-election to a fourth term as Governor and left office in 2015 , launching a second presidential campaign shortly after . Perrys second presidential campaign failed to garner substantial polling support , fundraising or media attention , leading to him withdrawing from the race after only three months . Perry was initially a vocal opponent of Donald Trumps 2016 campaign for President , however he later endorsed Trump after he secured the Republican nomination . After winning the presidency , Trump appointed Perry as Secretary of Energy and he was confirmed by the United States",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": "Senate in a 62–37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 .",
"title": "Rick Perry"
},
{
"text": " A fifth-generation Texan , Perry was born on March 4 , 1950 , in Haskell , Texas , and raised in Paint Creek , Texas , the son of dryland cotton farmers Joseph Ray Perry ( 1925-2017 ) and Amelia June Holt Perry ( born 1929 ) . He has one older sister . Perrys ancestry is almost entirely English , dating as far back as the original Thirteen Colonies . His family has been in Texas since before the Texas Revolution .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "His father , a Democrat , was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member . Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in November 1961 , when his father took him to the funeral of U.S . Representative Sam Rayburn .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry was in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . The BSA has honored Perry with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity . He was elected senior class social secretary , a member and redpot in Aggie Bonfire , and one of A&Ms five yell leaders . He graduated in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree in animal science .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In 1989 , he said , I was probably a bit of a free spirit , not particularly structured real well for life outside of a military regime , I would have not lasted at Texas Tech or the University of Texas . I would have hit the fraternity scene and lasted about one semester .",
"title": "College"
},
{
"text": "In the early 1970s , Perry interned during several summers with Southwestern Advantage , as a door-to-door book salesman . I count my time working for Dortch Oldham [ then president of the Southwestern family of companies ] as one of the most important formative experiences of my life , Perry said in 2010 . There is nothing that tests your commitment to a goal like getting a few doors closed in your face . He said that Mr . Oldham taught legions of young people to communicate quickly , clearly and with passion , a lesson that has served",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "me well in my life since then .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Upon graduation from college in 1972 , Perry was commissioned as an officer in the United States Air Force and completed pilot training in February 1974 . He was then assigned as a Lockheed C-130 Hercules pilot with the 772nd Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess Air Force Base , located in Abilene , Texas . Perrys duties included two-month overseas rotations at RAF Mildenhall , located in Mildenhall , England and Rhein-Main Air Base , located at Frankfurt am Main , Germany . His missions included a 1974 U.S . State Department drought relief effort in Mali , Mauritania and",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": "Chad , and in 1976 , earthquake relief in Guatemala . He left the Air Force in 1977 at the rank of captain , returned to Texas , and went into farming cotton with his father .",
"title": "First jobs"
},
{
"text": " In 1984 , Perry was elected to the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat from district 64 , which included his home county of Haskell . He served on the House Appropriations and Calendars committees during his three two-year terms in office . He befriended fellow freshman state representative Lena Guerrero , a staunch liberal Democrat who endorsed Perrys reelection bid in 2006 .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": "Perry was part of the Pit Bulls , a group of Appropriations members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room ( the pit ) who pushed for austere state budgets during the 1980s . At one point , The Dallas Morning News named him one of the ten most effective members of the legislature .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1987 , Perry voted for a $5.7 billion tax increase proposed by Republican Governor Bill Clements . Perry supported Al Gore in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries and worked for Gores campaign in Texas . On September 29 , 1989 , Perry announced that he was switching parties , becoming a Republican . On a guest appearance on Fox show Hannity , he partially credits Reagan as part of the reason he became a Republican , also stating he switched political parties sooner in his life than Reagan .",
"title": "Texas Legislature"
},
{
"text": " In 1990 , as a newly minted Republican , Perry challenged Jim Hightower , the incumbent Democratic Agriculture Commissioner . Karl Rove was Perrys campaign manager .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In the Republican primary on March 13 , 1990 , Perry polled 276,558 votes ( 47% ) , with Richard McIver garnering 176,976 votes ( 30% ) and Gene L . Duke , who placed third , polling 132,497 votes ( 23% ) . Since Perry fell shy of the necessary 50% to win outright , a runoff was held between Perry and McIver set on April 10 , 1990 . In the runoff , he emerged victorious , garnering 96,649 votes ( 69% ) to McIvers 43,921 votes ( 31% ) .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " During 1990 , Hightowers office was embroiled in an FBI investigation into corruption and bribery . Three aides were convicted in 1993 of using public funds for political fundraising , although Hightower himself was not found to be involved in the wrongdoings . Perry narrowly defeated Hightower in November 1990 , garnering 1,864,463 votes ( 49% ) to Hightowers 1,820,145 votes ( 48% ) . Rove raised $3 million to raise Perrys profile , while tarnishing the name of Jim Hightower resulting in Perrys name becoming a household name in Texas—and Hightowers name synonymous with corruption .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "As Agriculture Commissioner , Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations , and for supervising the calibration of weights and measures , such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In April 1993 , Perry , while serving as Texas agriculture commissioner , expressed support for the effort to reform the nations healthcare , describing it as most commendable . The healthcare plan , first revealed in September , was ultimately unsuccessful due to Republican congressional opposition . In 2005 , after being questioned on the issue by a potential opponent in the Republican governor primary , Perry said he expressed his support only in order to get Clinton to pay more attention to rural healthcare .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": "In 1994 , Perry was reelected Agriculture Commissioner by a large margin , getting 2,546,287 votes ( 62 percent ) to Democrat Marvin Gregorys 1,479,692 ( 36 percent ) . Libertarian Clyde L . Garland received the remaining 85,836 votes ( 2 percent ) . Gregory , a chicken farmer from Sulphur Springs , Texas , was on the Texas Agricultural Finance Authority with Perry in the early nineties as a Republican , but became a Democrat before running against Perry in 1994 .",
"title": "Agriculture Commissioner"
},
{
"text": " In 1998 , Perry ran for lieutenant governor . During this election , Perry had a notable falling out with his previous top political strategist Karl Rove , which began the much-reported rivalry between the Bush and Perry camps . Perry polled 1,858,837 votes ( 50.04 percent ) to the 1,790,106 ( 48.19 percent ) cast for Democrat John Sharp . Perry became the states first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction , taking office on January 19 , 1999 .",
"title": "Lieutenant Governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry assumed the office of governor on December 21 , 2000 , following the resignation of George W . Bush—who was preparing to become President of the United States . He won the office in his own right in the 2002 gubernatorial election , where he received 58% of votes to Laredo oilman and businessman Tony Sanchezs 40% . He was re-elected in the 2006 gubernatorial election against three major opponents , polling 39% of votes against runner-up former U.S . Congressman Chris Bell of Houston with 30% . In the 2010 gubernatorial election , Perry became the first Texas",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "governor to be elected to three four-year terms , polling 55% of votes to former Houston Mayor Bill Whites 42% .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " According to Texans for Public Justice , in his three gubernatorial campaigns , Perry received hard-money campaign contributions of $102 million , half of which came from 204 donors . In the 2001 legislative session , Perry set a record for his use of the veto , rejecting 82 acts , more than any other governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since Reconstruction .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry formed the non-profit organization , the OneStar Foundation , designed to connect non-profits with resources and expertise to accomplish their missions and to promote volunteerism . He tapped the state Republican chairman Susan Weddington , who stepped down from that position after six years , as the president of OneStar . She left in 2009 , and he chose Elizabeth Seale as her successor .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " Perry is the fourth governor of Texas ( after Allan Shivers , Price Daniel , and John Connally ) to have served three or more terms , and the only one to do so as a Republican . He is the longest-serving governor in Texas history and , at the time he left office , had held office longer than every other then-current U.S . governor except Terry Branstad of Iowa .",
"title": "Governor of Texas"
},
{
"text": " In his presidential campaign , Perry highlighted the economic success Texas achieved under his governorship . The efficacy of Perrys economic policies has been questioned by some sources .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "A proclaimed proponent of fiscal conservatism , Perry often campaigned on job growth and tax issues , such as his opposition to creating a state income tax . In 2002 , Perry refused to promise not to raise taxes as governor , and in the following years did propose or approve various tax and debt increases . In 2009 , Perry signed Grover Norquists pledge to oppose and veto any and all efforts to increase taxes .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " Texas began borrowing money in 2003 to pay for roads and was projected to owe $17.3 billion by the end of 2012 , increasing total state debt from $13.4 billion in 2001 to $37.8 billion in 2011 . The states public finance authority sold $2 billion in bonds for unemployment benefits , and it was authorized to sell $1.5 billion more if necessary . Texas federal borrowing topped $1.6 billion in October 2010 , before the bond sales .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": "In 2003 , Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund , which has since given $435 million in grants to businesses . The New York Times reported that many of the companies receiving grants , or their chief executives , have made contributions to Perrys campaigns or to the Republican Governors Association . ( Perry became chairman of the group in 2008 and again in 2011. ) Perry was criticized for supporting corporate tax breaks and other incentives , while the state government was experiencing budget deficits .",
"title": "Fiscal policies"
},
{
"text": " As governor , Perry was an opponent of federal health-care reform proposals and of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , describing the latter as socialism on American soil . His focus in Texas was on tort reform , signing a bill in 2003 that restricted non-economic damages in medical malpractice judgments . Perry touted this approach in his presidential campaign , although independent analysts have concluded that it has failed to increase the supply of physicians or limit health-care costs in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "During Perrys governorship , Texas rose from second to first among states with the highest proportion of uninsured residents at 26% , and had the lowest level of access to prenatal care in the U.S . Perry and the state legislature cut Medicaid spending . The Los Angeles Times wrote that under Perry , working Texans increasingly have been priced out of private healthcare while the states safety net has withered .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perrys office said that Texas represents a model private-sector approach to health-care . His spokeswoman said , Texas does provide an adequate safety net to those truly in need [ ... ] and many individuals simply choose not to purchase healthcare coverage . Perry is anti-abortion and has signed bills with rules or restrictions for abortion procedures and funding for them .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In December 2011 , Perry said he had undergone a transformation and now opposed all abortions , including in cases of rape and incest . The next day he clarified that he would allow an exception for abortions that would save a mothers life .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": "In February 2007 , Perry issued an executive order mandating that Texas girls receive the HPV vaccine , which protects against some strains of the human papilloma virus , a contributing factor to some forms of cervical cancer . Following the move , news outlets reported various apparent financial connections between Perry and the vaccines manufacturer , Merck . Mercks political action committee has contributed $28,500 since 2001 to Perrys campaigns . In May 2007 , the Texas Legislature passed a bill undoing the order ; Perry did not veto the bill , saying the veto would have been overruled",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": ", but blamed lawmakers who supported the bill for the deaths of future Texan cervical cancer victims .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " On July 1 , 2011 , Perry both had adult stem cell surgery in Houston and started laying the groundwork for the commercialization of the adult stem cell industry in Texas .",
"title": "Healthcare"
},
{
"text": " Perry grew up in the United Methodist Church . He and his family were members of Tarrytown United Methodist Church in Austin until 2010 , when they began attending Lake Hills Church , a non-denominational evangelical megachurch in western Travis County . Perry told the Austin American-Statesman that he began attending Lake Hills because it was close to the rental home where he and his wife lived while the Governors Mansion was being renovated .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In 2006 , Perry said he believed in the inerrancy of the Bible and that those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior will go to hell . A couple of days later , he clarified , I dont know that theres any human being that has the ability to interpret what God and his final decision-making is going to be .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In his 2008 book On My Honor , Perry expressed his views on the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S . Constitution . Lets be clear : I dont believe government , which taxes people regardless of their faith , should espouse a specific faith . I also dont think we should allow a small minority of atheists to sanitize our civil dialogue of religious references .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": "In June 2011 , Perry proclaimed August 6 as a Day of Prayer and Fasting , inviting other governors to join him in a prayer meeting hosted by the American Family Association in Houston . The event was criticized as going beyond prayer and fasting to include launching Perrys presidential campaign .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " Perry has called himself a firm believer in intelligent design as a matter of faith and intellect , and has expressed support for its teaching alongside evolution in Texas schools , but has also said that educators and local school officials , not the governor , should determine science curriculum .",
"title": "Religion"
},
{
"text": " In 2005 , Perry said he would not approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases , textbooks , education technology , and education reforms . And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom . Following a second rejection of Perrys bill , Perry asked John Sharp to head a task force charged with preparing a bipartisan education plan , which was subsequently adopted .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": "In 2001 , Perry expressed his pride in the enactment of the statute extending in-state tuition to undocumented immigrants who meet Texas residency requirements . It also required the undocumented students to pledge to apply for permanent residency or citizenship if this became a possibility for them . In September 2014 , Gov . Perry stated during a debate his continuous support for the program .",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry described the Texas same-sex anti-sodomy law as appropriate . The following year , the U.S . Supreme Court struck down the statute in Lawrence v . Texas , determining that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his 2010 book , Perry referenced the Lawrence decision , writing Texans have a different view of the world than do the nine oligarchs in robes . In 2011 , Perry admitted that he did not know about the Lawrence decision ; when told that the Supreme Court case had struck down Texass anti-sodomy law , Perry said : Im not taking the bar exam [ ... ] I dont know what a lot of legal cases [ ... ] My position on traditional marriage is clear [ ... ] I dont need a federal law case to explain",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "it to me .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perry supported Texas Proposition 2 in 2005 , a ballot proposition that amended the Texas constitution by defining marriage as only a union between a man and a woman and prohibiting the state from creating or recognizing any legal status identical or similar to marriage ( such as civil unions ) .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In 2011 , after New York legalized same-sex marriage , Perry said it was their right to do so under the principle of states rights in the Tenth Amendment . A spokesman later reiterated Perrys support for a federal constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage , saying that position was not inconsistent , since an amendment would require ratification by three-fourths of the states .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " After the U.S . Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v . Hodges in 2015 that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Constitution , Perry condemned the decision , saying : Im a firm believer in traditional marriage , and I also believe the 10th Amendment leaves it to each state to decide this issue .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": "In his first book , On My Honor , published in 2008 , Perry drew a parallel between homosexuality and alcoholism , writing that he is no expert on the nature versus nurture debate but gays should simply choose abstinence .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " During the 2012 presidential campaign , he criticized the repeal of the dont ask , dont tell policy for the U.S . military . Perry said using foreign aid as a policy tool against foreign countries that violate the human rights of homosexuals was not in Americas interests and was part of a war on traditional American values . Perry , an Eagle Scout , has called on the Boy Scouts to continue their ban on homosexuality and blamed America for not living up to the ideals of the Scouts .",
"title": "LGBT rights"
},
{
"text": " Perrys campaigns for lieutenant governor and governor focused on a tough stance on crime . He has supported block grants for crime programs . Jeff L . Blackburn , chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas , said of Perry that He has done more good than any other governor weve ever had [ ... ] unless , of course , it involves the death penalty . On the death penalty , Rick Perry has a profound mental block . In 2007 , Perry signed a law ending automatic arrest for cannabis possession .",
"title": "Crime"
},
{
"text": " Perry supports the death penalty . In June 2001 , he vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates . In 2011 , during a televised debate for presidential candidates , he said he had never struggled with the question of the possible innocence of any of the 234 inmates executed to date while he was governor . Cases in which Perry has been criticized for his lack of intervention include those of Cameron Todd Willingham and Mexican nationals José Medellín and Humberto Leal Garcia .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry commuted the death sentence of Kenneth Foster , who was convicted of murder despite evidence that he was only present at the scene of the crime . Foster was convicted under a Texas law that makes co-conspirators liable in certain cases of homicide . In this case , it tied Foster to the triggerman . Perry raised doubts about the law and urged the legislature to re-examine the issue . I believe the right and just decision is to commute Fosters sentence from the death penalty to life imprisonment , Perry said .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "Perry also refused to grant a stay of execution in 2004 in the case of Cameron Todd Willingham , even though an investigation by the Texas Forensic Science Commission determined parts of the original investigation may not have looked at all of the evidence correctly . Perry said in 2009 that Willingham was a monster . He was a guy who murdered his three children , who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldnt have those kids . Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": "all arent covering and later replaced the chairman and other members of the Science Commission prior to a meeting on the case . The replacements were believed to potentially related to the election slated for the following year .",
"title": "Death penalty"
},
{
"text": " In 2002 , Perry proposed the Trans-Texas Corridor , a $175 billion transportation network that would include a 4,000-mile network of highways , rail , and utility lines and would be funded by private investors . Plans for the project were dropped in 2009 in favor of more incremental road projects .",
"title": "Infrastructure"
},
{
"text": " Perry has an A+ rating from the National Rifle Association . He possesses a Concealed Carry License ( CCL ) and has signed a number of bills that increased CCL access .",
"title": "Gun ownership"
},
{
"text": " During a large surge in illegal immigration through the U.S . southern border in the summer of 2014 , Perry criticized U.S . President Barack Obama , saying the surge was a humanitarian crisis that he has the ability to stop . On July 21 , 2014 , Perry announced he would send in 1,000 National Guard troops to secure the border . Although illegal immigration levels declined over 70% after Perry deployed the National Guard , PolitiFact.com rated his claim that the decline resulted from the surge as mostly false .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "In 2016 , The Texas Tribune wrote that Perry has long been a critic of building a wall or fence along the border . After Trump won the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 , Perry fully embraced Trumps proposed border wall .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": "On August 15 , 2014 , Perry was indicted by a Travis County grand jury . The first charge of the indictment was abuse of official capacity , which has since been ruled unconstitutional , for threatening to veto $7.5 million in funding for the Public Integrity Unit , a state public corruption prosecutors department . The second charge , which has also since been ruled unconstitutional , was coercion of a public servant , for seeking the resignation of Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg , a Democrat , after she was convicted of drunk driving and incarcerated .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " Perry pleaded not guilty to both charges . Perrys supporters called the charges political and partisan , and several Democratic commentators , including David Axelrod , believed charges were weak . In February 2016 , Perry was cleared of all charges . The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled that courts could not limit veto power and that prosecuting Perry over his action violates the separation of powers provision of the Texas Constitution and infringed on Perrys First Amendment right to freedom of speech .",
"title": "Immigration"
},
{
"text": " By the end of his third full term , he had served more than 14 consecutive years in office . A University of Texas at Austin–Texas Tribune poll released in June 2013 , showed Perry leading potential primary challenger Attorney General Greg Abbott by double digits , 45–19% . In February , the same poll had Perry leading by a 3-to-1 margin ( 49–17% ) of 32 points over Abbott .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "However , Perry decided not to run for re-election to a fourth full term , announcing in front of family and supporters at the Holt Cat headquarters in San Antonio on July 8 , 2013 , that he would retire instead .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry retired with the 10th longest gubernatorial tenure in United States history at the end of his term on January 20 , 2015 at days as well as the record of the longest serving Texas Governor . 2012 presidential campaign . Perry was considered as a potential candidate since as early as the 2008 presidential election , initially denying he was interested in the office but later becoming more open-minded . He formally launched his campaign on August 13 , 2011 , in Charleston , South Carolina .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "While he was initially successful in fundraising and was briefly considered a serious contender for the nomination , he struggled during the debates and his poll numbers began to decline . After finishing fifth with just over 10% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses on January 3 , 2012 , Perry considered dropping out of the presidential race but did not . After a poor showing in New Hampshire and with lagging poll numbers in South Carolina , Perry formally announced he was suspending his campaign on January 19 , 2012 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " 2016 presidential campaign . Almost immediately following the 2012 election , Perry was mentioned as a potential candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential election , with a Time magazine article in July 2013 saying that everything is aligned for Rick Perry to be the Republican nominee for president in 2016 .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "Perry officially launched his 2016 presidential candidacy on June 4 , 2015 , in Addison , Texas . A version of the Colt Ford song Answer To No One boomed from loudspeakers , as Perry took to the stage . He then announced his candidacy at the scheduled press conference .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": " Perry withdrew on September 11 , 2015—becoming the first in the field of major candidates to drop out—following poor polling after the first debate . In the weeks before he dropped out of the race , Perrys campaign was in dire financial straits , spending nearly four times as much as it raised . On January 25 , 2016 , Perry endorsed United States Senator Ted Cruz ( R-TX ) for president . On May 5 , 2016 , following the suspension of Cruzs presidential campaign , Perry endorsed Donald Trump for the presidency .",
"title": "Retirement as governor"
},
{
"text": "On December 12 , 2016 , multiple sources reported that President-elect Trump would nominate Perry to serve as Secretary of Energy . On December 14 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Perry would be nominated as Secretary of Energy by President-elect Trump . The nomination initially faced heavy criticism as Perry had called for the Department of Energy to be abolished during his 2012 presidential campaign and had been unable to remember the name of the department during a Presidential debate . His nomination was approved by a 16–7 vote from the United States Senate Committee on Energy",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "and Natural Resources on January 31 , 2017 .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On March 2 , 2017 , the United States Senate voted 62–37 to confirm Perry . The next month , Perry ordered a study of the U.S . electric grid with particular consideration to coal power .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "In a CNBC interview on June 19 , 2017 , when asked about the role of human activity in the recent rise of the Earths temperature , Perry said , “The fact is this shouldn’t be a debate about , ‘Is the climate changing , is man having an effect on it?’ Yeah , we are . The question should be just how much , and what are the policy changes that we need to make to effect that?”",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " In November 2017 , Perry suggested that using fossil fuels to light dangerous places in Africa could reduce sexual assault , saying , When the lights are on , when you have light that shines the righteousness , if you will , on those types of acts . Perry was criticized by the Sierra Club for exploiting the struggle of those most affected by climate change .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": "For one week in November 2018 , it was reported that the U.S . had become a net exporter of oil , temporarily ending nearly 75 continuous years of dependence on foreign oil .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " On October 4 , 2019 , the New York Times reported that he was expected to resign as Secretary of Energy by the end of 2019 , based on information from anonymous sources . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry told Trump he would resign by the end of the year , ultimately departing at the beginning of December .",
"title": "Secretary of Energy"
},
{
"text": " A little more than a month after Perry attended Zelenskiys May 2019 inauguration , Ukraine awarded the contract to Perrys supporters after Perry recommended one to be Zelenskys energy adviser . The recommendation was made as Zelensky was attempting to secure the nearly $400 million in U.S . military aid . A week after Perry attended the inauguration Ukrainian Energy , a new joint venture between Michael Bleyzers investment firm SigmaBleyzer and Alex Cranbergs Aspect Energy , submitted a bid for a 50-year drilling contract at a Ukraine government-controlled site called Varvynska .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "A July 25 , 2019 telephone call between Trump and Ukraine president Volodymyr Zelensky led in September to a whistleblower complaint and an impeachment inquiry against Trump . Two weeks after the inquiry was launched , Trump claimed in a conference call with Congressional Republican leaders that he had only made the telephone call at Perrys urging . Perrys spokesperson said that Perry had suggested Trump discuss energy security with Zelensky , but energy was not mentioned in the publicly released memo about the conversations , which instead focused on Trump asking Zelensky to launch investigations into Joe Biden ,",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Hunter Biden , Crowdstrike , and the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Per Trumps direction earlier this year , Perry spoke with Rudy Giuliani about Ukraine , which Mick Mulvaney confirmed . Perry denied ever mentioning the Bidens in his discussions with Trump or Ukrainian officials . Mulvaney had put Gordon Sondland , Kurt Volker , and Perry in charge of managing the Ukraine–United States relations instead of diplomats at the National Security Council and the US Department of State .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "Perry was mentioned in October 2019 by former U.S . officials in relation to reports he planned to have Amos Hochstein replaced as a member of the board at Naftogaz with someone aligned with Republican interests . Perry denied the reports . In November 2019 , both Sondland and David Holmes , who serves as counselor of political affairs at the U.S Embassy in Ukraine , testified that Perry had played a senior role in the Ukraine campaign , with Holmes even describing Perry , along with Sondland and Volker , was one of the Three Amigos who directly assisted",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "both Trump and Giuliani .",
"title": "Trump–Ukraine scandal"
},
{
"text": "In February 2015 , Perry announced that he would join the board of directors of Energy Transfer Partners , which owns and operates one of the largest energy asset portfolios in the United States , and Sunoco Partners , another major Dallas energy company . According to SEC filings , Perry resigned from the boards of both companies on December 31 , 2016 . In early January 2020 , Perry joined the board of LE GP , general partner of Energy Transfer . In February 2020 , Perry rejoined MCNA Dentals board of directors as Chief Strategy Officer and Vice",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": "Chairman .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " Dancing with the Stars . On August 30 , 2016 , Perry was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional dancer Emma Slater . Perry and Slater were eliminated on the third week of competition and finished in 12th place .",
"title": "Career outside politics"
},
{
"text": " - On My Honor : Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts are Worth Fighting For ( 2008 ) - Fed Up ! Our Fight to Save America from Washington ( 2010 )",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"text": " In 1982 , Perry married Mary Anita Thigpen , his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school . They have two adult children , Griffin and Sydney . Anita attended West Texas State University and earned a degree in nursing . She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , which focuses on nutrition , cardiovascular disease , health education , and early childhood development . She helped develop and host the Texas Conference for Women .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry played himself in minor roles for several feature films , including Man of the House , Deep in the Heart , and Hating Breitbart .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " In 2001 , the American Cowboy Culture Association , based in Lubbock , handed Perry its The Top Cowboy of Texas award . In accepting the honor , Perry cited the importance of his father , Ray Perry , and a former neighbor in Haskell County , the late Watt R . Matthews ( born 1899 ) , who Perry said taught him not only about Texas and [ its ] history [ ... ] but also about the importance of the values that we learned growing up in a rural environment .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Perry is a member of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution and was awarded its Gold Good Citizenship Medal .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P137#0
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What was the operator of Thamshavn Line before Jul 1963?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
"Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T )"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P137#1
|
What was the operator of Thamshavn Line between Apr 1973 and Jun 1973?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
"Orkla mining company"
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P137#2
|
What was the operator of Thamshavn Line between Apr 1985 and May 1985?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Thamshavn_Line#P137#3
|
What was the operator of Thamshavn Line in Mar 1987?
|
Thamshavn Line The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk in 1910 . It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway . History . Christian Thams goes electric . Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine . Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr . Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company . Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow . The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system . Growth 1910-1940 . The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim . Sabotage . After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed , killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen . In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war . The end of an era . The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken . By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore . Heritage . In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug , and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 . Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) . Rolling stock . The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines . The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line . The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn . During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby . Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "The Thamshavn Line ( ) was Norways first electric railway , running from 1908 to 1974 in what is now Trøndelag county . Today it is operated as a heritage railway and is the worlds oldest railway running on its original alternating current electrification scheme , using 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC . It was built to transport pyrites from the mines at Løkken Verk to the port at Thamshavn , as well as passengers . There were six stations : Thamshavn , Orkanger , Bårdshaug , Fannrem , Solbusøy and Svorkmo . The tracks were extended to Løkken Verk",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "in 1910 .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": " It is Scandinavias only railway with a rail gauge of , though the nearby Trondheim Tramway also features this gauge . It is the worlds only railway with this combination of gauge and electrical equipment . The total length of the railway was . The transportation of passengers ended in 1963 , but the transportation of ore continued until 1974 . In 1983 , parts of the railway were reopened as a heritage railway .",
"title": "Thamshavn Line"
},
{
"text": "Mining at Løkken Verk had its roots back to 1633 when King Christian IV of Denmark–Norway had opened the mine . At this time all mining was a privilege of the king . Later , in the 1800s , the mine was privatised and owned by Løkken Kobber og Kisværks Interessentskab . In 1868 the local farmer and sawmill owner Wilhelm A . Thams and his accountant Christian Salvesen from Leith , Scotland founded the mining company Ørkedals Mining Company and bought a number of small mines around Løkken . In the early 1880s Wilhelms grandson , Christian Thams returned",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "from Switzerland and took over the running of the mining company . He realized that to make money from mining , he had to purchase the largest mine of the all , but didnt succeed until 1896 when it no longer was feasible to manually pump out the water , and bought Løkken Mine .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Christian Thams understood that for the mine to continue operation , there had to be built an electric water pump in the mines . He also understood that it would then be feasible to build an electric railway between the mine and the port at Thamshavn were the pyrites were shipped out , primarily to Germany . While Thams went abroad to get capital for the new mining company , Norwegian law required that permits to operate railways and power plants only were given to Norwegians . To solve this , a separate company , Chr . Salvesen & Chr",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": ". Thamss Communications Aktieselskab ( Salvesen & Thams or S&T ) was established in 1898 to build the railway , operate the steam ship between Thamshavn and Trondheim and build the power plant at Skjenaldfossen . By 1904 the mining company had acquired the majority of stocks in S&T and soon owned the entire company . The Orkla mining company has since evolved into the Orkla Group , a Forbes 500-company .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Land was , after some conflicts , acquired or expropriated and construction was started . The construction was completed in 1908 and employed between 200 and 300 people . Originally the plans were to only build the line from Thamshavn to Svorkmo while the stretch from Svorkmo to Løkken was to be operated by a cable car . But Thams soon realised that this was a mistake and decided to extend the line to Løkken . This caused some problems since he needed to get permission from the Ministry of the Interior and was not allowed to operate passenger traffic",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "all the way to Løkken before 1910 . The line between Thamshavn and Svorkmo was opened on 10 July 1908 by King Haakon VII while the last section to Løkken was opened on 15 . August 1910 by Prime Minister Wollert Konow .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The railway got a unique combination of gauge and electric power . At the time of the construction standard gauge ( ) was common in Norway , but still the most common gauge , especially on industrial and branch lines , was narrow gauge . But the Thamshavn Line chose to not build the normal gauge , but instead metre gauge ( ) , a gauge only used one other place in Norway , on the Trondheim Tramway some away . Since the railway was the first to be electrified in Norway there was no standard of electric current and",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "so Thams chose the somewhat unusual 6.6 kV 25 Hz AC , while the rest of the Norwegian ( and some other Northern European ) railway networks chose . Thams was venturing into an innovative area , since Benjamin G . Lamme had invented the alternating current electric locomotive in 1902 and there was no experience operating the system .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The export of pyrites was a gigantic success for Orkla , with both production and prices exceeding the estimates . During the economic difficult World War I the company replaced the tracks used tracks with new track in 1915 . In 1916 , two new locomotives were bought . Also the passenger and cargo traffic increased in the period , and in 1910 two more railcars were delivered . In 1935 the new smelting plant at Thamshavn ( now Elkem Thamshavn ) opened . As a supplement to the steam ship and passenger rail service , Salvesen & Thams also",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "started operating connecting bus services . The first attempts failed in 1909 to establish a route between Svorkmo and Rindal and Surnadal . In 1918 , a new bus route opened between Løkken and Aune in Oppdal , but shortened to Berkåk in 1921 when the Dovre Line opened . During the 1920s Salvesen & Thams established Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag and started operating a bus route from Thamshavn to Trondheim .",
"title": "Growth 1910-1940"
},
{
"text": "After the German invasion of Norway in 1940 during World War II the mines at Løkken became an important resource for the Germans . To avoid having to bomb the entire Thamshavn and Løkken areas , the Norwegian government-in-exile chose instead to sabotage key areas instead of large areas , of consideration the civilian population . While the mining company chose to cooperate with the Germans , but secretly not performed planned production increases , Company Linge performed a total of four sabotage actions against the Thamshavn Line , led by Peter Deinboll . The first targeted the transformer station",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "that was successfully blown up on 4 May 1942 . But it was quickly rebuilt by the Germans and a new sabotage was necessary . In the fall of 1943 the idea was to blow up the lift in the mine , but instead the group decided to blow up the locomotives on the railway . On 31 October , four locomotives and one rail car was blown up . This was not enough for the Deinboll , and an attempt to hijack a train at Klingliene and blow up part of the rail at the same stop failed ,",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "killing the saboteur Odd Nilsen .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In the spring of 1944 the saboteurs returned and on 9 May blew up a train at Hongslomælen and again on 31 May at the same place when the last rail car was blown up . In response to this the Germans acquired two steam engines from Germany with the right gauge , but the saboteurs didnt succeed at blowing them up . To avoid a shortage of rolling stock , the Germans used slave labour from Fannrem concentration camp to rebuild the system to a dual gauge with both standard and meter gauge , in an attempt to use",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "rolling stock from the Dovre Line ( that used standard gauge ) while keeping the cars that used meter gauge . Though the entire line was rebuilt , no standard gauge locomotives were acquired and the third rail was taken away after the war .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "The first part of the closing of the line was the attempt to get rid of the requirement to operate passenger trains . The original permit to operate the line included a requirement to operate passenger transport on the line , but as early as in the 1930s the company tried to get rid of this obligation . But it was not until 1963 that the passenger traffic was terminated . By then the company had managed to convince the authorities that a bus route would be more suitable on the stretch between Orkanger and Løkken .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": " By the 1970s the production at the mine was falling so much that it had become uneconomical to operate the railway , and on 29 May 1974 the railway was taken out of service . Part of the reason was the need for new locomotives , but the small production at the mine couldnt defend the necessary investments . In the 66 years of operation the Thamshavn Line carried 7,441,012 passengers , 1,069,750 tonnes of freight and 16,720,047 tonnes of ore .",
"title": "Sabotage"
},
{
"text": "In 1973 , the Norwegian Railway Association tried to open a heritage railway , but failed as Orkla wanted to keep the railway in case of future reopening for industrial transportation ; as a compromise the association was given one of the railcars . No reopening occurred , and in 1983 the Orkla Industrial Museum and local enthusiasts opened the heritage railway , at first between Løkken and Svorkmo . In 1986 , the trains were extended to Solbusøy , and four years later Fannrem . After 2006 , it has been possible to ride the train down to Bårdshaug",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": ", and the current length of the railway is approximately . Only the last few kilometers of line have been removed . The vintage railway operates from May to September , with 11,812 passengers in 2008 .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": " Representatives for every locomotive generation are preserved on the heritage railway . Currently locomotive 2 ( 1908 ) , 4 ( 1908 ) , 5II ( 1950 ) , 8 ( 1917 ) and 10II ( 1952 ) are in serviceable condition . The passenger car fleet consists of three of the four original carriages ( 9 , 10 and 11 ) and one dinner car ( built 1995 ) .",
"title": "Heritage"
},
{
"text": "The first locomotive that was used on the line was Kvenna ( the Coffee Grinder ) , a steam locomotive that had been bought from the Nesttun–Os Railway and converted from to the . In 1918 it was attempted to sell the locomotive to the Trondheim Tramway , the only other metre gauge railway in Scandinavia , but it is not known if the sale was successful . One more steam engine was bought from the German manufacturer Borsig . The line initially bought three electric locomotives from Elektrisk Bureau , who also delivered the transformers and overhead lines .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "The locomotives were based on a design from British Westinghouse . At the same time there was delivered a rail car named the Kings car since the king had ridden in it during the opening of the line .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " The next order came in 1910 for two new rail cars and in 1916 for two new locomotives from ASEA at 420 kW , with an additional 12 pyrites cars in 1929-31 and 20 during the war . The company also bought a used Orenstein & Koppel steam engine from the zink mines in Odda in 1939 and during the war two Germany steam engines were transferred from Deutsche Reichsbahn .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": "During and after the war there was used a lot of energy on rebuilding the locomotives that had been sabotaged . The three Westinghouse locomotives were rebuilt to two . In addition three new locomotives were delivered from Skabo in 1950 . The last steam engine was retired in 1953 . In 1952 two diesel shunting engines were delivered from Ruston & Hornsby .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
},
{
"text": " Three of the original passenger cars delivered to the opening in 1908 are still in use on the heritage railway . The last one , nr . 12 , has been regauged and used on the heritage Setesdal Line since the 1970s . Some freightcars are still existing , including a dozen ore cars , but none are in serviceable condition .",
"title": "Rolling stock"
}
] |
/wiki/Lisa_Hill_(political_scientist)#P108#0
|
Which employer did Lisa Hill (political scientist) work for before Jul 1990?
|
Lisa Hill ( political scientist ) Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University . Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 . Political work . Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems . Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times . She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law . Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies . Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia . Personal life . Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature . Select publications . Books . - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries . - Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries . - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries . - Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries . - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries . Articles . - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300 - Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72 - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505 - Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22 - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36 - Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438 - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473 - Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79 - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662 - Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232 - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40 - Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299 - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29 Selected talks . - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation . Encyclopedia articles . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . Media activities . - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism . Other . - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7 External links . - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation .",
"title": "Selected talks"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism .",
"title": "Media activities"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lisa_Hill_(political_scientist)#P108#1
|
Which employer did Lisa Hill (political scientist) work for between Aug 1999 and Feb 2000?
|
Lisa Hill ( political scientist ) Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University . Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 . Political work . Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems . Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times . She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law . Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies . Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia . Personal life . Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature . Select publications . Books . - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries . - Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries . - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries . - Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries . - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries . Articles . - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300 - Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72 - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505 - Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22 - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36 - Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438 - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473 - Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79 - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662 - Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232 - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40 - Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299 - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29 Selected talks . - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation . Encyclopedia articles . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . Media activities . - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism . Other . - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7 External links . - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation .",
"title": "Selected talks"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism .",
"title": "Media activities"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Lisa_Hill_(political_scientist)#P108#2
|
Which employer did Lisa Hill (political scientist) work for after Jun 2006?
|
Lisa Hill ( political scientist ) Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University . Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 . Political work . Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems . Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times . She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law . Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies . Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia . Personal life . Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature . Select publications . Books . - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries . - Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries . - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries . - Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries . - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries . Articles . - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300 - Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72 - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505 - Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22 - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36 - Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438 - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473 - Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79 - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662 - Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232 - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40 - Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299 - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29 Selected talks . - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation . Encyclopedia articles . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne . Media activities . - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism . Other . - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7 External links . - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Lisa Hill is Professor of Politics at the University of Adelaide , Australia . She has previously held positions at the University of Sydney and the Australian National University .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hills research interests include electoral law , Australian politics , history of political thought , social , political and economic thought of the Scottish Enlightenment , the development and pre-history of liberalism , classical political economy , political corruption , and classical Stoicism . She is particularly known for her work in support of compulsory voting . She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2011 .",
"title": "Lisa Hill ( political scientist )"
},
{
"text": "Hill is an advocate for compulsory voting , pointing out that in Australia ( where voting is compulsory ) turnout has remained steady at about 95 per cent , whilst in voluntary voting systems around the world turnout has been on the decline . She has estimated that were Australia to introduce voluntary voting , turnout would decline to 60 per cent . She holds that the decline in turnout is most pronounced among younger , poorer and more marginalised voters , a factor that explains why there is more wealth inequality within voluntary systems : politicians have less incentive",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "to cater to the needs of more marginalised voters , who are less likely to vote in voluntary systems .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Her expertise in the area has also been recognised by the Australian and British Electoral Commissions , as well as in the popular media , with her ideas being explored in such publications as Slate and the International Business Times .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "She recently co-authored Compulsory Voting : For and Against ( Cambridge University Press ) with political philosopher Jason Brennan , who took the opposing side of the debate . The book has been called the best and most thorough recent contribution to the literature on this subject by Professor Ilya Somin of George Mason University School of Law .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hills current work focuses on challenging proponents of epistemic democracy , such as Brennan , who advocate for a political system in which an educated elite is given more political power . Such proponents argue that such recent , arguably undesirable , election outcomes such as the election of Donald Trump and Brexit would have been prevented under an epistocracy ; Hill suggests that this is empirically incorrect , and argues that we should instead be focused on how to deepen and expand the franchise in order to improve our democracies .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": "Hill is also a founding member and current chair of the research committee of the Centre for Public Integrity , an independent think tank dedicated to preventing corruption , protecting the integrity of our accountability institutions , and eliminating undue influence of money in politics in Australia .",
"title": "Political work"
},
{
"text": " Hill paints for fun , and was the illustrator of the cover of Elleke Boehmers 2005 book Colonial and Postcolonial Literature .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , Adam Smiths Pragmatic Liberalism : The Science of Welfare , Palgrave MacMillan , London/New York - Malkopoulou , A . and Hill L . ( eds ) . 2017 . Equality and Representation , London : Routledge . - Buchan , B & Hill , L 2014 , The Intellectual History of Political Corruption , Palgrave Macmillan , London/New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 167 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Brennan , J & Hill , L 2014 , Compulsory Voting : For and Against , Cambridge University Press , New York and Cambridge . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 194 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hall , I & Hill L ( eds. ) 2009 , British International Thinkers from Hobbes to Namier , Palgrave-MacMillan . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 131 libraries . - Chappell , L , Chesterman , J & Hill , L 2009 , The Politics of Human Rights in Australia , Cambridge University Press , Melbourne . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 237 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , The Passionate Society : The Social , Political and Moral Thought of Adam Ferguson , Springer , Berlin and New York . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 174 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Chappell , L & Hill , L ( eds. ) 2006 , The Politics of Women’s Interests : New Comparative and International Perspectives , Routledge , London . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 188 libraries .",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2017 , Compulsory Voting and the Promotion of Human Rights in Australia , Australian Journal of Human Rights , 23 ( 2 ) : 188-202 - Hill , L & Rutlidge-Prior , S 2016 , Young People and Intentional Informal Voting in Australia , Australian Journal of Political Science , 51 ( 3 ) : 400-417 - Hill , L 2016 , Voting Turnout , Equality , Liberty and Representation : Epistemic versus Procedural Democracy , Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy , 19 ( 5 ) : 283-300",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2015 , Does Compulsory Voting Violate a Right Not to Vote ? , Australian Journal of Political Science , 50 ( 1 ) : 61-72",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2013 , Deliberative Democracy and Compulsory Voting , Election Law Journal , 12 ( 4 ) : 454-467 - Hill , L 2013 , Conceptions of Political Corruption in Ancient Athens and Rome , History of Political Thought , 34 ( 4 ) : 565-587 - Evans , G & Hill , L 2012 , The Electoral and Political Implications of Reserved Seats for Indigenous Australians , Australian Journal of Political Science , 47 ( 3 ) : 491-505",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2012 , Adam Smith on Thumos and Irrational Economic Man , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 1-22",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Koch , C 2011 , The Voting Rights of Incarcerated Australian Citizens , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 6 ) : 2013-28 - Hill , L 2011 , Social Distance and the New Strangership in Adam Smith , Adam Smith Review , Volume 6 , pp 166-183 - Hill , L 2011 , Increasing Turnout Using Compulsory Voting , Politics , 31 ( 1 ) : 27-36",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2010 , Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting : Explaining the Australian Case , Representation , 46 ( 4 ) : 425-438",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2010 , <nowiki>On the Justifiability of Compulsory Voting</nowiki> , British Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 4 ) : 917-923 - Hill , L & Alport , K 2010 , Voting Attitudes and Behaviour Among Remote Aboriginal Peoples , Australian Journal of Politics and History , 56 ( 2 ) : 242-258 - Hill , L 2010 , Adam Smiths Cosmopolitanism : The Expanding Circles of Commercial Strangership , History of Political Thought , 31 ( 3 ) : 449-473",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Young , S & Hill , L 2009 , Uncounted Votes : Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia , Australian Journal of History and Politics , 55 ( 1 ) : 64-79",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L & Young , S 2007 , Protest or Error ? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting , Australian Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 515-521 - Hill , L 2007 , Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and Karl Marx on the Division of Labour , Journal of Classical Sociology , 7 ( 3 ) : 339-366 - Hill , L 2006 , Adam Smith and the Theme of Corruption , Review of Politics , 68 ( 4 ) : 636-662",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2006 , Low Voter Turnout in the United States : Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution? , Journal of Theoretical Politics , 18 ( 2 ) : 207-232",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2002 , Compulsory Voting : Residual Problems and Potential Solutions , Australian Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 3 ) : 437-455 - Hill , L 2002 , On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to Vote : The Australian Case , Political Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 80-101 - Hill , L 2001 , The First Wave of Feminism : Were the Stoics Feminists? , History of Political Thought , 22 ( 1 ) : 12-40",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2001 , Eighteenth Century Anticipations of a Sociology of Conflict , Journal of the History of Ideas , 62 ( 2 ) : 281-299",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2001 , The Hidden Theology of Adam Smith , European Journal of the History of Economic Thought , 8 ( 1 ) : 1-29",
"title": "Articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . Senate Occasional Lecture , Compulsory Voting : Effects and Trends , Parliament House Canberra - 2018 . Plenary Speaker and the International Political Studies Association World Congress . Topic : Compulsory Voting as an Australian Innovation .",
"title": "Selected talks"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Civil Society Theory : Adam Smith’ , in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society , eds . H . K . Anheier & S . Toepler , Springer , New York . - Hill , L 2009 , ‘Adam Ferguson’ , in Encyclopedia of Political Theory , ed . M . Bevir , Sage , London . - Hill , L 2007 , ‘Compulsory Voting’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2007 , ‘Citizen Initiated Referenda’ , in The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics , eds . B . Galligan & W . Roberts , Oxford University Press , Melbourne .",
"title": "Encyclopedia articles"
},
{
"text": " - 2019 . July 31st . Radio Interview and Podcast with Walled Aly and Scott Stephens for Minefield , Radio National . Topic : Should the Voting Age be Lowered ? - 2019 . June 11 . ABC Radio Adelaide interview ( With Eden Blazejak ) on Hedonism and Epicureanism .",
"title": "Media activities"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2019 , We Asked Five Experts : Should Australia Lower the Voting Age to 16? , The Conversation , March 27 - Hill , L & Louth , J 2018 , Electoral Inclusion Among South Australian People Experiencing Homelessness : the Work Ahead , ERRN Working Paper Series . - van Ham , C , Hill , L & Chappell L 2017 , The Things Australia Can Do to be a Human Rights Hero , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": "- Hill , L 2016 , Factcheck Q&A : how unusual is compulsory , and do 90% of New Zealanders vote without it? , The Conversation",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Hill , L 2016 , Election Explainer : Why Do I have to Vote Anyway? , The Conversation - Hill , L 2015 , Compulsory Voting , much like democracy , beats the alternatives , The Conversation - Hill , L 2011 , What Weve Seen in Australia with Mandatory Voting , New York Times , November 7",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"text": " - Lisa Hill presenting at a Compulsory Voting seminar at the University of Adelaide",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_6th_Earl_Fitzwilliam#P39#0
|
Which position did William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in Nov 1839?
|
William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician . Biography . Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom . He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland . He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton , he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings . In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d . ( equivalent to £ in ) . Family . On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde . - Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children : - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 ) - Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 ) - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 ) - Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician . - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 ) - Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds . - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Malton"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician .",
"title": "William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam"
},
{
"text": "Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". ( equivalent to £ in ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_6th_Earl_Fitzwilliam#P39#1
|
Which position did William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in Oct 1846?
|
William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician . Biography . Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom . He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland . He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton , he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings . In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d . ( equivalent to £ in ) . Family . On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde . - Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children : - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 ) - Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 ) - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 ) - Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician . - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 ) - Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds . - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Malton"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician .",
"title": "William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam"
},
{
"text": "Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". ( equivalent to £ in ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/William_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_6th_Earl_Fitzwilliam#P39#2
|
Which position did William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam hold in early 1850s?
|
William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician . Biography . Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom . He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland . He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton , he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings . In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d . ( equivalent to £ in ) . Family . On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde . - Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children : - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 ) - Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 ) - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 ) - Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician . - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 ) - Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds . - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )
|
[
"Member of Parliament for Malton"
] |
[
{
"text": " William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 6th Earl FitzWilliam , ( 12 October 1815 – 20 February 1902 ) , styled Hon . William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam 1815–1835 , and Viscount Milton 1835–1857 , was a British peer , nobleman , and Liberal Party politician .",
"title": "William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 6th Earl Fitzwilliam"
},
{
"text": "Wentworth-Fitzwilliam was the second son of Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam , 5th Earl FitzWilliam and his wife , Hon . Mary Dundas , daughter of Thomas Dundas , 1st Baron Dundas . He was educated at Eton and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated MA in 1837 . Two years earlier , his elder brother had died without issue , and he became heir to his fathers estates and took the courtesy title Viscount Milton . He became Member of Parliament for Malton in 1837 . Holding the seat until 1841 , he later reclaimed it in 1846 and then",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "sat for Wicklow from 1847 until 1857 , the year he inherited his fathers earldom .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " He was a JP for the county of the West Riding , DL and a County Councillor for County Wicklow in Ireland .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "He held the command of the 1st West Yorkshire Yeomanry Cavalry for 40 years , from 1846–1886 , and was a Yeomanry Aide-de-camp to Queen Victorias Viceroy in India , 1884–1894 . Promoted Major for the 3rd battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry , he also held a number of other military posts . In the territorial army , he was lieutenant-colonel of West Riding RHA with the temporary rank in the British Army during wartime . Lord FitzWilliam was a keen sportsman and continued fox hunting throughout his life . In 1852 , under the name of Viscount Milton",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ", he played in a first-class cricket match for Sheffield Cricket Club against Manchester Cricket Club , scoring nine runs in his only innings .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": "In 1857 , Lord FitzWilliam was appointed Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and stayed as such until 1892 . He was appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1862 , and was the senior knight at the time of his death . He died at his residence Wentworth Woodhouse , in Rotherham , 20 February 1902 . As his eldest son predeceased him , his titles passed to his grandson , William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 7th Earl of Fitzwilliam . His will was proven on 24 June 1902 , with his estate valued at £2,791,999 15s . 1d",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": ". ( equivalent to £ in ) .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 10 September 1838 , Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Frances Harriet Douglas , the eldest daughter of George Douglas , 17th Earl of Morton . Lady FitzWilliam died 16 June 1895 . They had fourteen children : - William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , Viscount Milton ( 1839–1877 ) , politician . - Hon . William Henry Wentworth-FitzWilliam ( 26 December 1840 – 10 July 1920 ) , politician ; married on 11 July 1877 to Lady Mary Grace Louisa Butler , daughter of John Butler , 2nd Marquess of Ormonde .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Frances Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( c . 1842 – 28 September 1903 ) ; married on 18 November 1867 to Charles Mervyn Doyne . They had five children :",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Major Robert Wentworth Doyne ( 30 December 1868 – 25 September 1942 ) ; married Mary , daughter of Henry Lascelles , 4th Earl of Harewood , and had issue - Kathleen Doyne ( 29 September 1870 – January 1938 ) - Dermot Henry Doyne ( 21 November 1871 – 3 July 1942 ) - Eveleen Margaret Doyne ( 26 January 1876 – 28 February 1962 ) - Bridget Frances Doyne ( 5 October 1879 – June 1921 ) - Hon . Margaret Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1844 – 1844 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Lady Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1845 – 1921 ) ; married on 23 May 1872 to the Hon . Hugh Le Despencer Boscawen ( 1849–1908 ) , son of Evelyn Boscawen , 6th Viscount Falmouth ( 1819–1889 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Thomas Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 October 1846 – 23 March 1896 ) ; married on 21 December 1876 to Elgiva Mary Kinglake . They had one daughter : - Elgiva Mary Kathorn Fitzwilliam ( d . 24 April 1963 ) - Hon . William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam GCVO ( 1848–1925 ) , courtier ; married on 31 October 1882 to married Constance Anne , daughter of Henry Brocklehurst . They had one son : - Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam , 9th Earl Fitzwilliam ( 4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William John Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 7 August 1852 – 11 September 1889 ) , politician .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Lady Albreda Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 19 January 1855 – 9 October 1933 ) ; married on 18 December 1895 to Hon . Charles Fowler Bourke , son of Robert Bourke , 5th Earl of Mayo . - Hon . William George Frederick Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1857 – 19 September 1857 ) - Lady Charlotte Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1858 – 1948 )",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "- Hon . William Hugh Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 10 January 1860 – 28 March 1917 ) ; married on 18 October 1901 to Lady Ada Charlotte Godolphin Osborne ( 30 May 1870 – 9 April 1944 ) , daughter of George Godolphin Osborne , 9th Duke of Leeds .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": " - Hon . William Reginald Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 12 April 1862 – 7 July 1906 ) ; married on 2 February 1893 to Edith Isabella Georgina Lane-Fox . - Lady Alice Mary Wentworth-Fitzwilliam ( 1869–1922 )",
"title": "Family"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Broadbent#P54#0
|
Daniel Broadbent played for which team before Jan 2007?
|
Daniel Broadbent Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 . Career . Huddersfield Town . Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury . He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15 January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February . On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March . Non-League . On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season . In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games . Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat . He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe . External links . - Profile at hydefc.co.uk
|
[
"Huddersfield"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 .",
"title": "Daniel Broadbent"
},
{
"text": " Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at hydefc.co.uk",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Broadbent#P54#1
|
Daniel Broadbent played for which team between Oct 2009 and Dec 2009?
|
Daniel Broadbent Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 . Career . Huddersfield Town . Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury . He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15 January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February . On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March . Non-League . On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season . In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games . Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat . He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe . External links . - Profile at hydefc.co.uk
|
[
"Gateshead",
"Harrogate Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 .",
"title": "Daniel Broadbent"
},
{
"text": " Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at hydefc.co.uk",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Broadbent#P54#2
|
Daniel Broadbent played for which team between Jul 2010 and Nov 2010?
|
Daniel Broadbent Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 . Career . Huddersfield Town . Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury . He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15 January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February . On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March . Non-League . On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season . In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games . Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat . He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe . External links . - Profile at hydefc.co.uk
|
[
"Frickley Athletic"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 .",
"title": "Daniel Broadbent"
},
{
"text": " Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at hydefc.co.uk",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Daniel_Broadbent#P54#3
|
Daniel Broadbent played for which team after Oct 2011?
|
Daniel Broadbent Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 . Career . Huddersfield Town . Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury . He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15 January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February . On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March . Non-League . On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season . In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games . Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat . He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe . External links . - Profile at hydefc.co.uk
|
[
"Hyde",
"Mossley"
] |
[
{
"text": " Daniel James Broadbent ( born 2 March 1990 ) is a footballer who plays as a striker for Mossley . He received his only England U-16 cap against Northern Ireland U-16 in the Victory Shield in 2005 .",
"title": "Daniel Broadbent"
},
{
"text": " Born in Leeds , He first appeared in the Huddersfield first team , when he was called up to the bench for their home game against Oldham Athletic on 20 October 2007 , following Andy Booths back injury .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "He made his first team debut replacing Joe Skarz as a substitute in Towns 3–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers at Prenton Park on 26 October 2007 . On 2 March 2008 , Broadbent emulated teammate Joe Skarzs achievement of last season by winning the League One Apprentice Award at the Football League Awards in London . It was also his 18th birthday that day , giving him twice as much reasons to celebrate . Two weeks later , he made his first home appearance for Town at the Galpharm Stadium in their 2–1 defeat by Southend United . On 15",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "January 2009 , new Town manager Lee Clark sent Broadbent out on loan to Conference National side Rushden & Diamonds , where he was given the number 9 shirt by manager Garry Hill . He made his debut in the 1–0 defeat for Rushden & Diamonds on 17 January . He returned to Huddersfield on 16 February .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": " On 19 February 2009 , he joined Gateshead on an initial one-month loan , with a view to being extended until the end of the season . He made his debut 21 February in the 1–0 win against Hucknall Town at the Gateshead International Stadium . He returned to the Galpharm on 19 March .",
"title": "Huddersfield Town"
},
{
"text": "On 24 March 2009 , he joined Conference North side Harrogate Town on loan . He made his debut that night in the 1–0 defeat by Workington . His first goal came in the 2–1 defeat at Redditch United on 21 March 2009 . After returning from his loan spell , he was released . Broadbent was quickly signed by former loan side Harrogate Town in time for the start of the 2009–2010 season but only made another 13 league appearances adding a solitary strike against Hyde United to his total . Eventually with only a month of the campaign",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "left he joined Frickley Athletic on loan and then permanently following his release from The CNG Stadium at the end of the season .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " In August 2011 , he signed for Hyde , following manager Gary Lowe from Curzon Ashton . He made his debut for Hyde in a 2–1 win over Worcester City in August 2011 . He went on to score his first goal for the club later that month as his side won 2–0 at Gloucester City . He finished the season with seven goals in 37 games .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": "Due to injury reasons he was sent to Mossley in February 2013 , where he played 16 times failing to score , before going back to Hyde . On his return to Hyde , he was called straight into the squad for the trip to Alfreton Town , in which Broadbent came of the bench to score Hydes only goal in a 5–1 defeat .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " He joined Mossley on a permanent basis before the start of the 2013–14 season . He scored his first goal for the club , scoring in the last minute to earn his team a point in a 1–1 draw with Clitheroe .",
"title": "Non-League"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at hydefc.co.uk",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliet_Popper_Shaffer#P69#0
|
Where was Juliet Popper Shaffer educated before May 1952?
|
Juliet Popper Shaffer Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley . Education and career . Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate , and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board . During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology . The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey . Research . Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career . Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign . Recognition . In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .
|
[
"Swarthmore College"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley .",
"title": "Juliet Popper Shaffer"
},
{
"text": " Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate ,",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliet_Popper_Shaffer#P69#1
|
Where was Juliet Popper Shaffer educated in Dec 1953?
|
Juliet Popper Shaffer Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley . Education and career . Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate , and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board . During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology . The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey . Research . Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career . Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign . Recognition . In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .
|
[
"Stanford University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley .",
"title": "Juliet Popper Shaffer"
},
{
"text": " Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate ,",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Juliet_Popper_Shaffer#P69#2
|
Where was Juliet Popper Shaffer educated in Apr 1957?
|
Juliet Popper Shaffer Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley . Education and career . Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate , and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board . During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology . The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey . Research . Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career . Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign . Recognition . In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Juliet Popper Shaffer ( born 1932 ) is an American psychologist , statistician and statistics educator known for her research on multiple hypothesis testing . She is a teaching professor emerita at the University of California , Berkeley .",
"title": "Juliet Popper Shaffer"
},
{
"text": " Juliet Martha Popper was born in Brooklyn , and took four years of mathematics at Midwood High School in Brooklyn , a curriculum that was at that time intended only for boys . She did her undergraduate studies at Swarthmore College , following the lead of classmate Arthur Mattuck , and despite the anti-women and anti-Jewish admission quotas then in place at Swarthmore . After several changes of topic she ended up majoring in psychology and minoring in mathematics and philosophy . She graduated in 1953 , married a classmate ,",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "and moved to Stanford University for graduate study in psychology . Her marriage broke up during her studies , but she completed her Ph.D . in psychology at",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " in 1957 . She published a modified version of her dissertation , Motivational and social factors in childrens perceptions of height , as Social and personality correlates of childrens estimates of height with Journal Press in 1964 . After postdoctoral studies with William Kaye Estes at Indiana University , she joined the faculty in psychology at the University of Kansas . At Kansas , Popper was involved with local struggles for desegregation , and became the first chair of the universitys Affirmative Action Board .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "During this time she married her second husband , another faculty member who already had children . She was informed at the time of their marriage that , because of Kansass anti-nepotism rules , only one of her or her husband could win tenure , but this rule was changed when she finally went up for tenure , a year late because having children made her department think she wasnt serious about psychology .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": " The part-time teaching schedule she followed while raising her children delayed her chances for taking a sabbatical , but finally , in 1973 , she was allowed to take a sabbatical at Berkeley , under the supervision of Erich Leo Lehmann . In the same year she divorced her husband . In 1977 she married Lehmann and moved to Berkeley . The psychology department there was not hiring , so she took a visiting position at the University of California , Davis and then a year later",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "became a lecturer in statistics at Berkeley . At Berkeley , she also ran a drop-in consulting service , and by 1981 achieved security of employment , the equivalent of tenure for lecturers . She retired in 1994 , and spent several of the following years as a researcher at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton , New Jersey .",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"text": "Shaffers work in psychology at Kansas involved learning theory , personality , and perception . She also developed experimental designs to test the theories of a colleague , Fritz and Grace Heider , involving the ways in which the personal connection between two people can influence the transmission of a feeling towards another object from one of the two people to the other . Later at Kansas , she became interested in the multiple comparisons problem in statistics , where using the same experiment to make multiple inferences can cause a greater likelihood of erroneous inferences , after observing this",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "effect in student work ; it would become the main research topic of her later career .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "Lehmann writes that Shaffer became one of the leaders in the field of multiple comparisons , with her two most importance contributions occurring in connection with a psychological experiment in which she observed the non-transitivity of significant differences in multiple comparisons . Of three ordered conditions in the experiment , the smaller and the larger conditions had significantly different outcomes from each other , but neither was significantly different from the middle condition . This paradoxical outcome led Shaffer to classify the allowable patterns of significant differences and to find interpretations of those patterns , and led others to perform",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": "follow-up research making her methods more implementable in practice . Another of her results in this area was the observation that , in analyzing multiple comparisons , it is important to include in the analysis type III errors , in which one rejects the null hypothesis but concludes that an effect has the opposite sign to its actual sign .",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"text": " In 1988 , Shaffer was elected to be a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Psychological Association . She is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an elected member of the International Statistical Institute . In 2003 , the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies gave her their Florence Nightingale David Award for her pioneering contributions to statistical methods in education and psychometrics ; for her exceptional role in fostering opportunities for and in support of the advancement of women in the sciences .",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] |
/wiki/Jovanka_Houska#P2962#0
|
Which title was conferred to Jovanka Houska in 2005?
|
Jovanka Houska Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 . Formative years . Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law . One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 ) at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager . European success . Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm . Team events . Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal . An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL . Further progress . Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament , held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place . At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship . Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser . Personal . Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway . Notable games . At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008 References . - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website External links . - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"International Master"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 .",
"title": "Jovanka Houska"
},
{
"text": " Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 )",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": " Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm .",
"title": "European success"
},
{
"text": "Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": " An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament ,",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway .",
"title": "Personal"
},
{
"text": " At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jovanka_Houska#P2962#1
|
Which title was conferred to Jovanka Houska in 2000?
|
Jovanka Houska Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 . Formative years . Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law . One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 ) at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager . European success . Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm . Team events . Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal . An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL . Further progress . Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament , held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place . At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship . Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser . Personal . Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway . Notable games . At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008 References . - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website External links . - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"WGM"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 .",
"title": "Jovanka Houska"
},
{
"text": " Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 )",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": " Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm .",
"title": "European success"
},
{
"text": "Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": " An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament ,",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway .",
"title": "Personal"
},
{
"text": " At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jovanka_Houska#P2962#2
|
Which title was conferred to Jovanka Houska in 1999?
|
Jovanka Houska Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 . Formative years . Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law . One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 ) at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager . European success . Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm . Team events . Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal . An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL . Further progress . Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament , held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place . At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship . Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser . Personal . Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway . Notable games . At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008 References . - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website External links . - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"WGM"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jovanka Houska is an English chess player with the titles International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a nine-time winner of the British Womens Chess Championship and the current continuous British womens champion since 2015 .",
"title": "Jovanka Houska"
},
{
"text": " Born in south London , her family name stems from her grandfather who was part Czech . Her first name is typically Slavic , but was chosen only to complement the family name . Chess is a popular sport in the Houska family , and she owes much of her progress to the sibling rivalry that developed with elder brother Miroslav , himself an International Master of chess , though currently inactive . She has a degree in Law .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "One of Englands most active professionals , she first represented her country at the World Youth Championship for Girls ( under 10 ) in Timișoara 1988 , finishing fifth after a disastrous start and despite being years younger than most of her opponents . She competed in the same event at Aguadilla in 1989 and then , for a third time at Fond du Lac in 1990 , where she won the bronze medal . There were many more successes over the next few years including another bronze medal at the European Junior Championship for girls ( under 20 )",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": "at Erevan in 1998 . As a consequence , she was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title the same year , after securing all three norms in just over a month . Her first WGM norm was achieved at the 1999 British Championship when she was still a teenager .",
"title": "Formative years"
},
{
"text": " Then , at Avilés in 2000 , her previous efforts were eclipsed by a return visit to the European Junior Championship—capturing the gold winners medal , ahead of Viktorija Čmilytė . It was a milestone victory , as it also provided a final qualification norm for the WGM title . The following year saw her take the Womens Commonwealth Championship , held in London in conjunction with the Mind Sports Olympiad . She defeated GM Dibyendu Barua in the process and gained a first IM norm .",
"title": "European success"
},
{
"text": "Despite her time-consuming academic studies , the next few years were notable for Houskas unstinting contribution to the England Womens team at various major competitions around the world . She participated at each of the Chess Olympiads between 1998 and 2008 and aside from her first appearance as a reserve , has played consistently on high boards , scoring in excess of 50% on each occasion . From 1999 onwards , she has also been an ever-present at the European Team Chess Championships . The teams most notable performance in this event , occurred at Leon in 2001 , where",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "a third-place finish produced a team bronze medal .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": " An active league chess player , she has represented SK Hofheim in the German Bundesliga , Deauville in France , and Wood Green in the 4NCL .",
"title": "Team events"
},
{
"text": "Following yet more successful norm-seeking , she became the third British woman to be awarded the IM title in 2005 . Voted English Chess Federation Player of the Year in 2006 , she was the first female to receive the accolade since its inception in 1984 . There were highest placed Woman prizes at the Hastings International Chess Congress 2006/7 and at Gibraltar 2007 . She also came close to winning the first MonRoi Womens Grand Prix , finally finishing second equal behind Pia Cramling . Her task was much more difficult at the fifth Howard Staunton Memorial Tournament ,",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "held at Simpsons-in-the-Strand , where she faced some of the worlds top grandmasters and finished in last place .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " At Liverpool in 2008 , she became British and English Womens Champion for the first time , finishing a full point ahead of closest rival Susan Lalic and a half point ahead of grandmasters Glenn Flear and Stewart Haslinger . Her second Liverpool visit resulted in a third share of the womens best performance prize ( jointly with Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant and Yelena Dembo ) at the EU Individual Open Chess Championship .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": "Houska successfully defended her British Championship title at the 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 events . By July 2010 , her sustained good form had elevated her to an Elo rating of 2433 , making her Englands second ranked woman player ( behind Harriet Hunt ) and number fifty-one in the world among active female players . Further British Championship victories were achieved in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " As a chess writer , she has reported on tournaments home and abroad for periodicals such as CHESS magazine . Houska completed her first chess opening book in 2007 . Written for Everyman Chess , it features a treatise on Houskas opening of choice with the Black pieces—the Caro–Kann Defence . A second book , covering the Scandinavian Defence , was published in 2009 and there followed a collaboration on 2010s Dangerous Weapons : The Caro-Kann , with fellow English masters John Emms and Richard Palliser .",
"title": "Further progress"
},
{
"text": " Houska married Norwegian chess player Arne Hagesaether on 14 March 2009 at the Ice Chapel in Alta , Norway .",
"title": "Personal"
},
{
"text": " At the Dresden Olympiad of 2008 , Houska won twice against high ranking opposition ; - J . Houska vs A . Stefanova , Slav Defence , 1-0 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden 2008 - V . Cmilyte vs J . Houska , Slav Defence , 0-1 , Womens Olympiad , Dresden , 2008",
"title": "Notable games"
},
{
"text": " - Short bio by John Saunders - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information - 5th Staunton Memorial website",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - Jovanka Houska chess games at 365Chess.com",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Chris_Gallus#P39#0
|
What was the position of Chris Gallus between Mar 1996 and Sep 1996?
|
Chris Gallus Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director before entering politics . Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won . Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh . In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard . Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 . Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .
|
[
"member of the Australian House of Representatives"
] |
[
{
"text": "Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "before entering politics .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
}
] |
/wiki/Chris_Gallus#P39#1
|
What was the position of Chris Gallus in Feb 1998?
|
Chris Gallus Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director before entering politics . Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won . Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh . In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard . Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 . Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "before entering politics .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
}
] |
/wiki/Chris_Gallus#P39#2
|
What was the position of Chris Gallus after Nov 2005?
|
Chris Gallus Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director before entering politics . Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won . Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh . In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard . Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 . Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": "Christine Ann Gallus ( born 6 April 1943 ) is a former Australian politician who served as a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1990 to 2004 , representing two different seats in South Australia—the Division of Hawker from 1990 to 1993 and the Division of Hindmarsh from 1993 to 2004 . She was born in Adelaide and was educated at the Firbank Girls Grammar School in Melbourne , Flinders University and the Australian National University . She was a researcher with the South Australian Health Commission , an advertising executive , journalist and small business director",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "before entering politics .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus was first elected to the seat of Hawker , based on Glenelg and the Holdfast Bay area , at the 1990 election , defeating one-term Labor incumbent Elizabeth Harvey on a razor-edge 50.01 percent two-party vote from a 1.2 percent two-party swing . Had just 14 Australian Democrats supporters ranked Harvey higher than Gallus on next preferences , Harvey would have won .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Hawker was abolished ahead of the 1993 federal election . Most of its territory , including Glenelg , was absorbed into neighbouring Hindmarsh , and Gallus opted to follow most of her constituents there . Hindmarsh had long been a Labor stronghold , but had grown increasingly marginal over the last decade . Largely due to the addition of Holdfast Bay , Labors already thin majority of 5.3 percent was pared back even further , to an extremely marginal 1.2 percent . Additionally , the election was called at a bad time for the state Labor government , which was",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia . Indeed , the state Labor government would be heavily defeated at a state election later that year . Gallus took a substantial first-count lead and ultimately won on the eighth count , becoming only the second non-Labor MP ever to win the seat and the first since 1917 . To date , it is also the only time that Labor has been in government without holding Hindmarsh .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " In the last couple of years of the Liberal Partys time in Opposition , which ended in 1996 , Gallus was Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs , in which she was seen as an effective opponent against Aboriginal Affairs Minister Robert Tickner when she attacked his credibility over the Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy . The controversy over the Hindmarsh Island bridge was believed to have cost Tickner his seat at the 1996 election . Despite this she was not picked for a place in the ministry by new Liberal Prime Minister John Howard .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": "Gallus did , however , become Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Reconciliation and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs in 2001 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs 2001–04 .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
},
{
"text": " Gallus gained a large swing in the 1996 election , technically making Hindmarsh a safe Liberal seat . However , she had to withstand strong challenges from Labors Steve Georganas in the next two elections . Gallus retired at the 2004 election and was replaced as the Liberal candidate by Simon Birmingham , who lost the seat to Georganas by just 108 votes .",
"title": "Chris Gallus"
}
] |
/wiki/2channel#P127#0
|
2channel was owned by whom in early 2010s?
|
2channel , also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per day . 2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no charges were filed . The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . History . Predecessors . Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it . Early history . 2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan . The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the sites logo by 2002 . Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny . On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case . In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , . Personal information leak . In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak . The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak . At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split . On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control . Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins . Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute . Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark . Culture . Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel . Anonymous posting . One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary . Revenue . While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel . 2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers . Matome . 2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other boards for that board . Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data . Phenomena . Densha Otoko . Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated . Shift_JIS art . 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample : Controversies . Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 : By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books . Crime announcements . Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined . Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech . 2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku . 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers . Technology . 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different . Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention . Major outages . 2010–2011 Korean DDoS . In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism ; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 . 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management . Societal impact . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel . Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household . Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use . In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel . Politicians and 2channel . Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him . After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April 2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory . 2channel in the media . Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though , 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan . TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .
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[
""
] |
[
{
"text": ", also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "day .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "charges were filed .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": " The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "sites logo by 2002 .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": "One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary .",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": " While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": "boards for that board .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated .",
"title": "Densha Otoko"
},
{
"text": " 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample :",
"title": "Shift_JIS art"
},
{
"text": " Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 :",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": "; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": ", 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": " TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
}
] |
/wiki/2channel#P127#1
|
2channel was owned by whom in Nov 2017?
|
2channel , also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per day . 2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no charges were filed . The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . History . Predecessors . Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it . Early history . 2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan . The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the sites logo by 2002 . Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny . On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case . In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , . Personal information leak . In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak . The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak . At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split . On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control . Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins . Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute . Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark . Culture . Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel . Anonymous posting . One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary . Revenue . While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel . 2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers . Matome . 2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other boards for that board . Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data . Phenomena . Densha Otoko . Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated . Shift_JIS art . 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample : Controversies . Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 : By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books . Crime announcements . Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined . Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech . 2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku . 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers . Technology . 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different . Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention . Major outages . 2010–2011 Korean DDoS . In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism ; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 . 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management . Societal impact . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel . Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household . Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use . In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel . Politicians and 2channel . Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him . After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April 2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory . 2channel in the media . Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though , 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan . TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .
|
[
"Loki Technology"
] |
[
{
"text": ", also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "day .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "charges were filed .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": " The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "sites logo by 2002 .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": "One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary .",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": " While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": "boards for that board .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated .",
"title": "Densha Otoko"
},
{
"text": " 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample :",
"title": "Shift_JIS art"
},
{
"text": " Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 :",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": "; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": ", 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": " TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
}
] |
/wiki/2channel#P127#2
|
2channel was owned by whom after Sep 2019?
|
2channel , also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per day . 2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no charges were filed . The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . History . Predecessors . Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it . Early history . 2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan . The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the sites logo by 2002 . Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny . On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case . In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , . Personal information leak . In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak . The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak . At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split . On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control . Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins . Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute . Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark . Culture . Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel . Anonymous posting . One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary . Revenue . While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel . 2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers . Matome . 2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other boards for that board . Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data . Phenomena . Densha Otoko . Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated . Shift_JIS art . 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample : Controversies . Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 : By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books . Crime announcements . Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined . Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech . 2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku . 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers . Technology . 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different . Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention . Major outages . 2010–2011 Korean DDoS . In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism ; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 . 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management . Societal impact . In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel . Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household . Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use . In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel . Politicians and 2channel . Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him . After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April 2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory . 2channel in the media . Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though , 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan . TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": ", also known as 2ch , Channel 2 , and sometimes retrospectively as 2ch.net , was an anonymous Japanese textboard founded in 1999 by Hiroyuki Nishimura . As Japans most popular online community , with around ten million users accessing it each day , it had a level of influence in society described as comparable to that of traditional mass media such as television , radio , and magazines . In 2007 , the site had an annual revenue of around ; it was then the largest site of its kind in the world , receiving 2.5 million posts per",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "day .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "2channel and its successors are more controversial than other social media in Japan ; they are extremely popular among Japans extreme right-wing , known as the netto-uyoku , who post xenophobic comments , often targeting Koreans . Defamation is of particular concern ; by August 2008 , Nishimura had received more than one hundred lawsuits for defamatory comments left on the website . Announcements of crimes also have drawn scrutiny towards 2channel and its successors . In 2012 , 2channel was accused by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police of allowing its platform to be used by amphetamine dealers , although no",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "charges were filed .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": " The site was hosted and had its domain registration provided by Jim Watkins in San Francisco , California . In 2009 , the sites ownership was transferred to Packet Monster Inc. , but Nishimura remained in control until February 2014 , when Watkins seized its domain , 2ch.net . This domain seizure resulted in two textboards claiming to be the legitimate 2channel : , owned by Watkins through Philippine corporation Loki Technology Inc. , and 2ch.sc , owned by Nishimura through Packet Monster Inc .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily .",
"title": "2channel"
},
{
"text": "Textboards like 2channel were rooted in two earlier technologies : dial-in bulletin boards , known in Japan as , and Usenet . 2channel has two direct predecessors : ( あやしいわーるど ) , created in 1996 by Shiba Masayuki , and Amezou ( ) , created in 1997 . Ayashii World was the first large anonymous web bulletin board in Japan , while Amezou originated the more familiar textboard concept wherein threads are displayed chronologically , with new comments bumping old threads to the top , rather than in a branching tree . Ayashii World closed in 1998 , leading most",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "of its former users to go to Amezou ; Nishimura advertised 2channel in a post on Amezou in May 1999 , calling it Amezous second channel . From June , Amezou became increasingly unable to handle the load on its servers , until its host shut it down after threats against Amezous anonymous owner which contained his dox were posted on it .",
"title": "Predecessors"
},
{
"text": "2channel was founded on 30 May 1999 in a college apartment in Conway , Arkansas on the campus of University of Central Arkansas by Hiroyuki Nishimura . Success came quickly ; many of Amezous users began using it as soon as it opened . When compared with other bulletin boards , 2channels technology wasnt much different ; what led to its success was instead its being an outlet for unfettered expression ; by being hosted in the United States , 2channel was able to bypass more restrictive Japanese censorship rules , while still being accessible from Japan . The site",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "also enjoyed greater immunity from legal action within Japan due to the location of its servers . By 2002 , Google said that the most searched word in Japan was 2channel . By 2004 , 2channel was already the largest internet forum in Japan .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "The name 2channel is a reference to VHF channel 2 , the default setting for the RF modulators used in earlier-generation game consoles ( such as Nintendos Family Computer ) when connecting to Japanese television sets . Where Amezou was originally meant to be channel one , 2channel was meant to be channel two . The sites iconic jar logo is a reference to deprecatory remarks some former users of Ayashii World would make about 2channel early on in the sites history , likening it to a spittoon ( ) . Nishimura took this nickname and adopted it as the",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "sites logo by 2002 .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " Jim Watkins , an ex-US army non-commissioned officer ( sergeant first class ) , domain name registrar , and dedicated hosting service provider , hosted 2channel since at least 2004 through various corporate identities , including Big-server.com Inc. , Pacific Internet Exchange LLC and N . T . Technology Inc . Before 2channel , Watkins company primarily specialized in using servers and domains in the United States to serve uncensored pornographic content to users in Japan . Ownership transfer and government scrutiny .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "On 2 January 2009 , Nishimura claimed to have transferred ownership of 2channel to Packet Monster Inc. , a company based in Chinatown , Singapore , and to no longer be involved in the sites management . However , Nishimura was charged with violating Japanese narcotic control laws anyway on 20 December 2012 . As part of their case , the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( MPD ) claimed Nishimura remained involved in 2channels operations , alleging Packet Monster Inc . is a shell company ( ) . The main thrust of the complaint was that Nishimura allegedly did not",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": "delete posts seeking to purchase illicit amphetamine from other 2channel users online ; the , an agency of the MPD , alleged that in 2011 97% of its 5,223 deletion requests did not result in deletion . On 19 March 2013 , the Public Prosecutors Office decided not to prosecute the case .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , the Tokyo Regional Taxation Bureau declared in a tax audit that Nishimura had failed to declare worth of website revenue which should have been taxed between 2009 and 2012 , years in which he financially benefited from Packet Monster Inc. ; Nishimura settled the matter by paying the owed tax , .",
"title": "Early history"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , a hacker using the name the personal details ( including names , addresses , and phone numbers ) and credit card numbers of thousands of 2channel users who had used 2channels paid services into the public domain , exposing the anonymous profiles of various high level personas such as politicians and writers , including an attorney involved in 2channel cases , Takahiro Karasawa ( ) , and a staff member of AKB48 . More than 74,000 users had their personal information exposed by the leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "The paid service involved in the leak was known as the 2channel viewer ( ) , or . Its main utility was that it allowed users to read old threads ; if a thread on 2channel received 1,000 posts , it would become part of the by a process of .dat omission ( ) of such threads , after which time a thread was no longer freely accessible . 2channel charged per year for the service , which was typically paid by credit card ; logs of these payments were the source of the data leak .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " At the time of the leak , Watkins apologized on behalf of N . T . Technology , Inc. , saying he was the victim of a cyber attack and that some data [ of my ] customers was compromised . Domain seizure and split .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "On 19 February 2014 , Jim Watkins , as chairman of N.T . Technology , Inc. , 2channels domain registrar , seized 2channels domain . He took full control over the website , relieved Nishimura of all power , and assumed the role of website administrator . Watkins made the kako rogu free to all users shortly after assuming control .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Watkins claimed that Nishimura had failed to pay him money owed which led to the seizure as a way to cover Nishimuras debts , while Nishimura claimed that he had in fact paid everything owed and that the domain transfer was an illegal domain hijacking . In response , Nishimura created his own clone of 2channel at , scraping the contents of the entire 2channel website and updating 2ch.sc as new posts appeared on 2ch.net . In a Q&A session on 4chan shortly after becoming the sites owner , Nishimura claimed that 2channel was stolen by Watkins .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": "Nishimura has attempted to repossess the domain both through WIPOs Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy and through the Japanese court system . Through the Japan Patent Office , Nishimura owns the trademark 2channel , though the WIPO refused to intervene on his behalf on account of that , suggesting the parties go to court instead as it was not , in its view , a case of cybersquatting but rather a business dispute .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Ron Watkins , Jims son , in 2016 registered the trademark 5channel in Japan . On 1 October 2017 , 2ch.net began redirecting to 5ch.net , a domain owned by Loki Technology , Inc . The chairman of Loki Technology Inc . is also Jim Watkins ; his wife , Liziel , is the treasurer and majority shareholder . According to a press release , the name was changed to 5channel to avoid potential legal issues due to Nishimuras ownership of the 2channel trademark .",
"title": "Personal information leak"
},
{
"text": " Due to its large number of boards , the types of information exchanged on 2channel are very diverse . There are boards for topics as diverse as sports , sex , celebrity gossip , computer programming and ongoing earthquakes ; even some academic research has gotten its start on 2channel .",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"text": "One of the most distinctive features of 2channel is its use of anonymous posting . Nishimura explained his reasons for preferring anonymity online to USC Annenbergs Japan Media Review thus:If there is a user ID attached to a user , a discussion tends to become a criticizing game . On the other hand , under the anonymous system , even though your opinion/information is criticized , you dont know with whom to be upset . Also with a user ID , those who participate in the site for a long time tend to have authority , and it becomes difficult",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "for a user to disagree with them . Under a perfectly anonymous system , you can say , its boring , if it is actually boring . All information is treated equally ; only an accurate argument will work.However , a frequent criticism directed toward anonymous textboards like 2channel , most notably by Kazuhiko Nishi , is that their anonymous nature make them mere toilet graffiti ( ) . 2channels anonymity is a departure from most English language internet forums which require some form of registration , usually coupled with email verification for further identification of an individual ; its",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": "anonymity in part inspired the creation of 4chan . On 2channel , a name field is available , but it is seldom used . However , as open proxies such as the Tor network are banned from posting on 2channel , the administrators have some degree of ability to help law enforcement unmask users if necessary .",
"title": "Anonymous posting"
},
{
"text": " While 2channel and its successors are commercial , 2channel was moderated by volunteers . 2channel relied on advertisements from obscure companies . In 2007 , it had an annual revenue of around . Between 2009 and 2012 , in ad profits were transferred to Nishimuras Singaporean shell company . As early as 2004 , companies such as Dentsu were data mining the website for their clients , keeping them informed of how they were being portrayed by 2channel users ; by 2006 , 75% of the content Dentsu analyzed on behalf of its customers was posted to 2channel .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel also received revenue from subscription services like the aforementioned maru . For its part , 5channel has a subscription service , , that allows people outside Japan to post on it ; this service also hides ads from its subscribers .",
"title": "Revenue"
},
{
"text": "2channel historically allowed anyone to use its data , providing it in an easily parsable format ; this made it simple to create third party dedicated browsers ( ) for posting on and using 2channel . The openness of the data allowed for the proliferation of and , which summarize 2channel threads and attempt to collect what they see as the best of 2channel . In 2007 , due to growing discontentment towards such sites , Nishimura added a board , /poverty/ , which marked every post on it with the phrase . This caused many users to abandon other",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": "boards for that board .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Watkins made it a priority to combat piracy of 5channel by third-party matome sites in March 2014 , adding tensai kinshi to many popular boards . Such sites siphon users from 2channel itself , with some receiving in excess of 100 million monthly pageviews ; in one case a matome site earned its owner per month . Watkins followed up the rule change by restricting access to 2channels data in March 2015 , by requiring that dedicated browser authors use a special API to access 2channels , and later 5channels , thread data .",
"title": "Matome"
},
{
"text": " Densha Otoko is a Japanese franchise consisting of a movie , television series , manga , and other media , all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old man who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train . The man ultimately begins dating one of the women . The event and the mans subsequent dates with the woman , chronicled on 2channel , directly inspired the franchise . Whether or not the original 2channel story is actually true is debated .",
"title": "Densha Otoko"
},
{
"text": " 2channel and its successors , being textboards , cannot have images posted to them . Users get around this , however , by posting a more expressive form of ASCII art : Shift_JIS art . Below is a small sample :",
"title": "Shift_JIS art"
},
{
"text": " Slander and legal issues . During Hiroyukis administration , he was often openly defiant of Japanese law , especially around libel , and his duty to follow it , telling Yomiuri Shimbun in March 2007 :",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "By May 2008 , Nishimura had lost more than fifty libel lawsuits in Japanese civil courts , and had been assessed millions of dollars in penalties ; by August , according to him , hed received more than one hundred lawsuits . While according to the official pages of the website , slander was prohibited , activists such as Debito Arudou claimed that the site did not actually respond to requests to delete posts in his case , returning mail unopened . After the transfer to Packet Monster Inc. , Arudou , who had still not received any of the",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "court ordered penalty , wrote in an op-ed that Nishimura had only transferred his assets to increase his unaccountability . While Nishimura at that point had never paid any of the compensation courts ordered in his cases , in 2010 one of his plaintiffs was successful in getting compensated through the publisher of one of Nishimuras books .",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"text": "Crime announcements ( ) were a regular occurrence on 2channel , including of mass suicides and murders . After the 2000 Neomugicha incident , in which a bus was hijacked by a man who posted on 2channel , police officers started regularly policing 2channel ; such surveillance only increased after the Akihabara massacrer announced his 2008 attack on 2channel as well . Former superintendent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Tateshi Higuchi called the site a den of iniquity . According to The Japan Times , however , 2channel cooperated with police in the past to aid them in catching criminals",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "using 2channel by giving police their IP addresses , from which their locations were determined .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " Such crime announcements have continued to be a problem on 5channel : it was speculated that the man who carried out the Kyoto Animation arson attack posted an advance warning of the crime on 5channel . Nationalism and hate speech .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "2channel , with its massive size and anonymous posting , is abundant with slander , hate speech and defamation against public figures , institutions , and minority ethnic groups . Far-right users of 2channel are referred to as netto-uyoku , a term roughly analogous to alt-right . Though the site has rules against posts illegal under Japanese law , the scale and anonymous nature of the site makes prompt deletions difficult to realize in practice . Furthermore , on occasion , 2channel has been accused of being reluctant to remove defamatory posts . The discussion boards are also often used",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": "to coordinate real-life demonstrations ; as an example , 2channel users organized an August 2011 rally against Fuji Television , their complaint being that the channel was broadcasting too many Korean television shows . Sankei Shimbun reported in 2018 that 5channel , which received most of 2channels users , has the same reputation for attracting netto-uyoku .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel netto-uyoku frequently make racist comments against Koreans . In 2009 , it was even discovered that an Asahi Shimbun employee had posted racist remarks towards Koreans on 2channel . After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fake news proliferated on 2channel , falsely accusing Chinese and Korean people of plundering evacuation centers .",
"title": "Crime announcements"
},
{
"text": " 2channel operated on forum software that was considered innovative at the time of its founding , originally written by Hiroyuki himself , but later replaced through the collective effort of his Unix-savvy users ; the software is known as . It was a major departure from Usenet ; however , when compared to other Japanese textboards at the time , such as Amezou , 2channels format was not much different .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "Boards in the textboard software have their threads sorted by the time of their last post , so making a post would bump ( , age ) the thread to the top of the board index . However , when posting in a thread , users may use a function known as to avoid bumping a thread in this way . Often , posters will use sage on purpose , to avoid unwanted attention .",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"text": "In response to racism towards Koreans by 2channel users , especially against Yuna Kim , an athlete who defeated Japan in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics , the site suffered an extended outage in March 2010 due to a distributed denial of service ( DDoS ) attack conducted by a Korean hacking group . The attack against Jim Watkins Pacific Internet Exchange LLC affected other sites on the shared network as well , including some belonging to US government agencies ; it is estimated to have cost . Watkins requested the American government investigate the event as an instance of cyberterrorism",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": "; according to him , sporadic DDoS attacks by Koreans continued into 2011 .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " 2015 8chan DDoS . Beginning on 8 January 2015 , 8chan , also owned by Jim Watkins and hosted on the network of N . T . Technology , Inc. , suffered an outage due to a DDoS attack . Due to the attack , 2ch.net , then owned by Watkins but not yet operated under the name 5channel , went down as well . The attacks against the messageboards lasted until at least 13 January , leading many 2channel users to become angry with the management .",
"title": "Major outages"
},
{
"text": " In September 2007 , 2channel averaged over 2.4 million posts per day . As of July 2020 , 5channel had 1,031 boards receiving around 2.7 million posts per day on weekends , with no growth since March 2016 . Meanwhile , 2ch.sc then had 826 boards receiving around 5,700 posts daily . Due to its popularity , 2channel and its successors have had considerable influence on Japanese society . Childrens use of 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Use of sites like 2channel by minors is a major concern in Japan . Some childrens search sites , such as , filtered textboards like 2channel . In Tokyo , a local ordinance requires that internet service providers develop filters to prevent minors from accessing sites which could harm the sound and wholesome fostering [ of their youth ] ; they must also confirm before installing a connection if any minors live in the household .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "Despite this , however , web filter provider Net Star in February 2007 released the results of a survey which showed that the utilization rate of 2channel for primary and secondary students was 12.2% . In response to threads on 2channel about certain schools which were leading to cyberbullying , the Ministry of Education in 2008 released a 65-page manual for teachers and parents on how to handle the issue . Concerned about the popularity of 2channel among children and teenagers , a team of childhood education professors at the University of the Ryukyus in 2009 published a paper making",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": "recommendations to lawmakers on how to curb such use .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " In February 2020 , Nishimura himself wrote an op-ed in Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun warning parents about the dangers of allowing their children unfettered access to social media sites like YouTube and 2channel .",
"title": "Societal impact"
},
{
"text": " Naoto Kan , a future Prime Minister who was then a member of the National Diet , sent a legal notice on 10 May 2000 demanding that 2channel delete a post by someone falsely claiming to be him .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "After the Liberal Democratic Party presidential election in 2007 , Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated in a Fuji TV interview that he sometimes posts on 2channel . During each election season , supporting posts for perennial candidates Matayoshi Jesus and Mac Akasaka were frequently made on 2channel , turning them into something of a meme , similar to the repeated candidacies of Vermin Supreme in the United States . After more than ten failed candidacies for various political offices , including Governor of Tokyo , Akasaka was eventually elected to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly , representing Minato , in April",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "2019 . Asahi Shimbun credited Akasakas online fame with helping him win the surprise victory .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": "Japanese news organizations often relied on 2channel to determine the issues the public was thinking about , and for leads . However , the mass media reports on it negatively , similar to how it reports on otaku culture in general . The phrase the online bulletin board says ( ) , when used in reporting , may refer either to 2channel or to other forums . Movements spawned on 2channel often receive media attention , noting how the methods of 2channel activists break socially normative behavior and bring pressure to bear through sheer numbers . Beyond this , though",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": ", 2channel posts were often a basis for media reports in Japan .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
},
{
"text": " TV programs have even featured 2channels moderators and users ; comedian Hikari Ōta , for example , criticized Nishimura during a discussion on the Tokyo Broadcasting Systems Sandējapon on the ideal limits of free expression as applied to social networks . Shokun ! magazine , during its operation , ran a column known as which shared patriotic 2channel posts . Weekly Bunshun ( , published by Bungeishunjū ) , meanwhile , has been criticized for being seen as overly pro-2channel and relying on its posts too much in its reporting .",
"title": "Politicians and 2channel"
}
] |
/wiki/Karim_Rekik#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Karim Rekik belong to between Apr 2010 and Nov 2010?
|
Karim Rekik Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC . Early life . Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal . Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed . Club career . Manchester City . Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season . He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi . Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean . On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium . Loan spells in England . On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end of the season . On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) . On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 . Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances . As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma . Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie . Marseille . On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September . Hertha BSC . On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg . Sevilla . On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 . International career . Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 . Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance . In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . Club . - Eredivisie : 2014–15 Marseille - Coupe de France runner-up : 2015–16 International . - UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 External links . - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC .",
"title": "Karim Rekik"
},
{
"text": " Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "of the season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": " On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "Hertha BSC"
},
{
"text": " On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karim_Rekik#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Karim Rekik belong to between Jul 2012 and Nov 2012?
|
Karim Rekik Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC . Early life . Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal . Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed . Club career . Manchester City . Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season . He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi . Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean . On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium . Loan spells in England . On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end of the season . On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) . On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 . Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances . As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma . Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie . Marseille . On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September . Hertha BSC . On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg . Sevilla . On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 . International career . Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 . Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance . In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . Club . - Eredivisie : 2014–15 Marseille - Coupe de France runner-up : 2015–16 International . - UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 External links . - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje
|
[
"Manchester City"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC .",
"title": "Karim Rekik"
},
{
"text": " Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "of the season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": " On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "Hertha BSC"
},
{
"text": " On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karim_Rekik#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Karim Rekik belong to in Jul 2013?
|
Karim Rekik Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC . Early life . Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal . Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed . Club career . Manchester City . Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season . He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi . Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean . On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium . Loan spells in England . On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end of the season . On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) . On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 . Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances . As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma . Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie . Marseille . On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September . Hertha BSC . On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg . Sevilla . On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 . International career . Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 . Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance . In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . Club . - Eredivisie : 2014–15 Marseille - Coupe de France runner-up : 2015–16 International . - UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 External links . - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje
|
[
"PSV Eindhoven"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC .",
"title": "Karim Rekik"
},
{
"text": " Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "of the season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": " On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "Hertha BSC"
},
{
"text": " On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karim_Rekik#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Karim Rekik belong to between Feb 2014 and Nov 2014?
|
Karim Rekik Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC . Early life . Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal . Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed . Club career . Manchester City . Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season . He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi . Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean . On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium . Loan spells in England . On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end of the season . On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) . On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 . Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances . As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma . Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie . Marseille . On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September . Hertha BSC . On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg . Sevilla . On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 . International career . Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 . Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance . In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . Club . - Eredivisie : 2014–15 Marseille - Coupe de France runner-up : 2015–16 International . - UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 External links . - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje
|
[
"Netherlands"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC .",
"title": "Karim Rekik"
},
{
"text": " Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "of the season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": " On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "Hertha BSC"
},
{
"text": " On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Karim_Rekik#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Karim Rekik belong to in Oct 2015?
|
Karim Rekik Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC . Early life . Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal . Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed . Club career . Manchester City . Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season . He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi . Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean . On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium . Loan spells in England . On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end of the season . On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) . On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 . Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances . As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma . Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie . Marseille . On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September . Hertha BSC . On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg . Sevilla . On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 . International career . Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 . Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance . In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad . Career statistics . Club . - Notes Honours . Club . - Eredivisie : 2014–15 Marseille - Coupe de France runner-up : 2015–16 International . - UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 External links . - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje
|
[
"Marseille"
] |
[
{
"text": " Karim Rekik ( ; born 2 December 1994 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Spanish club Sevilla FC .",
"title": "Karim Rekik"
},
{
"text": " Rekik was born in The Hague . His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant . He has a younger brother , Omar , who is also a professional footballer playing as a centre-back for Arsenal .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord , where he went on to stay for nine years . But in March 2011 , Manchester City made an approach for Rekik , as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him . The approach was to be controversial , as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA , as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs . The club was also considering legal action against Rekiks agent Søren Lerby , though he insisted he maintain following",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "FIFAs rules . The case was dismissed .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011 , and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game . His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City , just 16 years and 294 days old . He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , in place of Luca Scapuzzi .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 2011–12 season . On 5 December 2012 , it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club . He would go on to start in his Premier League debut , a 1–0 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012 , and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute . Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekiks challenge on Jay Tabb , which was not given by referee Mike Dean .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 10 August 2014 , Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 3–0 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 22 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a months loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship . He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March , in a 2–0 home win against Hull City . This was also Rekiks first senior league appearance in club football . Unlike Scapuzzi , Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation . He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end . Nevertheless , Pompey were relegated at the end",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "of the season .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 15 February 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season . The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton . Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut , playing as a left-midfield , in a 2–0 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013 . Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club . PSV Eindhoven ( loan ) .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "On 8 July 2013 , it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 2013–14 season , wearing number 3 .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut , in the first leg of third round of Champions League , in a 2–0 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013 . Three days later , Rekik made his league debut , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–2 win over ADO Den Haag . Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off , as PSV were knocked out by Milan . However , Rekik suffered an ankle injury , while in international duty . As a result , Rekik would be out for four",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "weeks , though he would need to undergo surgery . The surgery was successful , resulting him out for another four weeks . After two months on the sidelined , Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013 , in a 1–1 draw against PEC Zwolle . He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 2–6 home defeat to Vitesse . Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag . Later in the 2013–14 season , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " became a regular starter at PSV , as he made twenty-five appearance for the club . Because of his good performance at PSV , Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season , though he could return to Manchester City for next season . However , Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "As his loan spell with PSV came to an end , Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille . Instead on 14 August 2014 , it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season . Rekiks first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came , in a 6–1 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014 . Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014 , in a 2–1 win over Heracles . Since making his second debut for PSV , Rekik",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015 . After making his return to training , Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015 , in a 2–1 loss against Feyernood . Despite this , Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008 . Rekik later spoke out about the clubs winning the league . Like his first season at PSV , Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": "formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " Following the 2014–15 season came to an end , PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time . However , PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie .",
"title": "Manchester City"
},
{
"text": " On 30 June 2015 , Rekik joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years . The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled , along with Lucas Ocampos . Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 1–1 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September .",
"title": "Marseille"
},
{
"text": " On 16 June 2017 , he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg .",
"title": "Hertha BSC"
},
{
"text": " On 5 October 2020 , Rekik signed for Spanish club Sevilla FC until 2025 .",
"title": "Sevilla"
},
{
"text": " Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands , through his birthplace , and Tunisia , through his father . Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut , in a 0–0 draw against Italy U17 . Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season , in a 2–0 win over Germany U17 . Rekik went on to help the club reached the final , where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 5–2 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut , in a 3–0 win over Moldova U19 . Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game , in a 2–0 win over Norway U19 . Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In August 2013 , Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying , but was never used . Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national team in a 2–0 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014 . In May 2014 , he was named in manager Louis van Gaals provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . However , on 31 May 2014 , van Gaal announced his final squad , which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - Voetbal International profile - Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje - Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to in Jan 2002?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
"Estudiantes de La Plata"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to between Oct 2003 and Nov 2003?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to in Nov 2007?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
"Galatasaray S.K ."
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to in Feb 2009?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
"Estudiantes de La Plata"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to in Feb 2011?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
"San Martín de San Juan"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Marcelo_Carrusca#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Marcelo Carrusca belong to in Aug 2012?
|
Marcelo Carrusca Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder . Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons . Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 . Club career . Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 . On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer . After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez . Adelaide United . On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League . In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz . Melbourne City . On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal . Western Sydney Wanderers . On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season . Retirement . In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching . International career . Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . Honours . Club . Galatasaray - Turkish League : 2007–08 Adelaide United - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014 International . Argentina - CONMEBOL U-20 Championship : 2003 Individual . - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014 External links . - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times
|
[
"Adelaide United"
] |
[
{
"text": " Marcelo Adrián Carrusca ( ; born 1 September 1983 ) , is an Argentine-Australian professional footballer who plays for West Adelaide . He usually plays as an attacking midfielder .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": "Born in La Plata , Carrusca started his professional career at Estudiantes de La Plata before moving to Turkish side Galatasaray S.K . ( football ) in 2006 . After spending a season on loan for Mexican club Cruz Azul , Carrusca returned to Estudiantes in 2009 , playing one further season at the club and one on loan at Banfield . After one season with San Martín de San Juan , Carrusca moved to A-League club Adelaide United in 2012 , where he played for five seasons .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca has represented Argentina under-20 , including in the victorious 2003 South American U-20 Championship team and the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . He obtained Australian citizenship in 2017 .",
"title": "Marcelo Carrusca"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca is a product of Estudiantes de La Platas youth divisions . He made his first appearance for the club in 2001 , and played 103 league games ( 12 goals ) for the team until 2006 .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": "On 27 July 2006 he signed for Turkish club Galatasaray , opting for a 5-year contract worth around €1.8 Million . He played one year for the club , but on 25 July 2007 Galatasaray Manager Karl Heinz Feldkamp reported officially that he did not wish to keep Carrusca on the team and asked the board to sell him in order to open space for a new foreign transfer .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " After lack of first team appearances in Galatasaray , he was loaned for 1 year to Mexican Primera División team Cruz Azul for 2008–09 football season . He then re-joined Estudiantes to play with the team during the 2009-10 Argentine Primera División season and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup . On 8 July 2010 , Carrusca joined Banfield on loan from Estudiantes to replace recently transferred left winger James Rodríguez .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " On 3 August 2012 , it was announced Carrusca had agreed to sign with A-League club Adelaide United on an undisclosed two-year contract . Carrusca scored a goal and assisted a further two in a man of the match performance during Adelaide Uniteds 4–2 home win over Melbourne Victory on 7 December 2012 , in Round 10 of the A-League . On 23 May 2017 , Carrusca became an Australian citizen , and can be included as a non-visa player in the A-League .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": "In July 2017 it was confirmed that Carrusca would not re-sign with Adelaide under new coach Marco Kurz .",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " On 12 September 2017 , A-League club Melbourne City announced it had signed Carrusca on a one-year deal .",
"title": "Melbourne City"
},
{
"text": " On 11 January 2018 , Carrusca and Melbourne City mutually terminated his contract , and he signed for Western Sydney Wanderers until the end of the 2017–18 A-League season .",
"title": "Western Sydney Wanderers"
},
{
"text": " In May 2019 , Carrusca announced his retirement from playing to focus on coaching .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " Carrusca played as an U-20 Argentina international . He scored 2 goals in 16 appearances and was a member of the Argentina Under-20 team at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " - A-League Championship : 2015–16 - A-League Premiership : 2015–16 - FFA Cup : 2014",
"title": "Adelaide United"
},
{
"text": " - A-League PFA Team of the Season : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 - A-League All Star : 2013 , 2014",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI - Statistics at Irish Times",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/József_Ékes#P39#0
|
Which position did József Ékes hold before Jul 2004?
|
József Ékes József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 . Political career . He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 . He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 . In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government . During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list . Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .
|
[
"deputy leader of the party group in Parliament"
] |
[
{
"text": " József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 .",
"title": "József Ékes"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/József_Ékes#P39#1
|
Which position did József Ékes hold between Sep 2004 and Nov 2004?
|
József Ékes József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 . Political career . He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 . He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 . In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government . During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list . Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .
|
[
"Lakitelek Working Group",
"Lakitelek Working Group"
] |
[
{
"text": " József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 .",
"title": "József Ékes"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/József_Ékes#P39#2
|
Which position did József Ékes hold in Sep 2007?
|
József Ékes József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 . Political career . He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 . He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 . In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government . During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list . Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List"
] |
[
{
"text": " József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 .",
"title": "József Ékes"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/József_Ékes#P39#3
|
Which position did József Ékes hold between Jun 2011 and Jan 2012?
|
József Ékes József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 . Political career . He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 . He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 . In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government . During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list . Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .
|
[
"member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka"
] |
[
{
"text": " József Ékes ( born August 15 , 1951 ) is a Hungarian politician , member of the National Assembly ( MP ) for Ajka ( Veszprém County Constituency I ) between 2010 and 2014 . Formerly he also represented Ajka from 1998 to 2006 . He was a Member of Parliament from Fidesz National List between 2006 and 2010 .",
"title": "József Ékes"
},
{
"text": " He was born in Ajka on 15 August 1951 . He worked in different positions as a skilled power industrial worker for the Ajka Power Plant Repair and Maintenance Company for 23 years . He acquired a certificate equivalent to higher educational qualifications in trade and tourism management . He lived in Germany and Austria for some time . He completed an enterprise development course and a trade management course in England in 1994 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "He joined the Entrepreneurs Party in 1991 . He ran in the 1994 parliamentary elections as a candidate of the Liberal Civic Alliance - Entrepreneurs Party . In the local elections in December 1994 he was elected representative , then deputy mayor of Ajka . He was founder and chairman of New Atlantis Regional Development Association in 1996 . He has been a member of the Veszprém County Development Council and the Central Transdanubian Regional Development Council since their establishment in November 1997 .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1998 parliamentary elections he secured a seat as joint candidate of Fidesz and the Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) representing Constituency 1 , Ajka , Veszprém County . In the 1998-2002 cycle he was mayor of Ajka . He presided over the Entrepreneurs Party from April 1999 . In 2001 he was elected co-chairman of Békejobb Democratic Union but he soon resigned from his function . He has been a member of the Hungarian delegation to OSCE since 2000 , a function he retained after the change of government .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "During the 2002 general elections he managed to retain his seat as incumbent MP for Ajka . He was active in the Environment Committee . He was deputy chairman of the Regional Development Committee until 1 November 2003 , and since then , he had been a member of the Committee on Human Rights , Minorities and Religion . He had been deputy leader of the party group in Parliament since 17 September 2002 . He had been a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since September 2002 . He was an observer delegated to the",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": "European Parliament by the Hungarian Democratic Forum since 12 April 2003 . He joined the Lakitelek Working Group on 21 June 2004 . At the same time he announced with other faction members to quit the faction and continued as an independent MP until the end of the parliamentary cycle . He secured a seat in Parliament in the 2006 general elections from the national list .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " Four years later , he became MP for Ajka again . He was elected to a member of the Committee on Audit Office and Budget and Committee on European Affairs on 14 May 2010 .",
"title": "Political career"
}
] |
/wiki/Surinamese_Football_Association#P463#0
|
What organization or association or team did Surinamese Football Association join in 1965?
|
Surinamese Football Association The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA . Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead . History . Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium . With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) . Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded . To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the SVB and will last 3 years . Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year . - On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 . - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match . - At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name . Member associations . The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) . Current sponsorships . - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler External links . - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": "Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": " Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SVB and will last 3 years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) .",
"title": "Member associations"
},
{
"text": " - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler",
"title": "Current sponsorships"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Surinamese_Football_Association#P463#1
|
What organization or association or team did Surinamese Football Association join in 1929?
|
Surinamese Football Association The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA . Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead . History . Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium . With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) . Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded . To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the SVB and will last 3 years . Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year . - On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 . - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match . - At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name . Member associations . The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) . Current sponsorships . - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler External links . - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site
|
[
"FIFA"
] |
[
{
"text": " The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": "Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": " Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SVB and will last 3 years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) .",
"title": "Member associations"
},
{
"text": " - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler",
"title": "Current sponsorships"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Surinamese_Football_Association#P463#2
|
What organization or association or team did Surinamese Football Association join in 1978?
|
Surinamese Football Association The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA . Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead . History . Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium . With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) . Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded . To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the SVB and will last 3 years . Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year . - On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 . - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match . - At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name . Member associations . The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) . Current sponsorships . - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler External links . - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " The Surinamese Football Association ( ) is the governing body of football in Suriname . It organizes the Surinamese football league system , the Surinamese Cup , Suriname Presidents Cup , Suriname national football team , and the Suriname womens national football team . It is based in Paramaribo , and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": "Just like the neighboring countries of French Guiana and Guyana , Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation , but are members of CONCACAF , which covers North- , Central-America and the Caribbean instead .",
"title": "Surinamese Football Association"
},
{
"text": " Founded on 1 October 1920 , the Surinamese Football Association was not the first official football association of Suriname , their main competitor as governing body of football in the country was the NGVB ( Dutch Guyanese Football Association ) . Prior to the foundation in 1920 there was another governing body in Suriname by the same name , which was founded 1914 . There was a lot of animosity between both associations , until president Emile de la Fuente settled their differences during the opening ceremony of the National Stadium .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "With the foundation of the SVB , the development of football in the country reached new heights . It was better organized in accordance to the rules of the Dutch Football Association ( NVB ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Some of those rules in the founding years included : - A match lasts 2x25 minutes with a 5-minute break . - There was a special committee of appointed referees . - If the match is undecided after full-time , 10 extra minutes were awarded .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "To develop a professional league in Suriname and to get the Surinamese people to support the league and national selection , the SVB signed a deal with Telecommunications Company of Suriname Telesur on 30 September 2016 . In this deal Telesurs daughter company ATV has received the rights to broadcast all Surinamese matches live . In this deal ATV will also establish a program that will provide viewers with soccer news to keep them up to date with the SVB and the soccer in Suriname . This deal has been considered one of the best made so far by the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "SVB and will last 3 years .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Historical data and facts . - On 28 January 1921 the first International of the Suriname national team was contested against British Guiana , Suriname lost the match 1–2 . - On 5 August 1923 the first matches were played on the Cultuurtuinlaan . - On 27 August 1923 , the Suriname national team played their second International match against British Guiana and won 2–1 . - In 1924 the first official national competition was contested . Olympia won the first national title , while SV Transvaal won the Tweede Klasse that year .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- On 18 May 1929 Suriname became an official member of FIFA , the celebration was held on 7 June 1929 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " - In 1934 the first official International match since joining FIFA was contested against Curaçao , with Suriname winning 3–1 . - In 1936 a Surinamese selection travelled to Brazil for the first time . - The first Surinamese football club to travel abroad was S.V . Voorwaarts , who traveled to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni , French Guiana winning the match 8–0 . - Bill Bromet was the first Surinamese referee to officiate an International match .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "- At the 50-year Anniversary the SVB were granted permission by Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to add the Royal predicate to the associations name .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The SVB have several member associations ( Dutch , Lidbonden ) who are involved in the organization and facilitation of the sport throughout the different municipalities and districts of the country . Hosting their own independent amateur leagues , the winners of each member association participate in the Lidbondentoernooi which leads to promotion to the SVB Eerste Klasse . The presidents of each member association also receive a vote in the presidency seat of the Surinamese Football Association ( SVB ) .",
"title": "Member associations"
},
{
"text": " - Klupp - Telesur - Suribet - Waldos - RB Enterprises - TD - IDOS - TIMT - Triple Double - Gobler",
"title": "Current sponsorships"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Suriname at the FIFA website - Suriname at CONCACAF site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Castres#P6#0
|
Who was the head of Castres between Nov 1957 and Feb 1971?
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Castres Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting . Demography . In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly . Geography . Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border . Administration . Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town . Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 . History . The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls . During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently , by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 . Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres . In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant . In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 . The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate , Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the . Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi . However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city . Economy . The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows . Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will . Transport . The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse . People . Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player Residents of Castres include : - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist Main sights . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters . The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance . Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited . Sports . As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres . Education . - Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Cinema . Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year Medias . The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 . Twin towns . Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting .",
"title": "Castres"
},
{
"text": "In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": " Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": " The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "its proximity with the big Occitan city .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": "Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "Residents of Castres include :",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 .",
"title": "Medias"
},
{
"text": " Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Castres#P6#1
|
Who was the head of Castres between Sep 1973 and Oct 1974?
|
Castres Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting . Demography . In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly . Geography . Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border . Administration . Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town . Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 . History . The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls . During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently , by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 . Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres . In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant . In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 . The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate , Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the . Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi . However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city . Economy . The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows . Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will . Transport . The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse . People . Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player Residents of Castres include : - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist Main sights . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters . The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance . Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited . Sports . As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres . Education . - Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Cinema . Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year Medias . The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 . Twin towns . Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda
|
[
"Jacques Limouzy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting .",
"title": "Castres"
},
{
"text": "In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": " Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": " The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "its proximity with the big Occitan city .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": "Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "Residents of Castres include :",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 .",
"title": "Medias"
},
{
"text": " Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Castres#P6#2
|
Who was the head of Castres in early 1990s?
|
Castres Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting . Demography . In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly . Geography . Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border . Administration . Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town . Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 . History . The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls . During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently , by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 . Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres . In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant . In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 . The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate , Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the . Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi . However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city . Economy . The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows . Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will . Transport . The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse . People . Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player Residents of Castres include : - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist Main sights . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters . The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance . Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited . Sports . As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres . Education . - Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Cinema . Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year Medias . The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 . Twin towns . Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda
|
[
"Jacques Limouzy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting .",
"title": "Castres"
},
{
"text": "In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": " Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": " The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "its proximity with the big Occitan city .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": "Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "Residents of Castres include :",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 .",
"title": "Medias"
},
{
"text": " Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Castres#P6#3
|
Who was the head of Castres between Jul 1995 and Mar 2000?
|
Castres Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting . Demography . In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly . Geography . Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border . Administration . Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town . Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 . History . The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls . During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently , by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 . Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres . In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant . In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 . The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate , Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the . Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi . However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city . Economy . The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows . Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will . Transport . The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse . People . Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player Residents of Castres include : - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist Main sights . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters . The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance . Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited . Sports . As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres . Education . - Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Cinema . Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year Medias . The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 . Twin towns . Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda
|
[
"Jacques Limouzy"
] |
[
{
"text": " Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting .",
"title": "Castres"
},
{
"text": "In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": " Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": " The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "its proximity with the big Occitan city .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": "Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "Residents of Castres include :",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 .",
"title": "Medias"
},
{
"text": " Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Castres#P6#4
|
Who was the head of Castres between Apr 2001 and Jul 2001?
|
Castres Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting . Demography . In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly . Geography . Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border . Administration . Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town . Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 . History . The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls . During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently , by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 . Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres . In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant . In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 . The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate , Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the . Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi . However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from its proximity with the big Occitan city . Economy . The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows . Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will . Transport . The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse . People . Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop - Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player Residents of Castres include : - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist Main sights . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters . The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance . Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited . Sports . As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres . Education . - Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Cinema . Castres is the place where a short film festival occurs each year Medias . The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 . Twin towns . Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda
|
[
"Pascal Bugis"
] |
[
{
"text": " Castres ( ; Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan ) is a commune , and arrondissement capital in the Tarn department and Occitanie region in southern France . It lies in the former French province of Languedoc . Castres is ( after Toulouse , Tarbes and Albi ) the fourth-largest industrial centre of the predominantly rural Midi-Pyrénées région and the largest in that part of Languedoc lying between Toulouse and Montpellier . Castres is noted for being the birthplace of the famous socialist leader Jean Jaurès and home to the important Goya Museum of Spanish painting .",
"title": "Castres"
},
{
"text": "In 1831 , the population of Castres was 12,032 , making it the largest town of the department of Tarn . One of the few industrial towns in the region of Albigeois , the population of the commune proper grew to 19,483 in 1901 , and 34,126 by 1954 ( 44,161 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ) . However , with the decline of its industries , population growth diminished . Albi surpassed Castres as the most populous metropolitan area of Tarn . The population of Castres reached its peak in 1975 , after that it has been decreasing slowly",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"text": " Castres is located at an altitude of above sea level . It is located south-southeast of Albi , the préfecture ( capital ) of Tarn , and east of Toulouse , the capital of Midi-Pyrénées . Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout and Durenque rivers . The Thoré forms most of the communes south-eastern border , then flows into the Agout , which forms part of its western border .",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"text": " Between 1790 and 1797 Castres was the prefecture of Tarn . Since 2001 , the mayor of Castres has been Pascal Bugis ( right , member of UMP ) , who defeated the then socialist mayor in the 2001 election after a campaign focused on the bad records of the socialist mayor on fighting crime , and the high level of insecurity in the town .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "Castres has teamed up with the nearby town of Mazamet ( southeast of Castres ) and the independent suburbs and villages in between to create the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council ( Communauté dagglomération de Castres-Mazamet ) , which was established in January 2000 ( succeeding a previous district which had been created in 1993 with fewer powers than the current council ) . The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council groups 16 independent communes ( including Castres and Mazamet ) , with a total population of 79,988 inhabitants ( at the 1999 census ) , 54% of these living in the commune of Castres",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "proper , 13% in the commune of Mazamet , and the rest in the communes in between .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": " The Greater Castres-Mazamet Council was created in order to better coordinate transport , infrastructure , housing , and economic policies between the communes of the area . The current president of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council is Jacques Limouzy ( Gaullist , member of UMP ) , former mayor of Castres before 1995 , who became president in 2001 .",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"text": "The name of the town comes from Latin castrum , and means fortified place . Castres grew up round the Benedictine abbey of Saint Benoît , which is believed to have been founded in AD 647 , possibly on the site of an old Roman fort ( castrum ) . Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Spain because its abbey-church , built in the 9th century , was keeping the relics of Saint Vincent , the renowned martyr of Spain . It was a place of some importance as early as",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the 12th century , and ranked as the second town of the Albigeois behind Albi . Despite the decline of its abbey , which in 1074 came under the authority of Saint Victor abbey in Marseille , Castres was granted a liberal charter in the 12th century by the famous Trencavel family , viscounts of Albi . Resulting from the charter , Castres was ruled by a college of consuls .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "During the Albigensian Crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort , and thus entered into the kingdom of France in 1229 . In 1317 , Pope John XXII established the bishopric of Castres . In 1356 , the town of Castres was raised to a countship by King John II of France . However , the town greatly suffered from the Black Plague in 1347-1348 , then from the Black Prince of England and the Free Companies ( bands of lawless mercenaries ) who laid waste the country during the Hundred Years War . Consequently ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by the late 14th century Castres entered a period of sharp decline . In 1375 , there were only 4,000 inhabitants left in town , only half the figure from a century before . Following the confiscation of the possessions of Jacques dArmagnac , duke of Nemours , to which the countship of Castres had passed , it was bestowed in 1476 by King Louis XI on Boffille de Juge ( Boffillo del Giudice ) , an Italian nobleman and adventurer serving as a diplomat for Louis XI , but the appointment led to so much disagreement ( family feud",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "between Boffille de Juge , his only daughter , and his brother-in-law ) that the countship was united to the crown by King Francis I in 1519 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Around 1560 , the majority of the population of Castres converted to Protestantism . In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party , fortified the town , and established an independent republic . Castres was one of the largest Protestant strongholds in southern France , along with Montauban and La Rochelle . Henry of Navarre , leader of the Protestant party , who later became King Henry IV of France , stayed in Castres in 1585 . The Protestants of Castres were brought to terms , however , by King",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Louis XIII in 1629 , and Richelieu came himself to Castres to have its fortifications dismantled . Nonetheless , after these religious wars , the town , now in peace , enjoyed a period of rapid expansion . Business and traditional commercial activities revived , in particular fur and leather-dressing , tanning , and above all wool trade . Culture flourished anew , with the founding of the Academy of Castres in 1648 . Castres was turned by the Catholic Church into an active center of Counter-Reformation , with the establishments of several convents in town , and the building",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "of a renowned bishops palace by Mgr . Tubœuf , still the most famous monument in town today . A new cathedral was also built , after the destructions of the religious wars . Perhaps even more important , Castres was made the seat of the Chambre de lÉdit of the Parliament of Toulouse , a court of justice detached from the Parliament of Toulouse and in charge of dealing with the cases involving the Protestants of Languedoc , a measure of protection granted to them by the Edict of Nantes . This court attracted much business to Castres .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1665 , there were 7,000 inhabitants in Castres , 4,000 of whom Catholic , and 3,000 Protestant .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In 1670 however , the Chambre de lÉdit was transferred to Castelnaudary , much to the discontent of even the catholic citizens of Castres , who lost a major source of business and revenue with the departure of the lawyers and the plaintiffs . The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes soon followed , and Castres suffered greatly when many Protestants chose to go into exile . Then came the plague of 1720-1721 and the fire of 1724 . Last but not least , Castres lost its liberal charter in 1758 . In the 1760s , a few years after",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "the famous Calas Affair in Toulouse , Castres made the headlines nationwide : Pierre-Paul Sirven and his wife , both Protestants , were wrongly accused of having murdered their daughter in order to prevent her from converting to Catholicism . Tried and sentenced to death in absentia on March 29 , 1764 , they were defended by Voltaire , and eventually exonerated in 1771 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The outbreak of the French Revolution was generally welcomed in Castres , particularly among the local Protestant merchants and entrepreneurs , but the majority of the population remained moderate during the whole period . In 1793 for instance , Protestant pastor Alba La Source , Castres representative at the Convention in Paris , opposed the deportation of non-juror Catholic priests to French Guiana , where death in the horrid jungle was certain ( see Civil Constitution of the Clergy ) . Non-juror priests were by far the majority in the region of Castres . Accused of being a moderate ,",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Alba La Source was guillotined in October 1793 . Suspected of being lukewarm toward the revolution , Castres was duly chastised . The bishopric which had been established by Pope John XXII in 1317 was abolished , Castres later becoming part of the bishopric of Albi . Capital of the of Tarn in 1790 , the town was downgraded to capital of an arrondissement in 1797 , Albi being made the capital of the .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Despite these setbacks , in the 19th century the economy of Castres developed greatly , and the town grew outside of its old medieval center . As early as 1815 , the first mechanized wool mill was set up in town . Originally specialized in luxury cloth , the Castres textile industry then turned toward more ordinary types of cloth , whose markets were considerably larger . Around 1860 , there were 50 wool mills in town , employing 3,000 people . In the end of the 19th century , mechanical engineering industries appeared beside the textile industry , which",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "led to Castres becoming a major arsenal for the French army during the First World War . Castres was linked to the French railway network in 1865 . At the end of the 19th century , Castres was the largest town in the of Tarn , with 5,000 more inhabitants than Albi .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "However , in the 20th century the town entered a new period of decline . Although Castres emerged from the two world wars unscathed , no military operations or combats taking place in southwest France , the local economy has been hard hit by change . Like so many towns and cities of Europe which had benefited most from the Industrial Revolution , Castres is experiencing a difficult restructuring of its industrial base . Textile has particularly suffered . Castres is also crippled by its geographical location , isolated in a dead end at the foot of the Massif Central",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "mountains , away from the main exchange and transport routes . Castres is still not connected to the motorway ( freeway ) network of France , the only town of that size in France not yet connected . The creation of the Greater Castres-Mazamet Council in 2000 was expected to deal with the transport problem , and to work on attracting new industries . The good fortune of Castres is to be located only away from the very dynamic Toulouse . The long-promised motorway link with Toulouse is due to be completed soon , and Castres hopes to benefit from",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "its proximity with the big Occitan city .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The principal industries are mechanical and electrical engineering , machine tools , wooden furniture , granite , textile , fur and leather-dressing , tanning , chemicals , pharmaceuticals , and selective breeding of cows .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": "Traditional and polluting industries such as textile , tanning , fur and leather-dressing , or chemicals , are in sharp decline . However , a multinational pharmaceutical group ( Pierre Fabre Group ) emerged in the town in the 1960s , and it has kept its headquarters and R&D division in the metropolitan area , helping to counterbalance the general decline in industry . Some now accuse its founder and president , Pierre Fabre , of being the real master of Castres , making and designating Castres mayors at will .",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"text": " The Gare de Castres railway station is served by regional trains to Mazamet and Toulouse .",
"title": "Transport"
},
{
"text": " Castres is the hometown of socialist politician and newspaper publisher Jean Jaurès ( 1859–1914 ) , who was murdered in Paris the day before the start of the First World War . Mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in Castres in 1665 , while attending a session of the Chambre de lÉdit there . French writer Roger Peyrefitte was born into a wealthy family of Castres in 1907 . Former French footballer Claude Puel was also born in Castres . Other people born in the city include : - Guilhabert de Castres - Cathar bishop",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "- Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult - Politician and marshal during the Napoleonic wars",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - André Dacier - Scholar - John Ligonier , 1st Earl Ligonier - British general - Paul de Rapin - Historian - Roger Peyrefitte - Diplomat and author - Claude Puel - Football player and manager - Charles Blanc - Art critic - Yannick Jauzion - Rugby union player - Clément Poitrenaud - Rugby union player - Pierre Camara - Athlete - Pierre-Paul Sirven - philosopher - Maryline Salvetat -cyclist . - Guillaume Borne - footballer - Maurice Gabolde - Minister of Justice in the Vichy regime of Philippe Petain - Lore Baudrit - ice hockey player",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": "Residents of Castres include :",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " - Paul Pellisson - Author - Anne Lefèvre - Scholar - Jean Bon Saint-André - Politician during the Revolution era - Bernardo Gui - Inquisitor - Philip of Montfort , Lord of Castres - Nobleman - Boffille de Juge - Statesman - Vincent Baron - Theologian - Pierre de Fermat - Mathematician - Kees Meeuws - Rugby union player - Christophe Farnaud - French ambassador to Greece - Hans Bellmer - Artist",
"title": "People"
},
{
"text": " Castres is intersected from north to south by the Agout River . The river is fringed by old houses the upper stories of which project over its waters .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "The church of Saint Benoît , once the cathedral of Castres , and the most important of the churches of Castres today , dates only from the 17th and 18th centuries . The city hall occupies the former bishops palace , designed in the 17th century by Jules Hardouin-Mansart ( the architect of Versailles ) , and with gardens designed by André Le Nôtre ( the designer of the gardens in Versailles ) . The Romanesque tower beside it ( Tour Saint Benoît ) is the only survival of the old Benedictine abbey . The town possesses some old mansions",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": "from the 16th and 17th century , including the Hôtel de Nayrac , of the Renaissance .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " Castres possesses the renowned Goya Museum , created in 1840 , which contains the largest collection of Spanish paintings in France . A Jaurès Museum was also opened in 1954 in the house where Jean Jaurès was born in 1859 . The Jardin botanique Pierre Fabre La Michonne is a private botanical garden and conservatory that can be visited .",
"title": "Main sights"
},
{
"text": " As one might expect of a town of western Occitania nicknamed Ovalie , the main sport in Castres is rugby union , followed religiously by many locals . The local professional club is Castres Olympique , who are five-time champions of France as well as the current champions ( in 1949 , 1950 , 1993 , 2013 and 2018 ) . Castres Olympique is the property of local tycoon Pierre Fabre , founder and president of Pierre Fabre Group . The finish of Stage 12 of the 2007 Tour de France was in Castres .",
"title": "Sports"
},
{
"text": " The city happened to see the birth of its first student radio ( ) in 2007 .",
"title": "Medias"
},
{
"text": " Castres is twinned with : - Linares , Spain - Wakefield , England - Butare , Rwanda",
"title": "Twin towns"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#0
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) in Feb 1613?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#1
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Oct 1620 and Dec 1620?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Karakaş Mehmed Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#2
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Oct 1630 and Feb 1631?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Hafız Ahmed Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#3
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Jul 1635 and Oct 1635?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Murtaza Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#4
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Apr 1641 and Sep 1643?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Ahmed Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#5
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Nov 1645 and Feb 1648?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Voynuk Ahmed Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#6
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) in Feb 1655?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
"Ibşir Mustafa Pasha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Ayşe_Sultan_(daughter_of_Ahmed_I)#P26#7
|
Who was the spouse of Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed I) between Dec 1656 and 1657?
|
Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I ) Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages . Life . Birth . Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses . Marriages . The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times , often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively . Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle . Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year , the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property . While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 . Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 . This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 . In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands . Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier . She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution . Death . Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque . Charities . In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan ( ; 1605/08 – 1656/57 ) was an Ottoman princess , daughter of Sultan Ahmed I ( reign 1603–17 ) and Kösem Sultan , half-sister of Sultan Osman II ( reign 1618–22 ) and sister of Sultan Murad IV ( reign 1623–40 ) and Sultan Ibrahim ( reign 1640–48 ) of the Ottoman Empire . Ayşe is known for her many politically motivated marriages .",
"title": "Ayşe Sultan ( daughter of Ahmed I )"
},
{
"text": " Born in Constantinople , Ayşe Sultan was one of Ahmeds daughters by his favourite consort Kösem Sultan . Her birth date is variously estimated as 1605 , 1606 , or 1608 . When mentioning her and Nasuh Pashas 1612 wedding , 17th-century historian Mustafa Naima refers to Ayşe as the youngest of the princesses .",
"title": "Birth"
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman princesses were normally married away , to influential Ottoman officials , by their mothers or paternal grandmothers , who had the right to arrange their marriages and arranged matches which could be of political use . They had privileges in marriage which separated them from other Muslim females : such as the right to be the only wife of their spouse , to refuse to consummate their marriage until they were ready , and to contract a divorce when they pleased . Due to many of them marrying as children and being widowed and divorced several times ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "often for political reasons , remarriages were very common . Ayşe and her sister , Fatma Sultan are extreme examples of this : they were married at least seven and six times , and entered into their last engagement at the ages of about 50 and 61 , respectively .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Of the total number of Ayşes husbands , two were executed , one was assassinated and two fell in battle .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Ayşe Sultan was married firstly in 1612 to Gümülcineli Nasuh Pasha ( d . 1614 ) , Grand Vizier 1611–14 . The celebrations of their engagement and wedding ceremonies , as well as those of her sister Gevherhan Sultan and Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha , which took place in succession over a number of months of 1611 and 1612 , were sponsored by Ahmed , and were so elaborate and extravagant that they were observed by the public as if they were festivals marking the end of wars the Sultan had promised . In July of the latter year ,",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "the little princess was taken in great pomp to her husbands palace , where he would eventually be executed in her presence , much to her distress . This palace , located opposite the quay known as Salacak in Üsküdar , she retained as her own property .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " While still a child , Ayşe was married secondly to Karakaş Mehmed Pasha ( d . 1621 ) , Beylerbey ( governor-general ) of Buda . However the man soon died while fighting in Osman IIs military campaign against Poland , the marriage thus lasting less than a year . In 1626 her mother Kösem Sultan offered her hand in marriage to Hafız Ahmed Pasha ( 1564– 10 February 1632 ) , Grand Vizier 1625–26 , 1631–32 ; she wed the sixty-year-old man either in the same year or on 13 March 1627 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "Only a month after the murder of Hafiz Pasha during a Janissary revolt against her brother Murad IV , Ayşe was betrothed to Murtaza Pasha ( d . 1636 ) , beylerbey of Diyarbekir and Vizier , the nuptials though not being held until his arrival at the imperial capitol of Constantinople in 1635 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " This old and ailing husband she strongly disliked , according to Venetian reports , died – thus saving her from a unhappy life – during Murads military campaign against Revan , which took place in the course of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1623–39 ) . She was next married in 1639 to Ahmed Pasha ( d.1644 ) , beylerbey of Aleppo and Damascus , and in March 1645 to Voynuk Ahmed Pasha ( d . 28 July 1649 ) , beylerbey of Adana , Vizier , Admiral of the Fleet12/22 June 1648 – 28 July 1649 .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "In 1643 , early in the reign of her brother Ibrahim the Mad , Ayşe is recorded , like her sisters Fatma Sultan and Hanzade Sultan , as receiving the maximum daily stipend for imperial princesses of the time , namely 400 aspers ; yet , later , in circa 1647 , the three of them as well as their niece , Murads daughter Kaya Sultan , were subjected , on what was another assault of the protocol on Ibrahims part , to the indignity of subordination to his concubines . He took away their lands and jewels ( presumably",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "to award them to his Hasekis ) , and made them serve Hümaşah Sultan , the concubine he married , by standing at attention like servants while she ate and fetching and holding the soap , basin and pitcher of water with which she washed her hands .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Because of what he believed was failure to serve his beloved Hümaşah properly , the Sultan then banished them to Edirne Palace . Some five or six years after Voynuk Ahmed Pasha died in battle , by rifle fire , during the Cretan War ( 1645–69 ) , in 1654 or 1655 , Ayşe was betrothed to rebel Ibşir Mustafa Pasha ( d . 11 May 1655 ) . Thanks to her appeal Mustafa Pasha was given the post of Grand Vizier .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": "She apparently anxiously awaited her intended husbands arrival – which he delayed for months – for she dispatched several emissaries to bring him to the capitol . Her head servant , Mercan Ağa , finally succeeded in the task , and when Ibşir and his troops reached her palace in Üsküdar she treated him and the statesmen that had come to receive him to a great banquet , like a feast of Hatem Tay , according to Evliya Çelebi . Their wedding took place on 28 February 1655 . Their life together was short , ending upon his execution .",
"title": "Marriages"
},
{
"text": " Ayşe Sultan most probably died in or around 1656–1657 . She was entombed in her father Sultan Ahmed Is mausoleum in Sultan Ahmed Mosque .",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"text": " In 1618 , Ayşe Sultan had a water dispenser built between what is today Okçubaşı avenue and the tram railway in Istanbul . Depictions in literature & popular culture . - Ayşe Sultan is a character in Güngör Dilmens ( 1930-2012 ) one-woman play I , Anatolia ( Ben , Anadolu ) , featuring Anatolian women from time immemorial to the early twentieth century . - In 2015 Turkish historical fiction TV series , an adolescent Ayşe Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Sude Zulal Güner .",
"title": "Charities"
}
] |
/wiki/Jeff_Berding#P69#0
|
Jeff Berding went to which school before Feb 1982?
|
Jeff Berding Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau . Early life . Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University . Sports career . Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) . In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records . In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed . FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club . Political career . Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee . In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March . Honors . In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati . Personal life . Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .
|
[
"Xavier High School"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau .",
"title": "Jeff Berding"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Jeff_Berding#P69#1
|
Jeff Berding went to which school in late 1980s?
|
Jeff Berding Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau . Early life . Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University . Sports career . Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) . In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records . In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed . FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club . Political career . Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee . In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March . Honors . In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati . Personal life . Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .
|
[
"Miami University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau .",
"title": "Jeff Berding"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Jeff_Berding#P69#2
|
Jeff Berding went to which school between Oct 1998 and Dec 1998?
|
Jeff Berding Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau . Early life . Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University . Sports career . Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) . In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records . In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed . FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club . Political career . Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee . In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March . Honors . In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati . Personal life . Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .
|
[
"Xavier University"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jeff Berding ( born February 8 , 1967 ) is an American sports executive and politician . Since 2015 , he has served as the president of the FC Cincinnati , a Major League Soccer franchise . He is also a Democratic politician , having served on the Cincinnati City Council from 2005 to 2011 . From 1996 to 2015 , he worked as an executive for the Cincinnati Bengals . Berding is currently serving as board chair of the Cincinnati USA Convention and Visitors Bureau .",
"title": "Jeff Berding"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding was born on February 8 , 1967 , and grew up in the Westwood neighborhood of Cincinnati , Ohio , with nine siblings . Berding became interested in sports at an early age and played basketball , baseball , and soccer in school . He graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1985 and attended Miami University . He received his MBA from Xavier University .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Cincinnati Bengals ( 1996–2015 ) . Berding was an executive with the Cincinnati Bengals for 19 years , starting in 1996 after working on a sales tax initiative that would fund construction of Paul Brown Stadium and Great American Ball Park . He quit his position as Director of Sales & Public Affairs in July 2015 to found the new soccer club FC Cincinnati . FC Cincinnati ( 2015–present ) .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "In August 2015 , news broke of the formation of a United Soccer League franchise team to be located in Cincinnati and begin play in spring 2016 , with Jeff Berding as president and general manager . Upon launching , FC Cincinnati was quickly noted for its unusually high attendance , frequently outdrawing Major League Soccer matches and breaking league records .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": " In October 2017 , Berding spoke at a Hamilton County Commissioners public hearing on major projects to advocate for public funding to build a new stadium for FC Cincinnati to play in , should the clubs bid to join Major League Soccer as an expansion team succeed .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "FC Cincinnati was officially granted an Major League Soccer franchise on May 29 , 2018 , to begin play in 2019 . Berding retained his positions as president and general manager through the transition from USL to MLS . However , on May 30 , 2019 , FC Cincinnati announced they had hired Gerard Nijkamp to take over Berdings general manager responsibilities . Berding said Nijkamp was hired for his lifelong soccer expertise which Berding lacked . Berding remained the clubs president and shifted his work focus to the business and branding side of the club .",
"title": "Sports career"
},
{
"text": "Berding was elected to a two-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 2005 in his first campaign for political office . He previously worked for Senator John Glenn and on other political campaigns . In the 2005 election , Berding raised the most money of all the candidates in the race . Although he is a Democrat , the council seats are nonpartisan . He served as Chair of the Rules and Government Operations Committee , Vice-chair of the Finance Committee , and was a member of the Law and Public Safety Committee and the Economic Development Committee .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In 2009 , the local Democratic Party withdrew its endorsement of Berding . In January 2011 , Berding announced that he would soon resign from his council position , citing a desire to focus on his position with the Cincinnati Bengals . He stayed on the council for two more months before officially resigning in March .",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"text": " In September 2016 , the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society named Jeff Berding that years recipient of the Silver Hope Award . In his State of the City speech in October 2016 , Cincinnati mayor John Cranley named Jeff Berding and Carl Lindner III as the shared holders of the Cincinnatian of the Year award for their work managing FC Cincinnati .",
"title": "Honors"
},
{
"text": " Jeff Berding has three children – Allie , Jack , and Grace . He married Lindsay Bumbaugh in 2009 .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to between Oct 1989 and Apr 1991?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Reipas",
"HJK , Finlands ed MyPa"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Sep 1992?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Ajax"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Jun 2000?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Barcelona"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Jun 2001?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Liverpool"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Aug 2004?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Lahti",
"Hansa Rostock"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#5
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Nov 2006?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Malmö FF"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Jari_Litmanen#P54#6
|
Which team did the player Jari Litmanen belong to in Nov 2009?
|
Jari Litmanen Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever . In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) . During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career . His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent . Club career . Early career in Finland . Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final , including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa . Ajax . Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 : During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 . Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year . Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch . But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career . Barcelona . In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time . Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona : After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer . Liverpool . We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 . Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer Leverkusen in the Champions League . According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club . Return to Ajax . Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock . Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club . Malmö FF . Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break , Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it . Fulham . In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team . Return to Lahti . On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory . On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen . Return to HJK . On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä . On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career . International career . Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition . Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson . When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match . Later career . In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat . Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 . Personal life . Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public . On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career . On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape . Career statistics . Club . - Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994 . Honours . Club . MyPa - Finnish Cup : 1992 Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Liverpool - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011 International . Finland - Nordic Football Championship : 2000–01 Individual . - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994 - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals - Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame External links . - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat
|
[
"Malmö FF",
"Fulham",
"Lahti"
] |
[
{
"text": " Jari Olavi Litmanen ( ; born 20 February 1971 ) is a Finnish former footballer . He was the first-choice captain of the Finland national team between 1996 and 2008 in an international career that ran from 1989 to 2010 .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen is widely considered to be Finlands greatest football player of all time . He was chosen as the best Finnish player of the last 50 years by the Football Association of Finland in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003 . He also finished 42nd in the 100 Greatest Finns voting in 2004 . The Association of Football Statisticians ( The AFS ) compendium of Greatest Ever Footballers listed Litmanen as the 53rd best footballer ever .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " In Finland , he is often called Litti ( after Pierre Littbarski and his own surname ) , which dates from his early years , and is also known as Kuningas ( The King ) .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "During his club career , Litmanen represented Reipas , HJK , MyPa and Lahti in Finland , and Ajax , Barcelona , Liverpool , Hansa Rostock and Malmö FF abroad . Once considered one of the best attacking midfielders in the world , he became the first Finnish footballing superstar while playing for Ajax in the mid-1990s , winning the Champions League in 1995 , the peak year of his career .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": " His later career was marred by injuries , and he was unable to repeat the success of his Ajax years either at Barcelona or Liverpool , often finding himself on the bench , despite some impressive performances for the latter . Writing about Litmanen in 2009 , Paul Simpson , former FourFourTwo editor , went as far as to assert that his career has not been worthy of his talent .",
"title": "Jari Litmanen"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made his debut for Reipas in Finlands then top division Mestaruussarja at the age of 16 in 1987 . After four seasons with Reipas he moved to HJK , Finlands ed MyPa , where he was coached by Harri Kampman , who later introduced him to his agent , the late Heikki Marttinen . Litmanen did not win any medals in the Finnish league , but he did win the Finnish Cup with MyPa in July 1992 in a 2–0 win over FF Jaro in the final at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium . His performance in the cup final",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": ", including a goal , convinced a scout of Ajax that the club should sign him . For me , he was the player , the scout later told Finnish television . His transfer took place during the same summer , and he did not complete the Finnish football season with MyPa .",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"text": " Before his move to Ajax , Litmanen had failed to earn a contract with the Romanian club Dinamo București . A number of European clubs , including Barcelona , Leeds United and PSV , had shown an interest in him , but in the end it was Ajax that bought him . David Endt , who was the Ajax team manager in the 1990s , described his first impression of Litmanen to the Finnish broadcasting corporation YLE in 2010 :",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "During 1992–93 , his first season at Ajax , he played mostly in the reserves . The Ajax manager Louis van Gaal was apparently not overly impressed with him , but the team physiotherapist suggested using him as a stand-in for Dennis Bergkamp , who was injured at the time . Van Gaal liked what he saw , and knowing that Bergkamp was about to leave for Internazionale , he announced that Litmanen would be Bergkamps successor , something that people in Litmanens native Finland found difficult to believe . This turned out to be true , however , and",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "he inherited from Bergkamp the famous number 10 shirt , which is often given to playmakers . He went on to score 26 goals in the 1993–94 season , becoming the leagues top scorer , and leading Ajax to the title . He was also voted Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands in 1993 .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen was one of the star players of Van Gaals team that won three consecutive Dutch championships and reached the UEFA Champions League final twice in a row . From the beginning of the 1994–95 season to the middle of the 1995–96 season , Ajax went undefeated in both the Eredivisie ( a run of 52 games ) and the Champions League ( 19 games ) . When Ajax beat Milan in the 1995 Champions League final , Litmanen became the first Finnish player to win the European Cup/Champions League . In 1995–96 , he was the Champions League top",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "scorer with nine goals , including the equaliser in the final against Juventus , which Ajax lost on penalties . In 1995 , he also won the Intercontinental Cup against Grêmio and came third in the voting for the Ballon dOr ( European Footballer of the Year ) , having finished eighth the previous year .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen spent seven years in Amsterdam , winning four Dutch championships and three KNVB Cups , and scored a total of 129 goals , 91 of them in the league . He is the clubs top scorer in European competition with 26 goals in 54 matches ( including two goals scored in the 2002–03 season ) . Litmanen has the honour of being one of just three players presented in a special video featurette at the Ajax Museum . The other two are Marco van Basten and Johan Cruyff . Frank Rijkaard , Litmanens teammate in the 1993–94 and 1994–95",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": "seasons , once said , Dennis Bergkamp was brilliant for Ajax but the best No.10 we ever had was Jari . In his time at Ajax , some fans called him Merlin because of the magic he brought to the pitch .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " But his proneness to injury also earned Litmanen the name The Man of Glass , and injuries hampered his later seasons at Ajax causing him to miss many games ( in his six seasons as a regular first-team player , he missed 57 out of a total of 204 league games , and in his last three seasons , he missed seven out of 24 European matches , playing only part of five others ) . His injury problems were to worsen as time passed , undermining his subsequent career .",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " In 1999 , Litmanen was reunited with Louis van Gaal at Barcelona , one of several former Ajax players recruited by Van Gaal in his time as manager . Litmanens stint with the club was largely plagued by injuries . An article in The Observer in April 2000 likened him to Pope John Paul II , in that he was making few appearances and looking more frail each time .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen also failed to adapt to his new conditions , and he was one of the players dropped by Van Gaal that winter . Van Gaal later expressed his disappointment with Litmanen at Barcelona :",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": " After an unsuccessful season , Van Gaal was replaced by Lorenzo Serra Ferrer , and Litmanen was frozen out of the team , losing the number 10 shirt to Rivaldo , although he remained at the club until January 2001 , when he moved to Liverpool on a free transfer .",
"title": "Barcelona"
},
{
"text": "We have signed a world-class player . He comes with a massive reputation and I believe hes one of the most exciting signings we have made , said Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier after the transfer had been completed . Litmanen also expressed his pleasure with the move : It has always been my dream to play for Liverpool . I have supported them since I was a child and there has been talk about me joining them before . He wanted to wear the number seven shirt as worn by his boyhood hero Kenny Dalglish , but this had already",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "been taken by Vladimír Šmicer . As shirt numbers 17 and 27 were also in use , he settled for the number 37 .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen made a good start at Liverpool but broke his wrist playing for Finland against England at Anfield in late March 2001 and missed the rest of the season . Although he was part of the Liverpool team that won the treble of the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001 , he missed all three finals because of injury . The following season , he was used sparingly by Houllier but did score goals against Tottenham Hotspur , Arsenal , Aston Villa and Fulham in the Premier League and against Dynamo Kyiv , Roma and Bayer",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": "Leverkusen in the Champions League .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " According to his profile on LFCHistory.net , Litmanen had difficulties in training due to his ankle problems and was hardly able to play for ninety minutes week in and week out . Litmanen himself was frustrated by his lack of playing time at Liverpool : Litmanen was again given permission to move clubs for free after the 2001–02 season , having scored a total of 9 goals in 43 official matches during his one and a half seasons at the club .",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen decided to return to Ajax , and was given a heros welcome with the crowd again singing his name . He was one of the key players as Ajax reached the quarter-finals of the 2002–03 Champions League , but he continued to be plagued by injuries , and much of the following season was once again spent on the sidelines . In the spring of 2004 , the club released him from his contract . Lahti and Hansa Rostock .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanens return to Finland , where he joined Lahti , was much hyped and was hailed as . Litmanen , however , moved to German Bundesliga strugglers Hansa Rostock in January 2005 , but he was unable to prevent them being relegated , which ended his stint at the club .",
"title": "Return to Ajax"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen joined the Swedish club Malmö FF in July 2005 in an attempt to help them qualify for the Champions League . This attempt , however , failed , and Litmanen himself was injured during the whole of the autumn , only making a few appearances . He decided to continue his career with Malmö in 2006 but was again sidelined with a number of injuries for much of the season . However , the matches he did play showed he remained a brilliant player when fit . After an operation to repair a damaged ankle during the winter break",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": ", Malmö decided to extend his contract over the 2007 season , but an ankle injury suffered in June 2007 forced Litmanen to cancel it .",
"title": "Malmö FF"
},
{
"text": " In January 2008 , Litmanen received a ten-day trial invitation from Fulham under former Finland manager Roy Hodgson , and was signed on 31 January 2008 together with fellow countryman Toni Kallio . Just weeks after signing with Fulham , Litmanen had to return to his native Finland to rest , after serious heart concerns . Litmanen eventually made his debut for Fulham in a reserve-team match against Tottenham on 31 March 2008 , but he was released in May of the same year without playing a single game for the first team .",
"title": "Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 8 August 2008 , it was announced that Litmanen would join his former club Lahti of the Finnish Premier Division for the remainder of the 2008 season . Although he only played 34 minutes in his first match , he scored twice and provided the passes for two other goals . He played an important role in helping Lahti to finish third in the league and qualify for Europe for the first time in the clubs history . He signed a new one-year contract with Lahti on 16 April 2009 . Litmanen scored his first European goal for Lahti",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "in a 2–0 win against Gorica in the second qualifying round of the Europa League , with the final aggregate score being 2–1 . This was his 30th goal in 83 European matches . On 18 September 2010 , he scored a bicycle kick goal against Oulu in a 2–1 away victory .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": " On 23 October 2010 , he scored his 50th Veikkausliiga goal , but this happened in a 3–2 defeat against TPS and didnt stop the club from being relegated to Ykkönen .",
"title": "Return to Lahti"
},
{
"text": "On 20 April 2011 , Litmanen signed a one-year contract with the reigning Finnish champions HJK at age 40 , making him one of the few footballers to play at professional level in four different decades ( 1980s–2010s ) . He usually started as a substitute and played for 10–30 minutes . The HJK coach Antti Muurinen described Litmanen as something akin to a precision munition for HJK . He played in this role on 24 September 2011 in the Finnish Cup final against KuPS , coming on in the 80th minute when the score was 0–0 . During the",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "second half of extra time , he scored a spectacular half volley to make it 1–0 to HJK in the 108th minute . They went on to win the match 2–1 . This was Litmanens first Finnish Cup final after winning it with MyPa in 1992 . He commented that if he plays such a cup final every 19 years , he wont be playing many more in his career . On 2 October 2011 , HJK secured their third consecutive Finnish championship , thus winning the Double . As of that day , Litmanen had played 18 matches for",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": "HJK that season , and they had won every single match in which he had been on the field . On 14 October 2011 , this run ended when HJK drew 0–0 with JJK Jyväskylä .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " On 29 October 2011 , Litmanen celebrated his 200th league match by giving three assists in HJKs 5–2 home win over Haka . It was also his last game of the season and would prove to be the last of his professional career .",
"title": "Return to HJK"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen is Finlands most capped player and leading goal scorer . His international career ran for 21 years from 1989 to 2010 . Litmanen made his Finland debut on 22 October 1989 against Trinidad and Tobago , and scored his first goal on 16 May 1991 against Malta . Litmanen served as Finlands captain from 1996 to 2008 , and was arguably their key player for more than a decade , helping the team to many unexpected victories against higher ranked opposition .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": "Litmanen earned his 100th cap on 25 January 2006 against South Korea , one of only four Finns to have reached such a milestone , the others being Ari Hjelm , Sami Hyypiä and Jonatan Johansson .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " When he played for Finland against South Korea on 19 January 2010 , Litmanen became the only player ever to represent a national team in four different decades . On 17 November 2010 , Litmanen became the oldest player ever to score for Finland – and also the oldest player overall to score a goal in the qualifying stages for the UEFA European Championship – when he netted a penalty in an 8–0 win over San Marino , which proved to be his last international match .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " In February 2011 , the sports news programme Urheiluruutu of the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE interviewed two of Litmanens former teammates about the possibility of his working for Ajax when he decides to end his playing career . Former Ajax captain Danny Blind said the following : Michel Kreek of the Ajax Academy was equally positive about this possibility : He served as a TV pundit for YLE during Euro 1992 , Euro 2012 , World Cup 2014 and Euro 2016 , and , during the latter , also wrote comment and analysis for the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": "Jari Litmanen has confirmed in his autobiography that his professional career is over . He played his last professional game in 2011 .",
"title": "Later career"
},
{
"text": " Litmanen was born into a footballing family . His father , Olavi Litmanen , was also a Finnish international and a Reipas player . His mother also played for Reipas at the womens highest level . Litmanen became a father in November 2005 when his Estonian girlfriend Ly Jürgenson gave birth to a son named Caro . The couples second son , Bruno , was born in September 2007 . Although they avoid too much publicity , they are sometimes seen together in public .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "On 10 October 2010 , Litmanen became the first Finnish team sport player to be honoured with a statue : it stands at Kisapuisto ( Lahti ) where he started his career in the 1970s . The King – Jari Litmanen is a 2012 documentary film about Litmanens career .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " On 11 May 2020 , Litmanen said to Unibet that his coronavirus test was positive , and he had been recovering for four weeks . He said of this time that Ive probably never been in such bad shape .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 , 1997–98 , 2003–04 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Dutch Supercup : 1993 , 1994 , 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995",
"title": "Ajax"
},
{
"text": " - FA Cup : 2000–01 - Football League Cup : 2000–01 - FA Community Shield : 2001 - UEFA Cup : 2000–01 - UEFA Super Cup : 2001 - Veikkausliiga : 2011 - Finnish Cup : 2011",
"title": "Liverpool"
},
{
"text": " - Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year ( 8 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 - Finnish Football Association Player of the Year ( 9 ) : 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 - Finnish Veikkausliiga Player of the Year : 1990 - Footballer of the Year in the Netherlands : 1993 - Dutch league top scorer : 1993–94 ( 26 goals ) - UNICEF European Footballer of the Season : 1994–95",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 8th place : 1994",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon dOr ) , 3rd place : 1995 - Finnish Sports Personality of the Year : 1995 - European Sports Media Team of the Year : 1994–95 , 1995–96 - UEFA Champions League top scorer : 1995–96 ( 9 goals ) - UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years : 2003 - Most-capped player for the Finland national team : 137 caps - All-time top scorer for the Finland national team : 32 goals - All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax : 26 goals",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": "- Member of FC Lahti Hall of Fame",
"title": "Individual"
},
{
"text": " - Profile at FA of Finlands official website - Big article , photos and interview with Jari Litmanen - Kuningas Litmanen documentary – English at [ Escape To Suomi ] - Article at Helsingin Sanomat",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Cashman_Field#P466#0
|
Who occupied Cashman Field before Jul 1969?
|
Cashman Field Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations . Baseball beginnings . Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 , 1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs . The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 . Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 . Soccer . In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 . The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant . Other events . Other baseball events . In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 . In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League . Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success . Football . Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 . The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place . Rugby . Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue . Concerts . Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers Problems and criticism . During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times . Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium . During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like this . Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin . Redevelopment and the future of Cashman Field . In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city , so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events . On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC . Original Cashman Field . The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility . The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .
|
[
"UNLV Rebels football team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations .",
"title": "Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 ,",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": "The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": " Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": "The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": " Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue .",
"title": "Rugby"
},
{
"text": " Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers",
"title": "Concerts"
},
{
"text": " During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "this .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city ,",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
}
] |
/wiki/Cashman_Field#P466#1
|
Who occupied Cashman Field between Jul 1990 and Nov 2003?
|
Cashman Field Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations . Baseball beginnings . Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 , 1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs . The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 . Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 . Soccer . In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 . The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant . Other events . Other baseball events . In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 . In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League . Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success . Football . Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 . The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place . Rugby . Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue . Concerts . Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers Problems and criticism . During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times . Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium . During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like this . Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin . Redevelopment and the future of Cashman Field . In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city , so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events . On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC . Original Cashman Field . The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility . The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .
|
[
"Las Vegas Stars"
] |
[
{
"text": " Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations .",
"title": "Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 ,",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": "The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": " Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": "The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": " Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue .",
"title": "Rugby"
},
{
"text": " Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers",
"title": "Concerts"
},
{
"text": " During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "this .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city ,",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
}
] |
/wiki/Cashman_Field#P466#2
|
Who occupied Cashman Field between Aug 2018 and Dec 2018?
|
Cashman Field Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations . Baseball beginnings . Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 , 1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs . The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 . Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 . Soccer . In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 . The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant . Other events . Other baseball events . In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 . In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League . Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success . Football . Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 . The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place . Rugby . Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue . Concerts . Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers Problems and criticism . During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times . Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium . During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like this . Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin . Redevelopment and the future of Cashman Field . In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city , so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events . On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC . Original Cashman Field . The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility . The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .
|
[
"Las Vegas Lights FC"
] |
[
{
"text": " Cashman Field is a soccer stadium in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada . It is primarily used for soccer as the home field of Las Vegas Lights FC of the USL Championship . It was formerly the home of the Las Vegas 51s Minor League Baseball team of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League . The field is adjacent to Cashman Center , an exhibit hall and theater operated by the City of Las Vegas . The complex is named for James Big Jim Cashman and his family , who have been Las Vegas entrepreneurs for several generations .",
"title": "Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field opened in 1983 as the home field of the new Las Vegas Stars , the former Spokane Indians of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League , who had relocated to Las Vegas following the 1982 season . The symmetrical field boasted dimensions of down the left and right field foul lines , feet to center field , and feet to the power alleys in right-center and left-center fields . The ballpark opened with a maximum seating capacity of 9,334 . Its first professional baseball game was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exhibition held on April 1 ,",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "1983 , in which the San Diego Padres faced the Seattle Mariners in front of 13,878 fans . The Cashman Field attendance record of 15,025 was set on April 3 , 1993 , for an exhibition game between the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " The ballpark played host the 1990 Triple-A All-Star Game which saw the team of National League-affiliated All-Stars defeat the team of American League-affiliated All-Stars , 8–5 . Las Vegas Eddie Williams was selected as the PCL MVP . In further interleague play , Cashman Field hosted the Triple-A World Series from 1998 until 2000 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": "Its final professional baseball game was played on September 3 , 2018 . With the 51s trailing 3–2 in the bottom of the ninth inning and a runner on base , first baseman Peter Alonso hit a walk-off home run to left field giving Las Vegas a 4–3 win over the Sacramento River Cats . The 51s ( renamed the Aviators ) moved to Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin in 2019 .",
"title": "Baseball beginnings"
},
{
"text": " In July 2017 , Las Vegas Lights FC , a team in the league then known as the United Soccer League and now as the USL Championship , was announced to begin playing at Cashman Field in 2018 . Lights FC played their first game on February 10 , 2018 , an exhibition match against the Montreal Impact of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) in front of a crowd of 10,383 people . Cashman Field previously hosted MLS exhibition games between the LA Galaxy and San Jose Earthquakes , dubbed the California Clasico in 2016 and 2017 .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": "The original configuration of Cashman Field is more suited for soccer than other former baseball parks . With center field at a right angle and all the foul territory behind first and third base at equal distance , the field is in a square shape and seats are close to the field for soccer . The Lights began renovations to make Cashman Field a soccer-specific stadium in April 2019 after the Aviators baseball team formally gave their 60-day lease termination notice that made the Lights the primary tenant .",
"title": "Soccer"
},
{
"text": " In addition to Triple-A baseball , the stadium hosted the Oakland Athletics first six home games of the 1996 season due to renovations taking place at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum . From 2001 to 2003 , the field hosted the Big League Challenge , a home run derby for star Major Leaguers after the conclusion of the MLB season . Cashman Field hosted at least one Major League Baseball spring training game annually , dubbed Big League Weekend . The Cubs appeared in the game 13 consecutive times , with their final appearance in 2018 .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the stadium hosted the Mexican Baseball Fiesta , a series of two games between the Naranjeros de Hermosillo and the Águilas de Mexicali of the Mexican Pacific League .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "Cashman Field had been suggested as a temporary stadium in the citys efforts to woo either a Major League Baseball expansion team , or an existing team desiring to move . The stadium would have served as home field until a permanent facility could be built . It had come up in the citys talks to lure the former Montreal Expos , Florida Marlins , and Oakland Athletics . However , the park would have needed considerable expansion , particularly in seating capacity , in order to host a team . The substantial costs which would be incurred in expansion",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": "and construction of a new stadium , as well as MLB concerns over Las Vegas legalized gambling , have so far kept the citys proposals from achieving success .",
"title": "Other baseball events"
},
{
"text": " Though the original Cashman Field hosted several American football teams in the 1960s ( including the UNLV Rebels football team , the Las Vegas Cowboys of the Continental Football League in 1969 and at least one American Football League exhibition ) , it ceased doing so around 1971 with the opening of Sam Boyd Stadium , which was designed for football . In 1964 , the field was re-organized for an AFL charity game where the Oakland Raiders had played the Houston Oilers , in a game that the Raiders won 53 to 49 .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": "The stadium was also considered for use as the home stadium for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League starting in 2011 ; however , the team remained at Sam Boyd Stadium in Whitney for that seasons only home game . The team again announced negotiations with Cashman for the 2012 season but decided again to remain at Sam Boyd for at least the first two games of the season . The league ceased operations before the seasons other two home games , which Sam Boyd had not yet agreed to host , could take place .",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"text": " Cashman Field was named the temporary home of Major League Rugbys San Diego Legion for the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic and scheduling issues at their normal home venue .",
"title": "Rugby"
},
{
"text": " Several concerts were held at the field such as Jerry Cantrell and Metallica on September 12 , 1998 . Other concerts have included The Beach Boys , Earth , Wind & Fire and The Doobie Brothers",
"title": "Concerts"
},
{
"text": " During the last years of the 51s stay at Cashman Field , players and staff from both the 51s and visiting teams criticized the facility . While it had been state-of-the-art when it opened , by the turn of the millennium it was considered far behind the times .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Players complained that the field was hard on their backs and knees . The bullpens and clubhouse were also considered second-class . The weight room was smaller when compared to other Triple-A stadiums , with infielder Ty Kelly calling it basically just a room.. . not an actual weight room . The batting cage was also a point of concern for the players . It was a single lane , which was only accessible by walking out of the clubhouse to the parking lot . Johnny Monell described the cage as one likely to be found at a high school",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "facility and not up to par for a Triple-A stadium .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "During a 51s game on August 22 , 2015 , the stadium sewage system backed up , causing raw sewage to flow into the dugouts . The smell was so strong that players were forced to watch the rest of the game from chairs on the field . Team president and chief operating officer Don Logan said , Its disappointing that Vegas has the worst facility in our league when we have such a great town with the greatest hotels , the greatest dining , the greatest shopping . Its not becoming of this community to have a place like",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "this .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "Pacific Coast League commissioner Branch Barrett Rickey expressed his concerns about the feasibility of the continuous usage of Cashman Field as a Triple-A ballpark . In a letter to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority which owned and operated the facility , he wrote that ensuring that the upgrades necessary to keep Cashman at something approaching Triple-A standards would require spending many tens of millions of dollars that would still not be enough to make the stadium an optimal long-term solution . He also added that Cashmans days of useful life were well behind it , and that most",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "MLB teams opted to place their top affiliations in far less appropriate markets than Las Vegas rather than deal with Cashmans shortcomings . In 2019 , Cashman was replaced as a baseball park by Las Vegas Ballpark in Summerlin .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "In 2017 , the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority , which had been the primary operators of Cashman Center and Cashman Field , turned over all operations to the City of Las Vegas . Since that time , the city has attempted to redevelop and revitalize the site , even soliciting ideas from the public . In 2018 , the site was considered for a proposed stadium for the National Football Leagues Oakland Raiders during the teams relocation bid , however it was beat out by a larger site closer to the Las Vegas Strip . The city ,",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "so far , has been unsuccessful in its attempt to redevelop the site , with the convention halls and theater remaining closed , and only Cashman Field hosting events .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "On June 5 , 2019 , the Las Vegas City Council voted to begin negotiations with the Renaissance Group to redevelop the Cashman Center and adjacent land also owned by the city to feature a new 25,000-seat soccer stadium as well as retail , hotels and residences . If an agreement is reached within the 180 day time limit ( expiring on December 3 , 2019 ) , Lights FC owner Brett Lashbrook has agreed to sell the team to Boston-based Baupost Group in effort to make the Lights a Major League Soccer expansion franchise . Under the Renaissance Groups",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "proposal , Cashman Fields current playing field would remain as a practice field for the Lights FC .",
"title": "Problems and criticism"
},
{
"text": "The original Cashman Field was built in 1947 on a site at Las Vegas Boulevard and Bonanza Avenue . The stadium was used for football and rodeos before the first baseball game was held on May 21 , 1948 . The stadium was designed primarily for football , rodeo , concerts and boxing with one large grandstand . For baseball this meant all the seats were along first base line . The stadium was home to the Las Vegas Wranglers from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1957 to 1958 . Boxing matches were also held at the facility .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
},
{
"text": "The first professional football game in Las Vegas was held at the stadium in 1964 when the American Football League then-Oakland Raiders played the then-Houston Oilers .",
"title": "Original Cashman Field"
}
] |
/wiki/Edmund_Randolph#P39#0
|
Edmund Randolph took which position before Aug 1787?
|
Edmund Randolph Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency . Early life . Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington . Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 . Political career . Early political career . Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others . Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts . Constitutional Convention . The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States . Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution . Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states . Role in ratification . Virginia Convention . Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification , Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted . Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages . In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union . Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes . Washingtons Cabinet . President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with the states . When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized . Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas . Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me . On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended . On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history . In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune , that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse . Resignation . A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country . At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character . Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense . However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet . After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid . Later life . After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society . Death and legacy . Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel . Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital . The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission . References . - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print . Sources . - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr . External links . - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia
|
[
"Governor of Virginia"
] |
[
{
"text": " Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency .",
"title": "Edmund Randolph"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": ", Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "the states .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": ", that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Edmund_Randolph#P39#1
|
Edmund Randolph took which position in early 1790s?
|
Edmund Randolph Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency . Early life . Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington . Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 . Political career . Early political career . Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others . Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts . Constitutional Convention . The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States . Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution . Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states . Role in ratification . Virginia Convention . Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification , Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted . Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages . In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union . Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes . Washingtons Cabinet . President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with the states . When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized . Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas . Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me . On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended . On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history . In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune , that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse . Resignation . A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country . At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character . Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense . However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet . After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid . Later life . After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society . Death and legacy . Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel . Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital . The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission . References . - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print . Sources . - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr . External links . - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia
|
[
"U.S . Attorney General"
] |
[
{
"text": " Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency .",
"title": "Edmund Randolph"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": ", Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "the states .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": ", that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Edmund_Randolph#P39#2
|
Edmund Randolph took which position after Feb 1795?
|
Edmund Randolph Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency . Early life . Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington . Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 . Political career . Early political career . Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others . Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts . Constitutional Convention . The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States . Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution . Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states . Role in ratification . Virginia Convention . Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification , Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted . Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages . In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union . Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes . Washingtons Cabinet . President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with the states . When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized . Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas . Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me . On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended . On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history . In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune , that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse . Resignation . A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country . At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character . Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense . However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet . After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid . Later life . After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society . Death and legacy . Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel . Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital . The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission . References . - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print . Sources . - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr . External links . - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Edmund Jennings Randolph ( August 10 , 1753 September 12 , 1813 ) was an American attorney and politician . He was the 7th Governor of Virginia , and , as a delegate from Virginia , he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail . He was the 1st United States Attorney General and subsequently the 2nd Secretary of State during George Washingtons presidency .",
"title": "Edmund Randolph"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was born on August 10 , 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia . He was educated at the College of William and Mary . After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle , Peyton Randolph . In 1775 , with the start of the American Revolution , Randolphs father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain . Edmund Randolph returned to America where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 , Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate , and while there was elected as a representative to the Fourth Virginia Convention . He was later mayor of Williamsburg , and then Attorney general of Virginia , a post he held until 1786 . He was married on August 29 , 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas , the daughter of Robert C . Nicholas , and had a total of six children , including Peyton Randolph , Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812 .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was selected as one of 11 delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress in 1779 and served as a delegate until 1782 . He also remained in private law practice , handling numerous legal issues for Washington and others .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "Randolph was elected as Governor of Virginia in 1786 . That year , he was a delegation to the Annapolis Convention . He had taken on the young John Marshall as a student and then law partner and transferred his lucrative law practice to Marshall when Randolph became governor in 1786 since Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts .",
"title": "Early political career"
},
{
"text": "The following year , as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention , at 34 , Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government . He argued against the importation of slaves and for a strong central government and advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country . The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature , both houses of which would have delegates chosen based on state population . Randolph proposed and was supported by unanimously by the Conventions delegates that a Nationally Judiciary be established ( Article",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "III of the U.S . Constitution would establish the federal court system ) . The Articles of Confederation lacked a national court system for the United States .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph was also a member of the Committee of Detail , which was tasked with converting the Virginia Plans 15 resolutions to a first draft of the Constitution .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph ultimately refused to sign the final document , one of only three members who remained in the Constitutional Convention but refused to sign ( the others were the fellow Virginian George Mason and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts ) . Randolph thought the final document lacked sufficient checks and balances and published an account of his objections in October 1787 . Randolph had several objections to the Conventions proposal . He thought that the federal judiciary would pose a threat to state courts , and he considered the Senate was too powerful and Congresss power too broad . He also",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "objected to the lack of a provision for a second convention to act after the present instrument had been referred to the states .",
"title": "Constitutional Convention"
},
{
"text": "Randolph nevertheless reversed his position at the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788 . He chaired the nearly equally-divided convention , and Mason ( as one of the leaders of the opposition , along with Patrick Henry ) greatly resented Randolphs change of position . Mason and other opponents demanded amendments prior to ratification . Randolph noted that he had seen several responses to the insistence that amendments were necessary before ratification . Some thought the objection to be insubstantial because the Constitution provided a process for amendment . In common with other advocates of amending the Constitution prior to ratification",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": ", Randolph insisted that it would be easier to amend the Constitution before its ratification , when a majority might do so , than to ratify an imperfect Constitution and then to assemble the votes of three fourths of the states . He did not think that it was desirable for the people to become accustomed to altering their constitution with any regularity once it was adopted .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Governor Randolph had written , If after our best efforts for amendments , they cannot be obtained , I will adopt the constitution as it is . Ultimately , Randolph said he voted for ratification of the Constitution because by June 2 , eight other states had already done so , and he did not want to see Virginia left out of the new national government . Randolph believed that Virginia must choose between the stark alternatives of ratification and disunion . Randolph never doubted the unions advantages .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "In the Richmond Ratification Convention , Randolph ultimately pointed the way to an understanding of ratification with which Virginias leaders could be satisfied . He assured his fellow members of the Virginia political elite that the Constitution that it was being asked to ratify in the summer of 1788 would have very limited significance and that it would enter more a league of sovereign states than a consolidated union .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": " Randolph wrote that of the ten delegates whose views had been completely unknown , five had been swayed to vote for ratification by his tactics . In the end , Virginias Federalists secured the Constitutions ratification by precisely five votes .",
"title": "Virginia Convention"
},
{
"text": "President Washington rewarded Randolph for his support . Randolph was appointed as the first U.S . Attorney General in September 1789 and maintained the precarious neutrality in the feud between Thomas Jefferson ( of whom Randolph was a second cousin ) and Alexander Hamilton . In Washingtons cabinet , as in the ratification dispute of 1787–1788 , Randolph tried to bring people together , rather than jump to hasty conclusions and ignore the potential costs in pursuit of self-righteous ideological purity . He continued to make important contributions to the structure of the new nation and to its relationship with",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "the states .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " When Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State in 1793 , Randolph succeeded him to the position . The major diplomatic initiative of his term was the Jay Treaty with Britain in 1794 , but Hamilton devised the plan , wrote the instructions , and left Randolph the nominal role of signing the papers . Randolph , hostile to the resulting treaty , almost gained Washingtons ear but was overridden in the wake of the Fauchet scandal ( see below ) . Near the end of his term as Secretary of State , negotiations for Pinckneys Treaty were finalized .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Romance and married life with Elizabeth Nicholas .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "Miss Nicholas was daughter of the Hon . Robert Carter Nicholas , State Treasurer . Randolph wrote to his children after his wifes death : We were both born in the city of Williamsburg , within twelve hours of each other ; myself on the 10th of August 1753 , and she on the 11th . My aunt Randolph , who saw each of us soon after our birth , facetiously foretold that we should be united in marriage-a circumstance which , improbable at the time from the dissensions of our families , seemed daily to grow into an impossibility",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "from their increasing rancor . In childhood we were taught the elements of reading at the same school.. . she won me by the best of all graces , cheerfulness , good sense , and benevolence . I do not recollect that I reflected much upon that range of qualities , which I afterwards found to be constituents of nuptial happiness ; but Providence seemed to be kinder to me than my most deliberate judgment could have been.. . I desired nothing more than that she should sincerely persuade herself that she would be happy with me .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "On August 29 , 1776 , they were joined in wedlock . The relations between Randolph and his wife had always been true and tender . So free from friction had been the course of their united lives that his daughters could not forget the single instance of misunderstanding . Mrs . Randolph having related some incident , her husband hastily exclaimed : That is mere gossip . The lady repaired to her room and did not answer her husbands gentle knock . Randolph then said , Betsey , I have urgent business in town , but I shall not",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "leave this house until permitted to apologize to you . The door opened , and the unprecedented scene ended .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": " On March 6 , 1810 , a blow came from which Randolph could not recover ; his wife died . After Mrs . Randolphs burial , the heartbroken husband wrote some account of her and of their married life , which was addressed to his children as the best witnesses of the truth of the brief history .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "In part of this account Randolph wrote , My eyes are every moment beholding so many objects with which she was associated ; I sometimes catch a sound which deludes me so much with the similitude of her voice ; I carry about my heart and hold for a daily visit so many of her precious relics ; and , above all , my present situation is so greatly contrasted by its vacancy , regrets , and anguish , with the purest and unchequered bliss , so far as it depended on her , for many years of varying fortune",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": ", that I have vowed at her grave daily to maintain with her a mental intercourse .",
"title": "Washingtons Cabinet"
},
{
"text": "A scandal involving an intercepted French message led to Randolphs resignation as Secretary of State in August 1795 . Randolph had been tasked with maintaining friendly relations with France . The British Navy had intercepted correspondence from the French minister Joseph Fauchet to his superiors and turned it over to Washington , who was dismayed that the letters reflected contempt for the United States and that Randolph had been primarily responsible . The letters implied that Randolph had exposed the inner debates in the cabinet to France and had told it that the administration was hostile to the country .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "At the very least , Elkins and McKitrick conclude , there was something here profoundly disreputable to the governments good faith and character .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " Washington immediately overruled Randolphs negative advice about the Jay Treaty . A few days later , Washington , in the presence of the entire cabinet , handed the ministers letter to Randolph and demanded an explanation for it . Randolph was speechless and immediately resigned . Chernow and Elkins conclude that Randolph was not bribed by France but was rather a pitiable figure , possessed of some talents and surprisingly little malice , but subject to self-absorbed silliness and lapses of good sense .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": "However , Randolphs own published Vindication illustrates his concerns about both public and private perceptions of his character , which held great value in the 18th century . In the event , Randolph secured a published retraction from Fauchet .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After his resignation , Randolph was held personally responsible for the loss of a large sum of money during his administration of the state department . He was eventually adjudged to owe the government more than $49,000 , which he paid .",
"title": "Resignation"
},
{
"text": " After leaving the federal cabinet , Randolph returned to Virginia to practice law , where he was a leader of the state bar . His most famous case was defending Aaron Burr at his trial for treason in 1807 . In 1791 , Randolph was elected to the American Philosophical Society .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Randolph lived his final years as a guest of his friend Nathaniel Burwell at Carter Hall , near Millwood , Virginia , in Clarke County . He suffered from paralysis in his final years and died at 60 on September 12 , 1813 . He is buried nearby at the Burwell family cemetery adjacent to Old Chapel .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "Randolph County , West Virginia was formed in 1787 and named in Randolphs honor . Randolph County , Illinois was also named after him Randolph , who was the governor of Virginia when the state ceded what was then sometimes called Illinois County , Virginia ( a title disputed by Pennsylvania and others ) to the new federal government , which created the Northwest Territory . Randolph Countys motto is where Illinois began because it was one of the first two settled counties in the territory . It contains Kaskaskia , the first seat of Illinois County , which later",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": "became the capital of Illinois Territorys capital and ultimately the states first capital .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " The Edmund J . Randolph Award is the highest award given by the US Department of Justice to persons who make outstanding contributions to the accomplishments of the Departments mission .",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Conway , Moncure D . Omitted Chapters of History : Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph . Vol . 2 . New York : G.P . Putnams Sons , 1888 . Print . - Gutzman , Kevin R.C . Edmund Randolph and Virginia Constitutionalism . The Review of Politics 66.3 ( 2004 ) : 469–497 . JSTOR . Web . February 5 , 2015 . - Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787–1788 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2010 . Print .",
"title": "References"
},
{
"text": " - written by himself , with a preface by P.V . Daniel , Jr .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph , 1786–1788 at The Library of Virginia",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/AC_Omonia#P286#0
|
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in Jan 2017?
|
AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons
|
[
"John Carver"
] |
[
{
"text": " Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": "Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "final to win their 13th cup title .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness",
"title": "Colours and badge"
},
{
"text": " Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": ", money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/AC_Omonia#P286#1
|
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia in Jun 2017?
|
AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons
|
[
"Pambos Christodoulou"
] |
[
{
"text": " Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": "Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "final to win their 13th cup title .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness",
"title": "Colours and badge"
},
{
"text": " Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": ", money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/AC_Omonia#P286#2
|
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia between Aug 2018 and Oct 2018?
|
AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons
|
[
"Juan Carlos Oliva"
] |
[
{
"text": " Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": "Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "final to win their 13th cup title .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness",
"title": "Colours and badge"
},
{
"text": " Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": ", money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/AC_Omonia#P286#3
|
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia between Feb 2019 and Mar 2019?
|
AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons
|
[
"Yannis Anastasiou"
] |
[
{
"text": " Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": "Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "final to win their 13th cup title .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness",
"title": "Colours and badge"
},
{
"text": " Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": ", money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/AC_Omonia#P286#4
|
Who was the head coach of the team AC Omonia between Oct 2019 and Feb 2020?
|
AC Omonia Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company . Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) . The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 . History . Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL . On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position . The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season . Golden era ( 1970s–1980s ) . Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season 39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century . The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) . The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles . Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 . The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem . Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon . Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup final to win their 13th cup title . Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) . Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol . In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 . In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals by APOEL . The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president . While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league . Papastavrou era ( 2018–present ) . The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered . The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 . The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season . Name . Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption . Colours and badge . Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness Stadium . Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) . Supporters . Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège . Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser . By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim , money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters . Honours . - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions . UEFA Club ranking . Last update : 15 May 2020 Players . Former players . For details of former players , see Retired number . 12 – The club supporters ( the 12th man ) Management . AC Omonoia . Source : Omonoia FC . Source : omonoiafc.com.cy Managerial history . - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 ) - Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 ) - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 ) - Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term ) - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 ) - Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 ) - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 ) - Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 ) - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present ) Source : trifylli.net Presidential history . Here is the list of the previous presidents of Omonia : External links . - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons
|
[
"Henning Berg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Athletic Club Omonoia Nicosia ( , ΑΣΟΛ ; Athlitikos Sillogos Omonoias Lefkosias , ASOL ; Omonia is Greek for amity ) is a Cypriot professional football club based in Nicosia . The club was established on 4 June 1948 . The football team of AC Omonia joined the Cyprus Football Association in 1953 . On 14 June 2018 the football team of AC Omonoia became a professional for-profit football company .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": "Omonoia is the most popular and the most historically successful football clubs in Cyprus , having won 21 national championships , 14 cups and 16 super cups . Omonia holds an outstanding record of 14 championships in two decades ( between 1970–1989 ) , a record of being either champion or runner-up 14 times in a row in the championship ( between 1973-1986 ) , and the record of having won the Cypriot Cup four times in a row ( between 1980 and 1983 ) .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " The AC Omonia also operates basketball , volleyball , cycling and futsal . The latter one is being particularly successful , having won the league and cup in three consecutive years since 2011 .",
"title": "AC Omonia"
},
{
"text": " Creation and early years ( 1948–1953 ) . On 23 May 1948 , the governing board of APOEL football club sent a telegram to the Hellenic Association of Amateur Athletics ( Greek : Σ.Ε.Γ.Α.Σ. ) , with the opportunity of the annual Panhellenic Track and Field Competition . In its telegram , the board stated its wish for what it described as the communist mutiny to be ended . Club players considering this action as a specifically political comment on the Greek Civil War distanced themselves from the board and were duly expelled from APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "On 4 June 1948 , Dr . Mattheos Papapetrou organized a meeting in Nicosia that led to the creation of Omonia . Many players expelled from APOEL were present at the meeting and joined the new club . Along with other left-wing teams such as Nea Salamina , Alki Larnaca and Orfeas Nicosia , Omonia helped create in December 1948 the Cyprus Amateur Football Federation . Omonia took part in the CAFF league until 1953 , having won four out of five played championships and five out of five played cups . Omonia was then accepted by the Cyprus Football",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Association to participate in the Cypriot First Division",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Beginnings in the Cypriot First Division ( 1953–1969 ) . After joining the Cypriot First Division in 1953 , Omonia only placed seventh out of nine teams in the 1953–54 season , barely avoiding relegation . During that decade , the clubs best placing came during the 1956–57 season when the club finished in the third position .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would make its closest push for the title during the 1959–60 season after finishing second , one point behind Anorthosis Famagusta . The following year , after seven seasons in the First Division , the club would win its first title in 1960–61 season . Omonia , in that season , would score 91 goals in 24 matches on their way to their first ever Cyprus First Division title . Omonia won their second title during the 1965–66 season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Omonia won its first trophies of the decade in 1972 , when the club won both the league and the cup . Led by a young Sotiris Kaiafas , Omonia won seven league titles in the 1970s , six of them were consecutive ( 1974–1979 ) . At the end of the decade , Omonia had a total of nine championship titles and three cups . At the end of the 1979 season , Omonia trailed its arch-rival APOEL by two championships . In 1976 , Sotiris Kaiafas would go on and win the European Golden Shoe for his single-season",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "39-goal performance . In 2003 , he was awarded the UEFA Jubilee Awards for the Best Cypriot Footballer of the 20th century .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The 1980s was a successful decade for the club as it won an additional seven Cypriot League Championship titles including another five consecutive in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and in 1987 and in 1989 . As the 1980s came to an end , Omonia had won 14 Cypriot championship titles , becoming the most successful team on the island at the time . General decline ( 1990s ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 1990s would prove to be less successful than the previous two decades . During this time , Omonia only mustered one Cypriot League title during the 1992–93 season . It would be eight years before Omonia would see its next title . In 1997 , Omonia signed the German Rainer Rauffmann , who would later become the second top goalscorer ever for the club . With the help of other Omonia great and then captain , Costas Malekkos , and a young Costas Kaiafas ( the son of Sotiris Kaiafas ) , Rauffmann would become top scorer of the",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Cypriot First Division in 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–00 and 2000–01 seasons and led Omonia to two titles .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Revival ( 2000s ) . After a disappointing eight seasons , the 2000s decade began with a trophy . Omonia celebrated its 18th Cypriot league championship title in 2001 . Now captained by Costas Kaiafas , Omonia would win its 19th Cypriot League Championship again in 2003 . Since 2003 , however , the team would stumble and be without a title for the next several years . After numerous seasons of poor signings and underachieving , Omonias reigns would be taken over by new chairman and team president , Miltiadis Neophytou in 2008 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The team would soon be put back on track starting in 2006 , beginning with the signing of Cyprus international goalkeeper Antonis Georgallides . Omonia would continue its star-studded signings by acquiring Cypriot stars that had been playing abroad , such as Elias Charalambous and Stathis Aloneftis . Omonia would then make headlines with the shocking signing of all-time leading scorer for Cyprus , Michalis Konstantinou . In 2009 , Omonia would also sign another Cypriot star , Konstantinos Makrides . En route , Omonia would also acquire young Cypriot hopefuls , 21-year-old Dimitris Christofi and 20-year-old Georgios Efrem .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Efrem , who had been playing on the youth team of Arsenal and later Scottish side Rangers , would be the final piece to the puzzle needed to win its 20th Cypriot league championship . After putting the proper pieces in place , Omonia did just that . During the 2009–10 season , led by the new captain , Elias Charalambous , Omonia would not lose a single derby , including play-offs matches against either , APOEL , Anorthosis Famagusta nor Apollon .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Takis Lemonis left the club after disappointing results and Dušan Bajević became the new coach in October 2010 , but was fired in April 2011 . He was replaced by Neophytos Larkou . Omonia would not be able to repeat as Champion during the 2010–11 regular season , and instead had to settle with finishing second , despite the addition of yet another young Cypriot rising star , Andreas Avraam . The club , however , was to end on a positive note : under interim coach Neophytos Larkou , Omonia defeated Apollon Limassol in the Cyprus Cup",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "final to win their 13th cup title .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia spent a difficult year but won their 14th cup starring André Alves , who scored the winning goal against AEL Limassol . Under the guidance of newly-appointed director of football Nickolas Danskalou , Omonia finished second in the Championship and third after the playoff rounds , all but assuring they would qualify for the second round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League . Financial crisis ( 2012–2018 ) .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "Head coach Neophytos Larkou left the club in September 2012 and Toni Savevski was then appointed as coach . The team began the season with a great win but found its second success after several games . A disappointing first round proved enough to exclude the club from contesting for the championship or the cup . The team managed better results in the second round , finishing the season in third place . Thousands of fans answered the presidents call to donate as much as they could and the financial issues of the club improved . Omonias final match ended",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "in a 3–1 victory over AEK Larnaca . Omonia was knocked out in the semi-finals of the cup by AEL Limassol .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Omonia began the new season with Savevski as manager , but he was sacked halfway beside positive results . Miguel Ángel Lotina was hired as the replacer but was sacked just 37 days later . Kostas Kaiafas , ex-player was then appointed as the new coach . The clubs financial difficulties returned despite the massive fundraiser organized the previous season . Omonia ended fifth in the league , finishing its worst season in 56 years since 1957–58 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "In August 2014 , Omonia was knocked out of the Europa League playoff stages by Dynamo Moscow . The club issued a complaint to UEFA regarding the refereeing of the match by Alexandru Tudor . In early September , the club stopped supplying the fans group Gate-9 with tickets resulting in the groups abstention from matches . Two weeks later , after a meeting between the president and the coach , it was decided that tickets were to be supplied again to Gate-9 . Omonia finished fourth in the league . The team was eliminated from the Cypriot Cup semi-finals",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "by APOEL .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The team ended the 2015–16 campaign in 4th place . During this season it reached the final of the Cypriot Cup but lost to Apollon Limassol . The 2016–17 season saw the club finish 5th . This meant that for the 1st time in 15 years the club would not be able to play in European qualification matches . Following a general assembly at the end of the season Antonis Tzionis was elected as the new club president .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "While the 2017–18 campaign began with high expectations Omonia ended the season in 6th place . The season was the worst in the clubs history in terms of defeats and goals conceded . Despite this the club sold a total of 95,222 tickets during the season , more than any other team in the league .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The decline of the clubs football department and the financial difficulties it faced convinced many that a change in the way the club was being run was needed . In May 2018 a general assembly was called and members voted to hand the football department over to Stavros Papastavrou , an American-based Cypriot businessman . Papastavrou plans to invest 5 million euros into the club over the next few years and will invest more over the 20-year period that he will be in charge . He has stated that he will provide funds for the development of the clubs academies",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "and training grounds and that the potential creation of a new stadium will be considered .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " The club finished the 2018–19 campaign in 6th place and was knocked out of the Cypriot Cup by Apollon Limassol in the second round . Manager Yannis Anastasiou was replaced by Henning Berg in June 2019 .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": "The 2019–20 Cypriot season was abandoned in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . At the time of its abandonment Omonoia was tied with Anorthosis Famagusta on points , but was ranked first due to a better head to head record and thus qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League season . The club would go on to win their 21st league title the following season to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the second successive season .",
"title": "History"
},
{
"text": " Omonia is the Greek word for amity , showing the contrast of the club for discord and disruption .",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"text": " Omonias club colours are green , white and red . Their current alternate kit is red . This is because of the Clubs close association with AKEL , the popular left-wing party of the island . Omonias badge has a green shamrock in a white circle . Green colour symbolises hope and white colour happiness",
"title": "Colours and badge"
},
{
"text": " Since 23 October 1999 , Omonia has been using the 22,859-seat New GSP Stadium , the largest stadium in Cyprus . They share the stadium with local rival APOEL . Omonia played in the Makario Stadium from 1978 until 1999 and in Old GSP Stadium from 1953 to 1978 . When the club was first created , it used the Goal Stadium ( 1948–1953 ) .",
"title": "Stadium"
},
{
"text": "Omonia supporters are known for their left-leaning , socialist character , expressing Cypriotism with over 80% stating in a survey that they associate themselves with the Progressive Party of Working People.However , its followers recognize their nation which is Greek . They love Cyprus and the Cypriots but they consider that they are Greeks of Cyprus and they are proud of it . In addition , they believe that the Greeks who live in Greece are their brothers and that they are the same since they all have the same mentality , religion and language . Omonia is also traditionally",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "regarded as the club of Cypruss working-class . Many of Omonias supporters can be seen waving banners bearing Che Guevaras image . Gate-9 , the teams ultras group , was established in 1992 . The group occupies the North stand at the GSP stadium during home games . Gate 9 has established relations with other left wing supporters such as those of Hapoel Tel Aviv and Standard Liège .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " Omonia holds the record for the most league tickets sold by a Cypriot team in a single season ( 162,061 during the 2009–10 campaign ) . The club also holds the Cypriot record for the highest average attendance in a season ( 11,003 during the 2003–04 campaign ) . Financial crisis and 2013 Pan-Cypriot fundraiser .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": "By the end of February 2013 , Omonia was struggling to meet the UEFA criteria due to the economic crisis that had engulfed the club . The clubs president then decided to start a fundraiser and called for the supporters of the club to donate as much as they could . Hundreds of events were organised island wide with the motto ; ΕΙΜΑΙ ΟΜΟΝΟΙΑ ΔΗΛΩΝΩ ΠΑΡΩΝ meaning , IM WITH OMONIA , I DECLARE MYSELF PRESENT . Current and former players contributed by signing autographs and selling club merchandise . Although the situation at the beginning was described as grim",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": ", money poured in from all over the island and from abroad including England and the United States . In about a month-and-a-half , €3.5 million was collected from the clubs supporters .",
"title": "Supporters"
},
{
"text": " - Cypriot Championship - Cypriot Cup - Cypriot Super Cup - CAFF Championship - CAFF Cup Omonia in European competitions .",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"text": " - Dikran Missirian ( 1948–52 ) - John Johnson ( 1952–53 ) - Pambos Avraamides ( 1953–55 ) - Hans Hungehuisen ( 1955–57 ) - Karl Vogler ( 1957–59 ) - Eli Fuchs ( 1959–60 ) - Nako Chakmakov ( 1960–62 ) - Tourai ( 1962–63 ) - Stoyan Petrov ( 1963–64 ) - Andreas Keremezos ( 1964–65 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1965–66 ) , ( first term ) - Igor Netto ( 1966–67 ) - Georgi Barka ( 1967–68 ) - Georgi Pachedzhiev ( 1968–70 ) , ( second term ) - Khrustyo Chakarov ( 1970–71 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Dobromir Tashkov ( 1971–72 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Vasil Spasov ( 1972–74 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Constantinou ( Esso ) ( 1974–75 ) - Iltziev ( 1975–76 ) - Gabriel Stoyanov ( 1976–77 ) - Petar Argirov ( 1977–79 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1979–80 ) , ( first term ) - Vasil Spasov ( 1980–82 ) , ( second term ) - Dobromir Tashkov ( 1982–83 ) , ( second term ) - Atanas Dramov ( 1983–85 ) - Yanko Dinkov ( 1985–86 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1986–89 ) , ( second term ) - Bozhil Kolev ( 1989–90 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Helmut Senekowitsch ( 1990–91 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Graziano Zakarel ( 1991–92 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1992–94 ) , ( third term ) - Gerhard Prokop ( 1994–96 ) - Walter Skocik ( 1995–96 ) - Angel Kolev ( 1996–97 ) - Andreas Michaelides ( 1997–99 ) - Dušan Galis ( 1999 ) - Yoncho Arsov ( 1999–00 ) , ( fourth term ) - Asparuh Nikodimov ( 2000 ) - Arie Haan ( 14 Nov 2000 – 30 Nov 2000 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 Oct 2000 – 30 Nov 2001 ) , ( first term ) - Andreas Mouskallis ( 2002 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Toni Savevski ( 2002–04 ) , ( first term )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Franciszek Smuda ( 2004 ) - Henk Houwaart ( 1 July 2004 – 21 Dec 2005 ) , ( second term ) - Ioan Andone ( 28 Dec 2005 – 25 May 2007 ) - Dragan Okuka ( 23 May 2007 – 26 Nov 2007 ) - Ioannis Matzourakis ( 2007 ) - Giorgos Savvidis ( 2007–2008 ) - Nedim Tutić ( 2008–09 ) - Takis Lemonis ( 17 March 2009 – 4 Oct 2010 ) - Dušan Bajević ( 13 Oct 2010 – 14 April 2011 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Neophytos Larkou ( 15 April 2011 – Sept 18 , 2012 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Toni Savevski ( Sept 26 , 2012–18 Dec 2013 ) , ( second term ) - Miguel Ángel Lotina ( 1 Jan 2014 – 6 Feb 2014 ) - Kostas Kaiafas ( 12 Mar 2014 – 2 Nov 2015 ) - Vladan Milojević ( 11 Nov 2015 – 18 May 2016 ) - John Carver ( 4 June 2016 – 23 February 2017 ) - Akis Ioakim ( 23 February 2017 – 26 May 2017 ) - Pambos Christodoulou ( 26 May 2017 – 5 December 2017 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": "- Ivaylo Petev ( 14 December 2017 – 21 March 2018 )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Juan Carlos Oliva ( 17 June 2018 – 22 October 2018 ) - Yannis Anastasiou ( 1 November 2018 – 21 May 2019 ) - Henning Berg ( 6 June 2019 – present )",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"text": " - Official website - Omonoia news website - Gate9 official website - Kifines fan page - national-football-teams - on Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/János_Szentágothai#P108#0
|
János Szentágothai was an employee for whom between Oct 1936 and May 1945?
|
János Szentágothai János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai . Biography . He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 . Family . On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants . Academic career . Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary . In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor . Public career . In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest . Main works . - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 . - Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 . - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 . Awards and recognition . - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society Sources . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 ) - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .
|
[
"Budapest University Medical School"
] |
[
{
"text": " János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai .",
"title": "János Szentágothai"
},
{
"text": " He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": "member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest .",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": " - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": "- Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 )",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/János_Szentágothai#P108#1
|
János Szentágothai was an employee for whom between May 1961 and Feb 1962?
|
János Szentágothai János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai . Biography . He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 . Family . On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants . Academic career . Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary . In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor . Public career . In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest . Main works . - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 . - Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 . - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 . Awards and recognition . - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society Sources . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 ) - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .
|
[
"Pécs University Medical School"
] |
[
{
"text": " János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai .",
"title": "János Szentágothai"
},
{
"text": " He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": "member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest .",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": " - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": "- Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 )",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/János_Szentágothai#P108#2
|
János Szentágothai was an employee for whom in Mar 1963?
|
János Szentágothai János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai . Biography . He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 . Family . On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants . Academic career . Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary . In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor . Public career . In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest . Main works . - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 . - Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 . - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 . Awards and recognition . - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society Sources . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 . - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 ) - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .
|
[
"Budapest University Medical School"
] |
[
{
"text": " János Szentágothai FRS ( 31 October 1912 – 8 September 1994 ) was a Kossuth Prize-winning Hungarian anatomist , Professor , Member of Parliament , and President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Anthony G . doctor and grandson of Alexander Lumniczer ( whose uncle was Schöpf size , Augustus ) , great-grandson of a doctor . The general assembly of UNESCO decided the year 2012 to be dedicated to honour the 100th birthday of János Szentágothai .",
"title": "János Szentágothai"
},
{
"text": " He was born as János Schimert , in Budapest in 1912 , to Dr Gustav Schimert and Margit Antal , in a family of doctors . He was descended from Transylvanian Saxons on his fathers side and Székely on his mothers side . He was admitted to the German grammar school in Budapest in 1930 , and was admitted to the Peter Pázmány University Medical School . Four brothers also studied in the same place . Doctors was inaugurated in 1936 .",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"text": " On 7 June 1938 he married Alice Biberauer , who he met in the Pro Christo Student Association . They had three daughters , Catherine ( 1939 ) , Clare ( 1941 ) and Maria Christina ( 1951 ) , all three of whom entered the medical field . John Szentágothai four doctors brother lived in the United States and Germany . In his free time with pleasure fumbling with in Révfülöp weekend on the same property with plants .",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"text": "Schimert started his medical studies at the Budapest University Medical School in 1930 , and was accepted in the first year by Professor Mihály Lenhossék as a research student in the Department of Anatomy . He received his MD in 1936 and continued to teach at Budapest , becoming Associate Professor in 1942 . During the Second World War ( karpaszományos ) he was a physician , airman , and a prisoner of war . He returned in 1946 . He then attended Pécs University Medical School , where he was later Head of the Anatomy Department . After the",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "war , he resumed study of the vestibular system and dealt with the topic of neuroendocrinology . During his study at Pécs , he pursued innovative work in the field of neuroanatomy . In 1948 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . In 1961 , he started the department of electron microscopy in brain research in Hungary .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1963 , he returned to Budapest to lead the Semmelweis University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy . There he mainly addressed the cerebellum and functioning of the cerebral cortex . In addition , he performed experimental research on the spinal cord and brainstem reflex mechanisms . In 1967 he was elected a full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . He headed the department until 1977 , and in 1986 officially retired from teaching . Ferenc Kiss , famous for his work produced for the human anatomy atlas , drew his textbook , which was translated into",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "thirteen languages and more than a hundred editions . He proclaimed that half the age of most of the people speaking the development of one and a half years of age , and it will need to communicate is the most important factor .",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"text": "In 1956 at Pécs , he was chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Intellectuals . He did not return to public life until 1973 , when he was elected vice-president of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . Four years later he became its president and therefore left the position of University department head . In 1985 , he entered parliament as a member of the Presidential Council of the Hungarian Peoples Republic . He was ( later a member of its abolition ) , involved in the work of the Hungarian Democratic Forum during the transition . She was a",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": "member of the Foreign Affairs Committee . Szentágothai and his wife are buried in Budapest .",
"title": "Public career"
},
{
"text": " - Eccles , John Carew , Masao Ito , and János Szentágothai . The cerebellum as a neuronal machine . New York : Springer-Verlag , 1967 . - Szentágothai , János . The modular architectonic principle of neural centers . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Volume 98 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1983 . 11–61 . - Szentágothai , János . Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary : an experimental-morphological study . Akadémiai Kiadó , 1968 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": "- Arbib , Michael Anthony , Péter Érdi , and János Szentágothai . Neural organization : Structure , function , and dynamics . The MIT Press , 1998 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Szentágothai , János . Synaptology of the visual cortex . Visual Centers in the Brain . Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 1973 . 269–324 .",
"title": "Main works"
},
{
"text": " - Kossuth Prize ( 1950 ) - I state fee degree ( 1970 ) – achievements in the functional structure of the nervous system research . - Academic Gold Medal ( 1985 ) - The Hungarian Order of Merit Cross with the Star ( 1992 ) - Fellow of the Royal Society",
"title": "Awards and recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : Zs to Hungarian scientist from the lexicon . Spices . Ferenc Nagy . Budapest : Better , MTESZ ; OMIKK . 1997th 762–764 . P. . - Bela Flerkó John Szentágothai . Budapest : Academic Press , 1998th ( The last Hungarian scientists ) - Bela fisherman John Szentágothai ( 1912–1994 ) , In : Famous Hungarian doctors . Eds . Kapronczay Charles E . Water New Years Eve . Bp : Galen , 2000 , 126–131 .",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": "- Réthelyi Nicholas John Szentágothai . In : National anniversary 2012th Editor : John Eston . Bp : Balassi Institute , 2012 . 5–8 . ( PDF format . Anniversary National 2012 )",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"text": " - Hungary nagylexikon XVI . ( Sel-Sat ) . Spices . Lamb Lászlóné . Budapest : Hungarian Grand Lexicon . 2003rd 644 of P. . - Choice – Parliamentary Almanac 1990 , Budapest : Local Propaganda and Publishing Company , 1990 , 233 old .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Rohan_Ince#P54#0
|
Rohan Ince played for which team before May 2011?
|
Rohan Ince Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender . Club career . Chelsea . Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town . In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad . In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season , he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player of the season award . In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs , but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season . In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club . Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season . In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season . Loan to Fulham . On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club . Loan to Swindon Town . With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . Loan to Bury . On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made 22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations . Cheltenham Town . After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow . Maidenhead United . Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day . International career . Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March . Honours . Chelsea Reserves - FA Youth Cup : 2009–10 Personal life . Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School . In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .
|
[
"Chelsea",
"Yeovil Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender .",
"title": "Rohan Ince"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ", he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "of the season award .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs ,",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": "22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations .",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": " After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow .",
"title": "Cheltenham Town"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day .",
"title": "Maidenhead United"
},
{
"text": " Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Rohan_Ince#P54#1
|
Rohan Ince played for which team between Nov 2015 and Dec 2015?
|
Rohan Ince Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender . Club career . Chelsea . Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town . In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad . In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season , he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player of the season award . In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs , but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season . In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club . Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season . In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season . Loan to Fulham . On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club . Loan to Swindon Town . With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . Loan to Bury . On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made 22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations . Cheltenham Town . After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow . Maidenhead United . Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day . International career . Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March . Honours . Chelsea Reserves - FA Youth Cup : 2009–10 Personal life . Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School . In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .
|
[
"Brighton & Hove Albion"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender .",
"title": "Rohan Ince"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ", he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "of the season award .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs ,",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": "22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations .",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": " After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow .",
"title": "Cheltenham Town"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day .",
"title": "Maidenhead United"
},
{
"text": " Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Rohan_Ince#P54#2
|
Rohan Ince played for which team in Jul 2016?
|
Rohan Ince Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender . Club career . Chelsea . Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town . In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad . In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season , he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player of the season award . In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs , but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season . In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club . Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season . In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season . Loan to Fulham . On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club . Loan to Swindon Town . With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . Loan to Bury . On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made 22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations . Cheltenham Town . After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow . Maidenhead United . Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day . International career . Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March . Honours . Chelsea Reserves - FA Youth Cup : 2009–10 Personal life . Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School . In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .
|
[
"Fulham",
"Swindon Town"
] |
[
{
"text": " Rohan Greg Ince ( born 8 November 1992 ) is an English-born Montserratian professional footballer who plays for Maidenhead United as a holding midfielder . Ince can also play as a central defender .",
"title": "Rohan Ince"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Chelseas academy at the age of seven , and helped the side win the 2009–10 FA Youth Cup . He signed his first professional contract with Chelsea in July 2010 . As he progressed through the clubs youth ranks , Ince began playing as a regular within the clubs reserve set-up . Loan to Yeovil Town .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In July 2012 , Ince joined League One side Yeovil Town on a six-month loan deal . Inces Football League debut was delayed due to an injury picked up in pre-season but eventually , on 28 August 2012 , Ince made his Yeovil debut as a substitute in the 4–2 League Cup defeat against West Bromwich Albion . On 26 September 2012 , Ince was recalled by Chelsea due to a recurrence of ankle and shin injuries .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " Brighton & Hove Albion . On 5 February 2013 , following a successful trial period with Brighton & Hove Albion , Ince signed an 18-month contract with the development squad .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the clubs pre–season tour ahead of the 2013–14 season , Ince was featured in the first team squad under the new management of Óscar García . He started his first competitive game for Brighton in a 3–1 after extra time defeat to Newport County in the League Cup on 6 August 2013 . He made his full league debut for Brighton four days later on 10 August 2013 against Derby County in a 2–1 defeat . He played as a defensive midfielder position in both of these games . Ince then quickly got involved in the first team for",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "the side , where he played in the defensive midfielder position and competed in the first team in absent of Liam Bridcutt and Keith Andrews . By December , he formed a defensive midfield partnership with Bridcutt . His performance resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club , keeping him until 2016 . In the fourth round of FA Cup against Port Vale , Ince scored his first goal for the club , as well as , setting up one of the goals , in a 3–1 win . However , towards the end of the season",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ", he soon suffered injuries , which was followed up by being dropped from the first team . It came after when he was a fault for conceding an opening goal from Blackburn Roverss Jordan Rhodes and was substituted at half time after suffering a dead leg , as they drew 3–3 and it turned out to be his last appearance for the side this season . At the end of the 2013–14 season , Ince went on to make thirty–three appearances and scoring once in all competitions . For his performance , he was awarded the clubs young player",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "of the season award .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2014–15 season , Ince continued to feature in the first team and found himself , where he played in a deeper berth position . However , he appeared in and out of the substitute bench , as well as , facing new competitions . He then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–2 win over Swindon Town after the game went extra time in the second round of the League Cup . A month later , on 26 September 2014 , he scored again , in a 3–0 win over Burton Albion in the",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "third round of the League Cup . It wasnt until on 10 January 2015 when he scored his first league goal of the season , in a 1–0 win over Charlton Athletic . Weeks later , on 21 January 2015 , he set up two goals in three of the three goals in a match against Ipswich Town , as Brighton & Hove Albion won 3–2 . By February , Ince continued to establish himself in the midfield position and his performance earned him praised from Manager Chris Hughton . His performance even attracted interests from Premier League clubs ,",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "but Hughton dismissed the transfer speculation . Towards the end of the 2014–15 season , Ince soon found himself out of the first team , due to strong competitions that saw him appeared on the substitute bench once again . Nevertheless , Ince ended the 2014–15 season , making thirty–eight appearances and scoring three times in all competitions , he was awarded the clubs Goal of the Season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "In the 2015–16 season , Ince remained in the first team , where he mostly featured as a substitute bench in number of the matches at the start of the season . As a result , he appeared in a number of matches for the clubs development squad . Although he made one start for the side this season , Ince continued to sit out on the substitute bench , as well as , his own injury concerns throughout the first half of the season . Despite this , he , nevertheless , signed a three–year contract with the club",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "Despite being told he can leave the club in the summer of the 2016 , Ince made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season , season , where he started the whole game as a centre–back position , in a 4–0 win over Colchester United in the first round of the League Cup . However , he remained on the sidelined for every league matches in the first half of the season . Despite this , he featured in a number of matches for the League Cup and Football League Trophy , including scoring against Stevenage . He went on",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "to make four appearances for the side during the 2016–17 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": " In June 2018 , it was confirmed that Ince would be released by Brighton following the expiry of his contract , and he spent time on trial with Charlton Athletic in the run-up to the 2018–19 season .",
"title": "Chelsea"
},
{
"text": "On 1 February 2016 , Ince moved to Championship club Fulham on loan until the end of the 2015–16 season . He then made his Fulham debut , where he started the match before coming off at half time , in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on 6 February 2016 . Ince scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 19 March 2016 . Since joining the club , he began receiving a handful of first team football for the side . After making ten appearances and scoring once for the side",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "at the end of the 2015–16 season , he returned to his parent club .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "With his first team opportunities limited further at Brighton & Hove Albion , it was announced on 31 January 2017 that Ince joined League One side Swindon Town on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 campaign . He made his Swindon Town debut on 11 February 2017 against Bury , which saw them lose 1–0 . It wasnt until on 28 February 2017 when Ince scored his first goal for the club , in a 3–1 win over Gillingham . Since joining the club , Ince established himself in the starting eleven for the side . He then scored",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "his second goal for the club on 22 April 2017 , in a 2–1 loss against Scunthorpe United , a game that saw Swindon Town relegated to League Two . Despite missing two matches during his loan spell at Swindon Town , Ince made fourteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions .",
"title": "Loan to Fulham"
},
{
"text": "On 25 August 2017 , Ince joined Bury on loan for the 2017–18 season . He made his Bury debut the next day , where he started the whole game , in a 0–0 draw against Rochdale . However , he was soon plagued between late–September and late–October and was placed on the substitute bench in number of matches . Despite this , he continued to feature in the first team throughout 2017 . However , his playing time was soon reduced for the first two months of 2018 but regained towards the end of the season . Ince made",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": "22 league appearances that season where Bury were relegated from League One , finishing bottom . This meant Ince had two consecutive League One relegations .",
"title": "Loan to Bury"
},
{
"text": " After missing the 2018–19 season without being contracted to a club and due to a knee injury , on 2 July 2019 , Ince signed for Cheltenham Town on a free with a one-year contract . On 3 August 2019 , Ince played his first game for over a year in a 1–0 away loss to Leyton Orient . He was shown a straight red on his debut , 2 minutes after teammate , Luke Varney received a second yellow .",
"title": "Cheltenham Town"
},
{
"text": " Ince joined Maidenhead United on 14 November 2020 after a successful trial period , starting the Magpies game away at Chesterfield the same day .",
"title": "Maidenhead United"
},
{
"text": " Ince was called up to the Montserrat squad for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in March 2021 . He made his debut against Antigua and Barbuda on 24 March .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Ince is a third cousin to former England international Paul Ince and the nephew of former Wimbledon and Brighton & Hove Albion defender Eric Young . His father passed away in November 2016 and during a 2–1 win over Fulham , Brighton & Hove Albion players wore black armbands in support for Ince . Growing up , Ince attended Thamesmead School .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "In August 2016 , Ince was charged by Reading Crown Court for wounding with intent after being accused of smashing a bottle over a bouncers head on Christmas Day the previous year . At the trial , he denied carrying out the attack and insisted it was a case of mistaken identity . He was cleared of all charges after he was found not guilty .",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Strehmel#P54#0
|
Which team did the player Alexander Strehmel belong to before Jul 1987?
|
Alexander Strehmel Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC . Playing career . Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 . By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching . In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd . They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg . International career . Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 . Coaching career . Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier . Honours . - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992
|
[
"VfB Stuttgart"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC .",
"title": "Alexander Strehmel"
},
{
"text": "Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": ". They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Strehmel#P54#1
|
Which team did the player Alexander Strehmel belong to between Jan 1988 and Feb 1988?
|
Alexander Strehmel Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC . Playing career . Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 . By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching . In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd . They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg . International career . Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 . Coaching career . Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier . Honours . - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992
|
[
"West Germany under-20 team"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC .",
"title": "Alexander Strehmel"
},
{
"text": "Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": ". They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Strehmel#P54#2
|
Which team did the player Alexander Strehmel belong to between Dec 1994 and Sep 1995?
|
Alexander Strehmel Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC . Playing career . Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 . By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching . In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd . They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg . International career . Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 . Coaching career . Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier . Honours . - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992
|
[
"SG Wattenscheid"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC .",
"title": "Alexander Strehmel"
},
{
"text": "Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": ". They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Strehmel#P54#3
|
Which team did the player Alexander Strehmel belong to between Oct 1996 and Oct 1999?
|
Alexander Strehmel Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC . Playing career . Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 . By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching . In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd . They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg . International career . Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 . Coaching career . Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier . Honours . - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992
|
[
""
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC .",
"title": "Alexander Strehmel"
},
{
"text": "Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": ". They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Alexander_Strehmel#P54#4
|
Which team did the player Alexander Strehmel belong to between Oct 2004 and Dec 2004?
|
Alexander Strehmel Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC . Playing career . Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 . By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching . In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd . They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg . International career . Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 . Coaching career . Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier . Honours . - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992
|
[
"Augsburg"
] |
[
{
"text": " Alexander Strehmel ( born 20 March 1968 ) is a German football manager and a former professional player who played as a defender or midfielder . He manages Michigan Stars FC .",
"title": "Alexander Strehmel"
},
{
"text": "Strehmel began his career with VfB Stuttgart , and broke into the first team during the 1986–87 season , in which he made sixteen appearances in the Bundesliga . He continued to play steadily over the next few years , and helped the club to the 1989 UEFA Cup Final , although he missed the entire second half of the 1988–89 season , including final itself ( a defeat against Napoli ) . Three years later came the greatest success of Strehmels career as VfB Stuttgart won the Bundesliga title . He made 25 appearances during the season , as",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "the club overhauled Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund with a 4–2 win over the latter on the last day of the season to become German champions . Strehmel played in the match as a late substitute for Andreas Buck , with the score at 3–1 .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " By the 1993–94 season , Strehmel was used less frequently ( only thirteen appearances ) , so he left Stuttgart in July 1994 , after over 150 league appearances for the club . He signed for SG Wattenscheid 09 of the 2 . Bundesliga , where he spent two seasons , the second of which saw the club relegated in last place . Strehmel stayed in the second tier , though , signing for SpVgg Unterhaching .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": "In the 1998–99 season , Unterhaching finished in second place , earning promotion to the Bundesliga , where they would spend the next two seasons . The first season they finished a very respectable tenth , and were involved in another dramatic title race - their 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen on the last day of the season handing the German championship to their neighbours Bayern Munich . However , Unterhaching finished 16th the following season , and this relegation was followed by another - they finished 15th in the 2 . Bundesliga and were relegated to the Regionalliga Süd",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": ". They immediately bounced back as champions , before Strehmel left the club midway through the 2003–04 season , returning to the Regionalliga Süd to join FC Augsburg . He retired from football at the end of the 2004–05 season , after only eight appearances in eighteen months for Augsburg .",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"text": " Strehmel was part of the West Germany under-20 team that went to the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile . He played in all six matches as West Germany reached the final , scoring once in a group game against Saudi Arabia . He also scored a penalty in the shoot-out in the final against Yugoslavia , but West Germany lost 5–4 . Strehmel also won 8 caps for the under-21 team between 1988 and 1990 .",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"text": " Since retiring from football , Strehmel has been a coach , usually working as assistant to Lorenz-Günther Köstner , who had been his manager at SpVgg Unterhaching . The pair have worked at Rot-Weiss Essen , TSG 1899 Hoffenheim , and VfL Wolfsburg II . He became coach at Michigan Stars FC of the National Independent Soccer Association , the US third tier .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - UEFA Cup finalist : 1989 - Bundesliga : 1992",
"title": "Honours"
}
] |
/wiki/Misbah-ul-Haq#P54#0
|
Which team did Misbah-ul-Haq play for before Feb 1998?
|
Misbah-ul-Haq Misbah-ul-Haq Khan Niazi ( ) ( born 28 May 1974 ) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former international cricketer . Ul-haq captained Pakistan in Test cricket and One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) . Ul-haq is the current head coach and former chief selector of the Pakistan national team . A late bloomer , ul-haq was a middle-order batsman best known for his composure with the bat whilst also having the ability to be an aggressive big shot player when required . Ul-haq scored the fastest fifty in Test cricket and set a new record for the fastest Test hundred and holds the record for most career ODI runs without a century . Ul-haq has an MBA degree in Human Resource Management from the University of Management and Technology in Lahore , Punjab . After announcing retirement from limited overs cricket in 2015 , Ul-haq continued to play Test cricket for a few years . On 4 April 2017 , Ul-haq announced his retirement from all international cricket as well after the conclusion of West Indies tour . Ul-haq retired from all formats of international cricket on 14 May 2017 . Early life . Misbah grew up in Mianwali in Pakistani Punjab . His father , Abdul Qudoos Niazi , was a school principal who died during Misbahs childhood . Misbah is part of a non-Pashto speaking Pashtun Niazi family ; the Pakistan cricketer and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan is his distant cousin . During his early days , Misbah played tape ball cricket for his hometown , but his parents insisted on him securing a good education and he completed a BSc in Faisalabad . He then enrolled in the University of Management and Technology to pursue an MBA degree . Misbah would eventually make his first-class debut in 1998 , aged 24 for Sargodha . Misbah went on to be selected for the Pakistani Test side in 2001 and the ODI cricket team in 2002 . Misbah married Uzma Khan in 2004 . The couple have two children . Domestic career . Misbah had not only gained success at international level but also at domestic level . His 2012–13 domestic season was memorable . He captained Faisalabad Wolves in Twenty20 domestic tournament and SNGPL in First-class and List-A domestic tournament . First , he took SNGPL to victory in Presidents Trophy against Younus Khans HBL and then Faisalabad Wolves to victory in Faysal Bank Super 8 against Shoaib Maliks Sialkot Stallions in final surprisingly . Though Faisalabad Wolves lost final earlier in Faysal Bank T20 Cup against Mohammad Hafeezs Lahore Lions but they took their revenge in Super 8 tournament in semi-final and eventually winning the tournament and more importantly qualifying for the Champions League T20 . And at last Misbah led SNGPL to another victory in domestic list-A tournament , Presidents Cup against Rana Naved-ul-Hasans WAPDA in final . Misbah won all domestic tournaments ( Twenty20 , first-class and list-A ) in domestic season 2012/13 . Misbah played in 2008 Indian Premier League Season 1 for Royal Challengers Bangalore while he played in Sri Lanka Premier League for Kandurata Warriors in 2012 . And he also represented St Lucia Zouks in 2013 season in Caribbean Premier League . He also played for Abhani in Bangladesh . Misbah revealed that he had been offered a two-year contract by Worcestershire County Cricket Club to play in the English County Championship from 2013 onwards , but declined due to clashes with his international commitments . In 2015 , Misbah signed by Rangpur Riders to play in the third edition of the Bangladesh Premier League . He made the decision to play in order to remain match fit for the upcoming Test Series with England in July 2016 . In only his first game for Rangpur Riders , Misbah scored 61 runs , smashing 4 sixes and winning his team the game by chasing a mammoth total of 187 . He was awarded the Man of the Match award for the performances . Misbah signed by Islamabad United for a price of $140,000 to be played in February 2016 for Pakistan Super League . He is the 10th highest scorer in the league . He led Islamabad United to be the first champions of Pakistan Super League , and again was captain of the Islamabad United when the team won the third edition of PSL . Misbah also enjoys the highest success percentage as captain in Pakistan Super League matches up till now . In 2019 against the Lahore Qalandars , he became the oldest player in all of t20 cricket to score a 50 . International career . Early days . Although making his international debut back in 2001 , his breakthrough came when was selected for ICC World T20 . Misbah was influential in his prolific 2007 ICC World Twenty20 famously playing the Paddle Scoop in the Final against India in the final over as Pakistan lost by 5 runs . He was leading run scorer from Pakistan and third overall in the tournament . Also he was the first Pakistani player who reached No . 1 position in ICC T20I batsmen rankings . He was also the first Pakistani player to score a 50 in T20I . His knock of 66 against Australia was named as the fourth-best T20I batting performance of the year by ESPNCricinfo voters . He was named in the Team of the Tournament by Cricinfo for the 2007 T20I World Cup . His knock of 161* against India at Bengaluru was named as the third-best Test Batting Performance of the year by ESPNCricinfo voters . For his performances in 2007 , he was named in the World T20I XI by Cricinfo . Misbah was a member of the 2009 World T20 winning squad and was praised for his performance . Misbah played an influential role in getting Pakistan to the 2011 World Cup semifinals under Shahid Afridis captaincy . After the loss against India at Mohali , Misbah faced criticism from fans and experts for playing too many dot balls in crucial overs . Success . In 2013 , Misbah was brilliant in terms of his batting . He moved to a career-best seventh place in the ICC rankings for ODI batsmen . Misbah was the leading run scorer in ODI cricket with 1373 runs for year 2013 ahead of Mohammad Hafeez and Virat Kohli . He also had 15 ODI half centuries , which is a record for most ODI half centuries in a calendar year , as well as hitting 3rd most ODI sixes that year . Despite , Pakistan losing all 3 of their games , h was named as part of the Team of the Tournament in the 2013 Champions Trophy by the ICC . He was also named as captain of the Team by Cricinfo . In the first test at Abu Dhabi against South Africa , Pakistan amassed 442 runs , where Misbah scored his fourth test century , which was the second in the innings after Khurram Manzoors 146 . In the second innings the Pakistani batting collapsed and were 7/3 with only needing a mere target of 40 . When the two seniors of the team ( Misbah and Younis Khan ) came in to bat , Misbah hit two sixes off the bowling of Robin Peterson and hit the winning runs with a straight six . In the second test at Dubai , Pakistan were all out for 99 in the first innings . After South Africa amassed a total of 517 with Graeme Smith hitting his 4th Test double and yet another century from the AB de Villiers , Pakistan were faltering for an embarrassing defeat . At 70/4 Misbah came in and blitzed the South African bowling attack with a 197 run stand with the Asad Shafiq repeating the same stand the two had in the first test , Misbah scored 88 before trying to obliterate the part-time spinner Dean Elgar over cow corner but edged it straight to Jacques Kallis . South Africa invited Pakistan to play South Africa at home , in their third bilateral series of the year . The first ODI was hosted at Cape Town . South Africa were bundled out for 195 , losing by 23 runs , and Pakistan taking the lead , 1–0 . The 2nd ODI at Port Elizabeth was rain-affected , bringing it down to 45 overs per side . Pakistan won the game by 1 run , which also led them to a maiden series win against South Africa , that too at South Africas own home . Pakistan was also the first South Asian team to beat South Africa in a bilateral ODI series at home . In the third ODI , Ahmad Shehzad , Mohammad Hafeez , Shahid Afridi and Junaid Khan were all rested . Batting first once again , Pakistan scraped together a total of 179 all out , with Misbah remaining unbeaten on 79 . Although the bowlers tried to keep Pakistan in the game , the target proved to be too low and South Africa won by 4 wickets . Pakistan took the series 2–1 . This away win over the Proteas after being humiliated in Pakistans adopted home , the UAE , brought things back to normal in Pakistan cricket , with Misbah receiving praise from across the country . Breaking records . In 2014 , he made a test century off of 56 deliveries against Australia in Abu Dhabi , equaling the fastest one of that time by Viv Richards . In July 2016 , Misbah scored a century against England at Lords and became the oldest cricketer in 82 years to score a test century . At the age of 42 years and 2 months , Misbah also became the oldest captain ever to score a test century . Misbah celebrated the landmark by saluting his team members and doing ten push-ups . He later explained during an interview that the celebration was meant as a tribute to the Military Boot Camp in Abbotabad where the team had attended an army style training session . Captaincy . During Pakistans tour of India , Misbah scored two centuries and was named acting captain for an ODI due to Shoaib Maliks injury . Earlier in 2010 , after the Australia tour , he was dropped from all formats of the game and later was considering retiring if the selectors continue to ignore him . He was not considered for England tour where the spot-fixing saga happened due to which Salman Butt was banned , creating a captaincy hole in the team . Then in October 2010 , surprisingly he was appointed the Pakistans Test captain for series against South Africa in UAE . During Pakistans tour of the West Indies , Misbah enjoyed success in the second test match at Warner Park as he went on to score his first test century in four years . After West Indies series , Misbah replaced Shahid Afridi as the limited-overs captain after PCB and coach Waqar Younis were unhappy with Afridis captaincy and awkward public statements . Misbah led the team in eight T20I matches . He won six and lost two . He played his last T20I match against England in 27 February 2012 . After the defeat in Twenty20 series against England in 2012 and criticism from former cricketers , Misbah stepped down as Pakistans Twenty20 captain and Mohammad Hafeez was named his successor to lead the team in Twenty20 . In 2013 , Pakistan played bilateral series against South Africa , India , West Indies , Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka and they also participated in Champions Trophy . Despite winning against India in India , away series lose against South Africa 3–2 , win-less streak in Champions Trophy and winning against minnow Zimbabwe 2–1 and then again defeat in home series against South Africa in UAE 4–1 put huge criticism on Misbahs captaincy and his approach to the game . Especially series defeat against South Africa 4–1 , brought Misbahs captaincy under severe scrutiny . Ex-Pakistani players were demanding a total renovation of Pakistan cricket , and Misbah was being criticized for his captaincy , slow batting and the defeat . The PCB , however , announced that Misbah was to remain captain until the 2015 Cricket World Cup . Several TV shows and notable personalities opposed this decision and demanded that Misbah should be sacked . In August 2016 , under Misbahs captaincy , Pakistan achieved the number 1 ranking in test cricket for the first time since 1988 . Pakistan displaced India as number 1 after rain caused the final test match between India and West Indies to end in a draw . PCB chairman Shahryar Khan and ex-Pakistan coach Waqar Younis said that all credit should be given to Misbah for his leadership over the last six years . Misbah is the most successful test captain of Pakistan . Misbah has led Pakistan in 56 test matches , winning 26 , losing 19 with 11 draws . Misbah was named test captain after spot-fixing scandal during England tour of 2010 . In subsequent series against South Africa in the UAE he led Pakistan in tests . After resignation of Shahid Afridi as test captain and suspension of Salman Butt due to spot-fixing scandal , Misbah was preferred over Younus Khan , Mohammad Yousuf and Kamran Akmal as captain . Wasim Akram stated that although the decision was surprising if Misbah bats and fields well everything else will go according to plan . Former Pakistan coach Geoff Lawson stated that he believed Misbah has the best cricketing brain within Pakistan and he will do incredibly well in the plans for the captaincy Misbah hit back at those who criticised the decision to appoint him captain and stated that he should be given a chance to prove himself Misbah was the ODI captain from 2008–2015 and had the 10th highest success rate . He left in 2015 as captain from criticism due to his slow yet successful approach . However , after continuous international losses , notably Pakistans exit from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 , PCB officials seriously considered asking him to return as ODI captain . Retirement . In January 2015 , Misbah announced that he would retire from ODIs and T20Is after the 2015 World Cup . Misbah captained Pakistan in 2015 Cricket World Cup at Australia . He was the leading run scorer in tournament from Pakistan . Pakistan could only make it to Quarter-Finals . They were defeated by Australia in Quarter-Final , which was the last ODI match for Misbah . In April 2016 , Misbah decided to postpone his Test retirement until Australia tour in 2016/17 . On 31 October Misbah ul-Haq ended his PSL career but soon took back his PSL retirement . In November 2016 , against New Zealand at Christchurch , Misbah-ul-Haq was handed over a one-match suspension by the ICC for his sides slow over rate , meaning he had to miss the second Test in Hamilton . On 30 December 2016 , Cricinfo published an article which indicated that Misbah might retire . However , he continued to play in longer format for rest of the series with success , where Pakistan beat England to become No . 1 Test team in the world as well . On 6 April 2017 , Misbah finally announced his intentions to retire from all international cricket after the conclusion of West Indies tour . He played his last international match on May 10 , 2017 against West Indies in Roseau . He scored his 39th Test fifty in the first innings , but dismissed for just 2 runs in the second innings . However , in his last match as captain , Pakistan won the match by 101 runs and sealed the series 2–1 . The win highlighted as the first ever series win against West Indies in the West Indies as well . Coaching career . On 4 September 2019 , Misbah was appointed as the head coach for Pakistan cricket team as well as chief selector on a 3-year contract . This is the first time someone had simultaneously held both positions in Pakistan cricket . This started well for Misbah who won the One day international series 2–0 . But then in the T20 series Sri Lanka pulled off a shock result and whitewashed Pakistan . Afterwards he led the team in Australia where they lost the test series 2-0 . In October 2020 , he resigned as chief selector of Pakistan national cricket team . His first tour as just the Head Coach came against New Zealand where Pakistan were beaten 2-0 . After this he lead Pakistan to their first Test series win against South Africa since 2003 . Records and Achievements . - Holds the record for scoring the most runs in ODI cricket without a career hundred ( 5,122 ) . - Leading run scorer in ODIs during 2013 . - Pakistans most successful Test captain with 26 wins . - The first batsman to make a Test hundred after the age of 41 since Geoffrey Boycott in 1981 . - One of 2017 Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Recognition . - Pride of Performance – President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain awarded Pride of Performance to Misbah-ul-Haq on 23 March 2014 . - ICC Spirit of Cricket – 2016 - PCBs Imtiaz Ahmed Spirit of Cricket Award and Lifetime Achievement Award – 2017 . - Sitara-i-Imtiaz - President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain awarded Sitara-i-Imtiaz to Misbah-ul-Haq on 23 March 2018 . External links . - Misbah-ul-Haqs profile page on Wisden
|
[
"Sargodha"
] |
[
{
"text": " Misbah-ul-Haq Khan Niazi ( ) ( born 28 May 1974 ) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former international cricketer . Ul-haq captained Pakistan in Test cricket and One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) . Ul-haq is the current head coach and former chief selector of the Pakistan national team .",
"title": "Misbah-ul-Haq"
},
{
"text": "A late bloomer , ul-haq was a middle-order batsman best known for his composure with the bat whilst also having the ability to be an aggressive big shot player when required . Ul-haq scored the fastest fifty in Test cricket and set a new record for the fastest Test hundred and holds the record for most career ODI runs without a century .",
"title": "Misbah-ul-Haq"
},
{
"text": " Ul-haq has an MBA degree in Human Resource Management from the University of Management and Technology in Lahore , Punjab . After announcing retirement from limited overs cricket in 2015 , Ul-haq continued to play Test cricket for a few years . On 4 April 2017 , Ul-haq announced his retirement from all international cricket as well after the conclusion of West Indies tour . Ul-haq retired from all formats of international cricket on 14 May 2017 .",
"title": "Misbah-ul-Haq"
},
{
"text": "Misbah grew up in Mianwali in Pakistani Punjab . His father , Abdul Qudoos Niazi , was a school principal who died during Misbahs childhood . Misbah is part of a non-Pashto speaking Pashtun Niazi family ; the Pakistan cricketer and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan is his distant cousin . During his early days , Misbah played tape ball cricket for his hometown , but his parents insisted on him securing a good education and he completed a BSc in Faisalabad . He then enrolled in the University of Management and Technology to pursue an MBA degree",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": ".",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " Misbah would eventually make his first-class debut in 1998 , aged 24 for Sargodha . Misbah went on to be selected for the Pakistani Test side in 2001 and the ODI cricket team in 2002 . Misbah married Uzma Khan in 2004 . The couple have two children .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Misbah had not only gained success at international level but also at domestic level . His 2012–13 domestic season was memorable . He captained Faisalabad Wolves in Twenty20 domestic tournament and SNGPL in First-class and List-A domestic tournament . First , he took SNGPL to victory in Presidents Trophy against Younus Khans HBL and then Faisalabad Wolves to victory in Faysal Bank Super 8 against Shoaib Maliks Sialkot Stallions in final surprisingly . Though Faisalabad Wolves lost final earlier in Faysal Bank T20 Cup against Mohammad Hafeezs Lahore Lions but they took their revenge in Super 8 tournament in semi-final",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": "and eventually winning the tournament and more importantly qualifying for the Champions League T20 . And at last Misbah led SNGPL to another victory in domestic list-A tournament , Presidents Cup against Rana Naved-ul-Hasans WAPDA in final . Misbah won all domestic tournaments ( Twenty20 , first-class and list-A ) in domestic season 2012/13 .",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": " Misbah played in 2008 Indian Premier League Season 1 for Royal Challengers Bangalore while he played in Sri Lanka Premier League for Kandurata Warriors in 2012 . And he also represented St Lucia Zouks in 2013 season in Caribbean Premier League . He also played for Abhani in Bangladesh . Misbah revealed that he had been offered a two-year contract by Worcestershire County Cricket Club to play in the English County Championship from 2013 onwards , but declined due to clashes with his international commitments .",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": "In 2015 , Misbah signed by Rangpur Riders to play in the third edition of the Bangladesh Premier League . He made the decision to play in order to remain match fit for the upcoming Test Series with England in July 2016 . In only his first game for Rangpur Riders , Misbah scored 61 runs , smashing 4 sixes and winning his team the game by chasing a mammoth total of 187 . He was awarded the Man of the Match award for the performances .",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": " Misbah signed by Islamabad United for a price of $140,000 to be played in February 2016 for Pakistan Super League . He is the 10th highest scorer in the league . He led Islamabad United to be the first champions of Pakistan Super League , and again was captain of the Islamabad United when the team won the third edition of PSL . Misbah also enjoys the highest success percentage as captain in Pakistan Super League matches up till now .",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": "In 2019 against the Lahore Qalandars , he became the oldest player in all of t20 cricket to score a 50 .",
"title": "Domestic career"
},
{
"text": "Although making his international debut back in 2001 , his breakthrough came when was selected for ICC World T20 . Misbah was influential in his prolific 2007 ICC World Twenty20 famously playing the Paddle Scoop in the Final against India in the final over as Pakistan lost by 5 runs . He was leading run scorer from Pakistan and third overall in the tournament . Also he was the first Pakistani player who reached No . 1 position in ICC T20I batsmen rankings . He was also the first Pakistani player to score a 50 in T20I . His knock",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": "of 66 against Australia was named as the fourth-best T20I batting performance of the year by ESPNCricinfo voters . He was named in the Team of the Tournament by Cricinfo for the 2007 T20I World Cup .",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": " His knock of 161* against India at Bengaluru was named as the third-best Test Batting Performance of the year by ESPNCricinfo voters . For his performances in 2007 , he was named in the World T20I XI by Cricinfo .",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": "Misbah was a member of the 2009 World T20 winning squad and was praised for his performance . Misbah played an influential role in getting Pakistan to the 2011 World Cup semifinals under Shahid Afridis captaincy . After the loss against India at Mohali , Misbah faced criticism from fans and experts for playing too many dot balls in crucial overs .",
"title": "Early days"
},
{
"text": " In 2013 , Misbah was brilliant in terms of his batting . He moved to a career-best seventh place in the ICC rankings for ODI batsmen . Misbah was the leading run scorer in ODI cricket with 1373 runs for year 2013 ahead of Mohammad Hafeez and Virat Kohli . He also had 15 ODI half centuries , which is a record for most ODI half centuries in a calendar year , as well as hitting 3rd most ODI sixes that year .",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "Despite , Pakistan losing all 3 of their games , h was named as part of the Team of the Tournament in the 2013 Champions Trophy by the ICC . He was also named as captain of the Team by Cricinfo .",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": " In the first test at Abu Dhabi against South Africa , Pakistan amassed 442 runs , where Misbah scored his fourth test century , which was the second in the innings after Khurram Manzoors 146 . In the second innings the Pakistani batting collapsed and were 7/3 with only needing a mere target of 40 . When the two seniors of the team ( Misbah and Younis Khan ) came in to bat , Misbah hit two sixes off the bowling of Robin Peterson and hit the winning runs with a straight six .",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "In the second test at Dubai , Pakistan were all out for 99 in the first innings . After South Africa amassed a total of 517 with Graeme Smith hitting his 4th Test double and yet another century from the AB de Villiers , Pakistan were faltering for an embarrassing defeat . At 70/4 Misbah came in and blitzed the South African bowling attack with a 197 run stand with the Asad Shafiq repeating the same stand the two had in the first test , Misbah scored 88 before trying to obliterate the part-time spinner Dean Elgar over cow corner",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "but edged it straight to Jacques Kallis . South Africa invited Pakistan to play South Africa at home , in their third bilateral series of the year .",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "The first ODI was hosted at Cape Town . South Africa were bundled out for 195 , losing by 23 runs , and Pakistan taking the lead , 1–0 . The 2nd ODI at Port Elizabeth was rain-affected , bringing it down to 45 overs per side . Pakistan won the game by 1 run , which also led them to a maiden series win against South Africa , that too at South Africas own home . Pakistan was also the first South Asian team to beat South Africa in a bilateral ODI series at home . In the third",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "ODI , Ahmad Shehzad , Mohammad Hafeez , Shahid Afridi and Junaid Khan were all rested . Batting first once again , Pakistan scraped together a total of 179 all out , with Misbah remaining unbeaten on 79 . Although the bowlers tried to keep Pakistan in the game , the target proved to be too low and South Africa won by 4 wickets . Pakistan took the series 2–1 . This away win over the Proteas after being humiliated in Pakistans adopted home , the UAE , brought things back to normal in Pakistan cricket , with Misbah receiving",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "praise from across the country .",
"title": "Success"
},
{
"text": "In 2014 , he made a test century off of 56 deliveries against Australia in Abu Dhabi , equaling the fastest one of that time by Viv Richards . In July 2016 , Misbah scored a century against England at Lords and became the oldest cricketer in 82 years to score a test century . At the age of 42 years and 2 months , Misbah also became the oldest captain ever to score a test century . Misbah celebrated the landmark by saluting his team members and doing ten push-ups . He later explained during an interview that the",
"title": "Breaking records"
},
{
"text": "celebration was meant as a tribute to the Military Boot Camp in Abbotabad where the team had attended an army style training session .",
"title": "Breaking records"
},
{
"text": " During Pakistans tour of India , Misbah scored two centuries and was named acting captain for an ODI due to Shoaib Maliks injury .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "Earlier in 2010 , after the Australia tour , he was dropped from all formats of the game and later was considering retiring if the selectors continue to ignore him . He was not considered for England tour where the spot-fixing saga happened due to which Salman Butt was banned , creating a captaincy hole in the team . Then in October 2010 , surprisingly he was appointed the Pakistans Test captain for series against South Africa in UAE .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": " During Pakistans tour of the West Indies , Misbah enjoyed success in the second test match at Warner Park as he went on to score his first test century in four years . After West Indies series , Misbah replaced Shahid Afridi as the limited-overs captain after PCB and coach Waqar Younis were unhappy with Afridis captaincy and awkward public statements .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "Misbah led the team in eight T20I matches . He won six and lost two . He played his last T20I match against England in 27 February 2012 . After the defeat in Twenty20 series against England in 2012 and criticism from former cricketers , Misbah stepped down as Pakistans Twenty20 captain and Mohammad Hafeez was named his successor to lead the team in Twenty20 .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "In 2013 , Pakistan played bilateral series against South Africa , India , West Indies , Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka and they also participated in Champions Trophy . Despite winning against India in India , away series lose against South Africa 3–2 , win-less streak in Champions Trophy and winning against minnow Zimbabwe 2–1 and then again defeat in home series against South Africa in UAE 4–1 put huge criticism on Misbahs captaincy and his approach to the game . Especially series defeat against South Africa 4–1 , brought Misbahs captaincy under severe scrutiny . Ex-Pakistani players were demanding a",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "total renovation of Pakistan cricket , and Misbah was being criticized for his captaincy , slow batting and the defeat . The PCB , however , announced that Misbah was to remain captain until the 2015 Cricket World Cup . Several TV shows and notable personalities opposed this decision and demanded that Misbah should be sacked .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": " In August 2016 , under Misbahs captaincy , Pakistan achieved the number 1 ranking in test cricket for the first time since 1988 . Pakistan displaced India as number 1 after rain caused the final test match between India and West Indies to end in a draw . PCB chairman Shahryar Khan and ex-Pakistan coach Waqar Younis said that all credit should be given to Misbah for his leadership over the last six years .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "Misbah is the most successful test captain of Pakistan . Misbah has led Pakistan in 56 test matches , winning 26 , losing 19 with 11 draws . Misbah was named test captain after spot-fixing scandal during England tour of 2010 . In subsequent series against South Africa in the UAE he led Pakistan in tests . After resignation of Shahid Afridi as test captain and suspension of Salman Butt due to spot-fixing scandal , Misbah was preferred over Younus Khan , Mohammad Yousuf and Kamran Akmal as captain . Wasim Akram stated that although the decision was surprising if",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": "Misbah bats and fields well everything else will go according to plan . Former Pakistan coach Geoff Lawson stated that he believed Misbah has the best cricketing brain within Pakistan and he will do incredibly well in the plans for the captaincy Misbah hit back at those who criticised the decision to appoint him captain and stated that he should be given a chance to prove himself",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": " Misbah was the ODI captain from 2008–2015 and had the 10th highest success rate . He left in 2015 as captain from criticism due to his slow yet successful approach . However , after continuous international losses , notably Pakistans exit from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 , PCB officials seriously considered asking him to return as ODI captain .",
"title": "Captaincy"
},
{
"text": " In January 2015 , Misbah announced that he would retire from ODIs and T20Is after the 2015 World Cup . Misbah captained Pakistan in 2015 Cricket World Cup at Australia . He was the leading run scorer in tournament from Pakistan . Pakistan could only make it to Quarter-Finals . They were defeated by Australia in Quarter-Final , which was the last ODI match for Misbah .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "In April 2016 , Misbah decided to postpone his Test retirement until Australia tour in 2016/17 . On 31 October Misbah ul-Haq ended his PSL career but soon took back his PSL retirement .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " In November 2016 , against New Zealand at Christchurch , Misbah-ul-Haq was handed over a one-match suspension by the ICC for his sides slow over rate , meaning he had to miss the second Test in Hamilton . On 30 December 2016 , Cricinfo published an article which indicated that Misbah might retire .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": "However , he continued to play in longer format for rest of the series with success , where Pakistan beat England to become No . 1 Test team in the world as well . On 6 April 2017 , Misbah finally announced his intentions to retire from all international cricket after the conclusion of West Indies tour .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " He played his last international match on May 10 , 2017 against West Indies in Roseau . He scored his 39th Test fifty in the first innings , but dismissed for just 2 runs in the second innings . However , in his last match as captain , Pakistan won the match by 101 runs and sealed the series 2–1 . The win highlighted as the first ever series win against West Indies in the West Indies as well .",
"title": "Retirement"
},
{
"text": " On 4 September 2019 , Misbah was appointed as the head coach for Pakistan cricket team as well as chief selector on a 3-year contract . This is the first time someone had simultaneously held both positions in Pakistan cricket . This started well for Misbah who won the One day international series 2–0 . But then in the T20 series Sri Lanka pulled off a shock result and whitewashed Pakistan . Afterwards he led the team in Australia where they lost the test series 2-0 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": "In October 2020 , he resigned as chief selector of Pakistan national cricket team . His first tour as just the Head Coach came against New Zealand where Pakistan were beaten 2-0 . After this he lead Pakistan to their first Test series win against South Africa since 2003 .",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"text": " - Holds the record for scoring the most runs in ODI cricket without a career hundred ( 5,122 ) . - Leading run scorer in ODIs during 2013 . - Pakistans most successful Test captain with 26 wins . - The first batsman to make a Test hundred after the age of 41 since Geoffrey Boycott in 1981 . - One of 2017 Wisden Cricketers of the Year .",
"title": "Records and Achievements"
},
{
"text": " - Pride of Performance – President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain awarded Pride of Performance to Misbah-ul-Haq on 23 March 2014 . - ICC Spirit of Cricket – 2016 - PCBs Imtiaz Ahmed Spirit of Cricket Award and Lifetime Achievement Award – 2017 . - Sitara-i-Imtiaz - President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain awarded Sitara-i-Imtiaz to Misbah-ul-Haq on 23 March 2018 .",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"text": " - Misbah-ul-Haqs profile page on Wisden",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
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